给定一个整数数组 nums 和目标值 target,需要找到两个不同下标 i、j,使得:
最近更新:水杉输入法「选字框不出现」:结案 + · 待审查:三项任务进展(2026-10 · 记录:青简输入法 vs 微软拼音(实 · BitLocker · 专业版与企业版
!一天一道算法题
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!六级英语每日一练
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2026-掌握西班牙语B2
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2026-09-搭建RFID点唱机
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2026-10-掌握Markdown
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2026-11-掌握Git
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2026-12-掌握SQLite
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2026Q4-掌握Docker
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2026Q4-掌握握手协议
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2026Q4-掌握Nginx
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2026Q4-参与Zephyr开源社区
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2027-掌握边缘函数原理
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2027-掌握WebRTC
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2027-掌握Kubernetes
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2027-搭建代理服务器
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2027-拿下海外销售实习
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!名词解释
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!系统与工具
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2026-10-掌握VS Code
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50-资源/记录
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!一天一道算法题 2 条
把一个无序数组排成升序。反复扫描数组,比较相邻两个元素,顺序错了就交换;每一轮扫描都会把当前未排序部分里最大的元素"冒泡"到末尾。
!六级英语每日一练 3 条
阅读原句即套用搭配 1:主句 has been at home(现在完成时)+ since + discovered(一般过去时)。
wealth / His wealth allows him to live a luxurious life. / n.财富
阅读原句(美国梦主题):
2026-掌握西班牙语B2 18 条
Alumno: Buenos días, profesora, ¿la molestar? Profesora: Buenos días. ¿Molestar? ¡En absoluto! Pase. Está usted en su ca…
estar / estoy / estas / esta / estamos / estáis / estan
置于修饰名词之前,与修饰名词保持性数一致
la nombre / 名字
el mapa / 地图 / la nombre / 名字 / el\la estudiante / 学生
本单元为复习单元,整合前9单元重点词汇和语法。
单字母发音Pronunciación de una sola letra
“ c ” 在元音 “e和i”前,发[θ]音,即有一个咬舌的动作,发舌尖齿间擦清辅音,发音时舌尖从上下门齿之间微微伸出,气流即可通过,声带不用振动。当然,“c”另外一种情况即为与元音字母 “a,o,u”组成的[k]音。
Singular y plural单数与复数
加信息:que = 名词的信息补充(引导定语从句)
2026-09-02 学习沉淀(记录见 2026-09-02 每日记录)。
hay:类比为英语中there is/are 表示存在的动词
程度义从"零"到"满格"排一条轴:
高频不规则动词规则(不适配所有单词):
词族 = 同一词根(raíz/léxico)叠加不同后缀,派生出动词、名词、人物、形容词、抽象名词、指小/夸张/贬义等成串的词。掌握一个词根,同时解锁一族的词,记单词效率翻倍。
名词分为阳性名词,阴性名词
2026-09-02 学习沉淀(记录见 2026-09-02 每日记录)。
与阴性单数名词搭配使用定冠词la,不定冠词una.
2026-09-搭建RFID点唱机 1 条
这节课的胜利: 把三件事一次定死 —— 树莓派型号、读卡器路线(USB 直插 vs GPIO 模块)、 装 v2 还是 v3 —— 并给出下单清单。定完这一节,你就能真的下单,而不是继续"再看看"。
2026-10-掌握Markdown 4 条
给三个带板块的文件做「开头速览 + 板块跳转」,三种写法在 VS Code markdownlint 下的实测结果:
作用: 让"某个标题"成为跳转点;跳转链接 = 文字(本文件内)或 文字(跨文件)。
用 #、*、| 等直观符号写纯文本,由解析器转成 HTML/PDF/Word。易读易写、纯文本可 diff、与版本控制友好。文件后缀 .md / .markdown。
这节课的胜利: 在这个项目里新建一篇 练习-块级语法.md , 用标题 / 无序列表 / 有序列表 / 任务列表搭出一个结构清晰的骨架, 并让 VS Code 的 markdownlint 一个黄线都不出 。
2026-11-掌握Git 2 条
git init:仓库初始化
这节课的胜利: 用四条命令把这个笔记库的 HEAD 一层层拆到最底 —— 看到 commit 里指向的 tree、tree 里指向的 blob,并用 hash-object 亲手验证 「内容决定哈希」 。做完这一节,后面所有回滚命令都不再需…
这节课的胜利: 用四条命令把这个笔记库的 HEAD 一层层拆到最底 —— 看到 commit 里指向的 tree、tree 里指向的 blob,并用 hash-object 亲手验证 「内容决定哈希」 。做完这一节,后面所有回滚命令都不再需要背。
2026-12-掌握SQLite 5 条
SQLite 是一个嵌入式、无服务器、零配置、事务性(ACID)的 SQL 关系型数据库引擎。它不是独立运行的数据库服务,而是以库文件形式链接进应用程序,直接读写普通磁盘文件(或内存 :memory:)——一个完整数据库(表/索引/视图全在…
这节课的胜利: 用 sqlite3 打开一个真实存在的库(321 MB、99 张表), 列出它的表、看清一张表的结构,并查出三行真实数据 —— 全程不装任何东西,因为你机器上已经装好了。
这节课的胜利: 两件事 —— ① 指着那个 321 MB 库里的 memories 表,说清哪几列在解决「去重 / 生命周期 / 计数 / 防并发」; ② 建一张自己的表(带 NOT NULL 、 DEFAULT 、 UNIQUE 、 CH…
这节课的胜利: 两件事 —— ① 指着那个 321 MB 库里的 memories 表,说清哪几列在解决「去重 / 生命周期 / 计数 / 防并发」; ② 建一张自己的表(带 NOT NULL 、 DEFAULT 、 UNIQUE 、 CHECK ),并 亲眼看到约束拦住一次错误插入 。
这节课的胜利: 用 GROUP BY 与 JOIN 回答两个真实问题 —— ① 这个笔记库的"记忆"都堆在哪些分类?② 哪个项目最吃上下文 (答案是 23,022 个 tag、1297 万 token); 结尾再第一次看到「同一张表,一种写…
这节课的胜利: 用 GROUP BY 与 JOIN 回答两个真实问题 —— ① 这个笔记库的"记忆"都堆在哪些分类?② 哪个项目最吃上下文 (答案是 23,022 个 tag、1297 万 token); 结尾再第一次看到「同一张表,一种写法走索引、一种写法全表扫」。
这节课的胜利: 对 5 条真实查询 先预测 走不走索引,再用 EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN 验证; 然后亲手给一个列加上索引,看着计划从 SCAN 变成 SEARCH … USING INDEX , 并量出这个索引的 代价 (建它花…
这节课的胜利: 对 5 条真实查询 先预测 走不走索引,再用 EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN 验证; 然后亲手给一个列加上索引,看着计划从 SCAN 变成 SEARCH … USING INDEX , 并量出这个索引的 代价 (建它花了 2.5 秒、占 16 KB)。做完这一节,你就知道索引"买"的是什么。
2026Q4-掌握Docker 1 条
这节课的胜利: 让 Docker 守护进程跑起来,用一条命令完成"拉镜像 → 建容器 → 执行 → 销毁"的完整一轮, 并在 docker images 与 docker ps -a 里看到"什么留下了、什么没留下" —— 从此这三个词不再…
这节课的胜利: 让 Docker 守护进程跑起来,用一条命令完成"拉镜像 → 建容器 → 执行 → 销毁"的完整一轮, 并在 docker images 与 docker ps -a 里看到"什么留下了、什么没留下" —— 从此这三个词不再是背诵题。
2026Q4-掌握握手协议 1 条
这节课的胜利: 用 curl 的计时把一次 HTTPS 请求拆成 DNS / TCP / TLS / 首字节 四段(真实数字来自你这台机器), 并说清三次握手发生在哪一段、为什么不能是两次、以及你那 6.68 秒的 TLS 段说明什么。
2026Q4-掌握Nginx 1 条
这节课的胜利: 用一句话说清正向与反向代理的差别(以及各自站在谁那一边), 并用 Docker 起一个真 Nginx、 把它完整的生效配置 dump 出来 ( nginx -T )—— 你会第一次看到 events / http / ser…
这节课的胜利: 用一句话说清正向与反向代理的差别(以及各自站在谁那一边), 并用 Docker 起一个真 Nginx、 把它完整的生效配置 dump 出来 ( nginx -T )—— 你会第一次看到 events / http / server / location 四层的真实样子。
2026Q4-参与Zephyr开源社区 2 条
Zephyr CI 与 west PR #1006 全貌
这节课的胜利: 查出你那个 Zephyr 克隆 只检出了 260 个文件 (仓库里其实有 67,454 个), 用一条命令补回 manifest 需要的目录,装好 west ,并让它列出这个项目的全部子仓库 —— 到这一步,你才算"真的有一…
这节课的胜利: 查出你那个 Zephyr 克隆 只检出了 260 个文件 (仓库里其实有 67,454 个), 用一条命令补回 manifest 需要的目录,装好 west ,并让它列出这个项目的全部子仓库 —— 到这一步,你才算"真的有一个能用的 Zephyr 环境"。
2027-掌握边缘函数原理 1 条
这节课的胜利: 用一条命令问出 你的请求被哪个边缘节点处理了 (实测:LAX / US), 再写出一张 6 维对比表说清"边缘函数 vs 云函数"的取舍,并指出你的哪一类需求适合它。
2027-掌握WebRTC 1 条
这节课的胜利: 用本地服务器打开一个页面, 在浏览器里看到自己的摄像头画面 , 并说清三件事:WebRTC 管什么、不管什么、以及为什么这个页面必须用 localhost 打开而不是双击 HTML 文件。
2027-掌握Kubernetes 1 条
这节课的胜利: 画出并讲清"从一份 YAML 到一个能被访问的服务"这条链路 (Deployment → ReplicaSet → Pod → Service → 外部入口),并写出你自己的第一份 Pod YAML 骨架。 这一节不需要集群…
这节课的胜利: 画出并讲清"从一份 YAML 到一个能被访问的服务"这条链路 (Deployment → ReplicaSet → Pod → Service → 外部入口),并写出你自己的第一份 Pod YAML 骨架。 这一节不需要集群 —— 你本机有 kubectl v1.34.1,但还没有集群(minikube 下一节装)。
2027-搭建代理服务器 6 条
前往 GitHub 3X-UI 项目获取最新的安装命令 注:在sudo模式下
sudo bash -c 'cat >> /etc/security/limits.conf EOF
VPS供应商
口径: 数字均为 2026-10-02 逐个抓取官方页面所得;二手来源(博客/CSDN/掘金)会明确标注。写「未核实」的条目没有回到一手来源确认。
购买的服务器
这节课的胜利: 用一张表说清四类代理方案的核心差别(以及它们各自的"伪装程度"), 并对照本库已有的 3x-ui 面板笔记, 明确你这次要手工走哪条路线 。
2027-拿下海外销售实习 1 条
这节课的胜利: 产出 5 张证据卡 —— 每张写清「场景 / 你的动作 / 可验证的结果 / 它证明什么能力」, 再把这 5 张按你目标岗位的优先级排序。这一步做完,简历只是"把证据卡翻译成排版"。
!名词解释 24 条
你能做到: 拿到一款软件,指出它这次给你的是哪条通道 —— 一次敲完一条命令、用键盘在字符画的面板里翻, 还是用鼠标点窗口;并说出这条通道换来了什么、代价又是什么。
你能做到: 别人报一句"我装了 XX",你能当场把它归进这四层里的一层, 说清它碰不碰文本、会不会翻译、跑不跑程序;再顺着问出的那两件事,说出它上面和下面各是谁在干活。
你能做到: 看着一段代码,说清它要花的两笔开销各是什么、分别怎么随数据量长大; 再看到"这个算法 O(n log n)、额外空间 O(n)"这类话,知道它数的是哪种资源、承诺到哪个程度 —— 也明白 O(1) 并不等于"快" 。
你能做到: 翻开一个项目目录,看到 package.json 和旁边那个锁定文件,就能说出三件事: 哪一层把代码跑起来、哪一层把别人的代码搬进来、搬回来的包放在哪儿;再遇到"装不上、找不到模块",先分清是哪一层的账。
你能做到: 看到「夹具」两个字时,先分清它指的是 开跑前摆好的那套前提 , 还是 准备与恢复前提的那段代码 ;并且说清它和替身、测试数据、断言各自守哪一段。
你能做到: 把「这套文件还讲不讲道理」写成一条条机器能判定的规则,一次跑完整批文件, 拿到「规则 · 文件:行号 · 原因」的清单,再用一个退出码让后续步骤自己决定放行还是拦下。
你能做到: 听到一句抱怨,先说出它是在说 眼前这一层 还是 走完的整段路 ; 再顺口答出这件事该谁去做 —— 视觉设计师,还是产品设计师和用户研究员;以及它会在哪一步露出来。
你能做到: 听到「等 CI 绿了再合并」「CD 还没配」,能立刻说出它停在哪一层; 再被问「你们算持续交付还是持续部署」,你能指出这两个词只差一件事 —— 上线前有没有人按一下 。
你能做到: 拿起家里或实验室那台光猫、路由器、无线接入点,只问三件事 —— 谁在拨号、谁在发内网地址、谁在做地址转换 —— 就说出它演的是哪一种模式,并说清「光猫改桥接、让路由器拨号」这句话到底改了哪一步。
你能做到: 说清现代 Linux 桌面上「谁画、谁拼、谁上屏」这三步; 用 echo $XDG_SESSION_TYPE 认出当前是哪种会话; 遇到一个在新会话里不工作的截图、录屏或全局快捷键工具,知道它卡在哪一步、该走哪条申请通道。
你能做到: 把要在服务器上跑很久的命令丢进一个会话,合上笔记本走人; 回头再连上去敲一条 tmux attach -t build ,画面连同上一条命令的输出一起回来, 那条命令一秒没停 。
你能做到: 把开机头几秒拆成 固件 → 引导加载程序 → 内核 三步,说清每一步归谁、分界在哪; 并解释两件事 —— 多系统菜单是谁画的 、 为什么它的配置「改完必须重新生成」 。
你能做到: 看到一个功能,能说清它跑在谁的机器上、产出画面还是数据、两边靠什么说话; 也能认出「分层好像消失了」其实只是边界挪了位置。
你能做到: 写下一句"这个服务我要 3 份、版本 1.4",剩下的交给它 —— 有一个挂了它再起一个,要升级它一批一批换,换坏了你一条命令退回上一版; 你不用记住每台机器的名字,也不用半夜爬起来补副本。
你能做到: 看着一个项目的构建配置,说清它到底在做什么 —— 先取依赖、再编译、然后测试与打包,以及为什么第二次构建会快很多; 自己敲一句 ./gradlew build ,知道它在背后跑了哪些步骤。
你能做到: 拿到一个网址或一句需求,能说出它属于四种做法里的哪一种, 并说清它把成本记在哪一步 —— 是 发布时算一次 ,还是 每个请求都要再算 。
你能做到: 面对一个页面,能说清它是 什么时候 做出来的 —— 发布之前(SSG)、每次请求时(SSR),还是浏览器里(CSR); 也能指出 SSG 与「把文件发出去」这一步各自管哪一段。
你能做到: 拿到一块小板子就说出它属于哪一档 —— 单板计算机 single-board computer(SBC) 、 单片机 MCU(microcontroller unit,微控制器) , 还是一台 普通 PC ;要给家里添一台常年开…
你能做到: 拿到一块小板子就说出它属于哪一档 —— 单板计算机 single-board computer(SBC) 、 单片机 MCU(microcontroller unit,微控制器) , 还是一台 普通 PC ;要给家里添一台常年开着的小机器时,知道该选哪一档。
你能做到: 听到一个云服务名字,先问那句关键的话 —— 「这套软件是谁在运行、数据存在谁那里、我能改到哪一层?」 然后判断它是 IaaS、PaaS 还是 SaaS,以及该不该用它。
你能做到: 别人一提「抓包」,你能说清它抄的是 线路上真实跑过的帧 , 能说出为什么加密之后只剩信封,以及它和日志、代理、监控各自管哪一段。
你能做到: 拿到一个「想把某站的数据收下来」的需求,先按三步判断 —— 有没有现成的对外接口、数据在不在返回的 HTML 里、该以多快的速度问 ; 再决定是自己写一段循环,还是用现成的工具。
你能做到: 拿到一段想让它替你干的文本活,先判断三件事 —— 它需要的事实是不是都在你给的材料里、错了有没有代价、这活值不值得按词元付费 ; 再决定是直接写提示词问它、给它接一层检索,还是干脆换个办法。
你能做到: 拿到一台电脑或一块移动硬盘,先判断 它值不值得整盘加密 , 再说清三件事 —— 钥匙存在哪、恢复密钥备份在哪、以及 一旦这串数字丢了会发生什么 ; 最后决定是开系统盘加密、只加密移动盘,还是干脆别开。
你能做到: 看到一台机器写着专业版或企业版,能说出 授权从哪来 、 每年功能更新支持多久 、 多了哪些管控能力 、 内存上有没有差别 ; 再单独说清企业版里那条 LTSC 通道 是什么 —— 它不是一个独立版本,而是企业版下面的一条"功能冻…
你能做到: 看到一台机器写着专业版或企业版,能说出 授权从哪来 、 每年功能更新支持多久 、 多了哪些管控能力 、 内存上有没有差别 ; 再单独说清企业版里那条 LTSC 通道 是什么 —— 它不是一个独立版本,而是企业版下面的一条"功能冻结"通道。
!系统与工具 19 条
在远程服务器上运行 AI 对话类 CLI(pi / claude / opencode)时,同时满足三点:
假设三个人协作写一个项目,传统做法是:
Ctrl + T:打开新标签页
唯一能免弹的路:由本就在高权限的进程直接代启动——Windows 上现成的是任务计划程序服务(SYSTEM),见方案 A。
判据:语言运行时/编译器/构建工具/命令行开发工具 → scoop;GUI 应用与文档类软件 → choco。这样两棵安装树彻底分开:scoop 在 ~\scoop,choco 把应用装到各自的标准位置(C:\tools\...、C:\Pr…
右键文件夹空白处(或文件夹图标)->"显示更多选项"(或 Shift+F10)-> 菜单底部两项紧靠:
同步成功标志:
小组件不只是任务栏一个图标:它常驻 Widgets.exe,并拉起多个 msedgewebview2.exe 渲染进程(实测本机 12 个 webview2 里 6 个属于小组件 + 搜索 UI)。对不需要小组件新闻/天气/股票的人,纯属白…
Cmder 是一款 Windows 平台的增强型命令行终端模拟器,基于 ConEmu,集成了 Clink(增强版 cmd),Full 版还内置 Git for Windows。便携式设计,解压即用,支持多标签页、丰富的颜色主题以及 Linu…
pandoc -s 输入文件 -o 输出文件
pi update 只替换 pi npm 包,不动 ~/.pi/agent 用户内容;真正会失效的是 dist 补丁与扩展依赖,由 setup.sh 重跑自愈(verify.sh 全绿即链路完好;实测该体检抓出过补丁静默空转、依赖重装失败两…
pi 的对话自动保存,不依赖任何手动操作:
pi 的 provider 密钥全部是明文 JSON 文件,不存在数据库/凭据管理器(model-hub 扩展及其 model-hub.json 已弃用移除,2026-09-03):
来源:pi 官方文档 docs/sessions.md、docs/session-format.md(pi 0.84)。
可复用:winget 的 manifest 模型与 export;Chocolatey 的包脚本生态;Scoop 的 manifest + shim(轻、可审、用户级);Nix 的 store + generation 回滚与声明式思路;M…
@[toc]
在 Ubuntu 24.04 上使用 Docker 部署 Nginx 和 MySQL 来搭建网站,最优雅、最高效的方式是使用 Docker Compose。这种容器化的部署方式能让你的 VPS 环境保持绝对的整洁,非常适合后续扩展和管理各种…
IPLC 是传统的经典专线方案,通常指物理层(第一层)或数据链路层(第二层)的连接。
docker:
2026-10-掌握VS Code 1 条
这节课的胜利: 用键盘完成 5 个动作 —— 打开设置(JSON)、按文件名跳转、跳到指定行、切换终端、执行任意命令 —— 全程不碰鼠标菜单 。这 5 个动作覆盖你日常 80% 的"翻菜单"时间。
50-资源/记录 15 条
交接引用的这一段:
做不到"WiFi 提供方完全无法察觉" —— 能做的只是把可识别特征降到与正常 HTTPS 流量无异:
按「先定位根因,再动手」的顺序做,关键证据如下。
根因是 CrossDeviceService(跨设备文件服务)陷入空转重试循环: 持续 ~30% CPU、175 个线程、250MB 内存,反复连设备/云端失败。
结果:Gradle daemon 一直跑在 JBR 21 上没问题,但 vscode-java 的检查看到 26 与 Gradle 8.11.1 不匹配,import 前就弹错(误报,它看不到 org.gradle.java.home)。
个性化 -> 任务栏 -> 任务栏行为 -> 已勾选"自动隐藏任务栏",但任务栏一直显示,不随鼠标离开底部而收起。
筛选原则:2026 年内活跃、有开源许可证、星数实锤;黑盒二进制类一律过审再跑。
→ 弹窗不是启动器要求提权,而是它开 TUN 需要管理员,普通启动后内部自我提权重启。 → 对策 = 方案 A"开局即提权":用计划任务(最高权限)在登录时直接拉起,让它一出生就是管理员,不再自我重启。
磁盘(2026-09-21 实测)
21 节课从「一个壳配 21 节 + 21 张速查卡」改成「按名词形态三选一骨架,课是唯一载体」:
截图是一篇标题为「计算机玄学」的帖子(副标题「你会发现人工智障无处不在」)的评论区,共 28 条评论:
结果:C: 可用 109.0 GB → 154 GB(+45 GB);E: 19.8 → 35 GB(盘内释放,宿主文件待压缩);F: 14.6 → 19 GB。
index.html 现在是 VS Code 式外壳,自顶向下五层:
结论:关模型只省约 38 MB,而私有内存基本不动 —— 说明那 ~163 MB 的私有内存是词库 + 运行时本身,不是模型。关掉不划算(失去了整句转换),已恢复为开。
库从「按学科分区挂笔记」改成「项目自足」:知识写进所属项目或容器的 20-知识/,由项目自己的 00-索引.md 收录;根 00-索引/00-索引.md 只做项目总览与全局学习路线。20-领域/ 与 5 张分类 MOC 撤销,巡检从 A1~…
没有匹配的条目。
算法 · 2026-08-30 · LeetCode 1. 两数之和
学习性质: AI 生成示例学习 本笔记根据
F:\1-Code\0-LeetCode\1.两数之和.cpp整理而成,用于展示本项目的算法学习笔记应该如何记录。本文不代表本人独立完成,不计入独立做题数量。 源代码:F:\1-Code\0-LeetCode\1.两数之和.cpp
① 信息
- 日期: 2026-08-30
- 题号 + 标题: LeetCode 1. 两数之和
- 专题: 数组、哈希表
- 难度: 简单
- 状态: AI 生成示例学习
- 核心套路: 哈希表记录已经遍历过的数字及其下标
② 题意(用自己的话)
给定一个整数数组 nums 和目标值 target,需要找到两个不同下标 i、j,使得:
nums[i] + nums[j] == target返回这两个元素的下标。题目保证每组输入只有一个有效答案,并且不能重复使用同一个数组元素。
例如:
nums = [2, 7, 11, 15], target = 9因为 nums[0] + nums[1] == 2 + 7 == 9,所以返回 [0, 1]。
③ 踩坑与卡点
本节是根据源代码反推的 AI 示例,不是本人当时的真实独立思考记录。
- 第一反应: AI 示例采用两层循环枚举所有下标组合,但这种做法的时间复杂度是
O(n²);题目要求尝试使用低于O(n²)的算法,因此进一步使用哈希表优化查找。 - 卡在哪:
[思路][通用]如果对当前数字再从剩余数组中线性查找互补数,会重新扫描数组,复杂度仍然较高;应使用哈希表把查找降为平均O(1)。 - 错误思路(防再犯):
- 先排序再用双指针虽然可以找到两个数,但排序会改变元素顺序,需要额外保存原始下标;本题直接使用哈希表更简单。
- 不能只保存数字而不保存下标,因为题目要求返回数组下标。
- 必须先查找互补数,再保存当前数字。否则当
nums = [3, 3]、target = 6时,可能让当前元素与自己匹配。
④ 正确思路(看题解后)
1. 核心观察
对于当前元素 num = nums[i],如果它要和另一个数相加得到 target,那么另一个数一定是:
complement = target - num因此问题转化为:
在遍历到
nums[i]时,判断complement是否已经在前面出现过。
2. 哈希表的含义
源代码中的:
unordered_map<int, int> seen;含义是:
键: 已经遍历过的数组元素值
值: 该元素对应的数组下标例如遍历到数组下标 0 时,nums[0] = 2,会记录:
seen[2] = 0之后遍历到 7 时,计算出互补数 9 - 7 = 2,在 seen 中找到 2,就能得到答案下标 0 和 1。
3. 为什么必须先查后存
源代码的顺序是:
auto it = seen.find(complement);
if (it != seen.end()) {
return {it->second, i};
}
seen[num] = i;也就是:
- 先查当前数字需要的互补数
- 查不到时,才把当前数字存入哈希表
这样可以保证哈希表中保存的都是当前元素之前的元素,不会把当前元素和自己匹配。
以 nums = [3, 3]、target = 6 为例:
| 下标 | 当前值 | 互补数 | 查找结果 | 查找后操作 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 3 | 3 | 没找到 | 保存 3 -> 0 |
| 1 | 3 | 3 | 找到下标 0 | 返回 [0, 1] |
4. 遍历示例
以 nums = [2, 7, 11, 15]、target = 9 为例:
下标 i | 当前值 num | 互补数 target-num | seen 查找 | 操作 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 2 | 7 | 不存在 | 保存 2 -> 0 |
| 1 | 7 | 2 | 存在,位置为 0 | 返回 [0, 1] |
找到答案后可以立即返回,不需要继续遍历。
⑤ 代码
// LeetCode 的 C++ 判题环境通常会提供常用标准库上下文。
// 如果在本地编译,需要补充:
// #include <unordered_map>
// #include <vector>
// using namespace std;
class Solution {
public:
// 返回数组中和为 target 的两个元素下标。
vector<int> twoSum(vector<int>& nums, int target) {
// 哈希表:元素值 -> 该元素的数组下标。
unordered_map<int, int> seen;
// 预留哈希桶,减少插入过程中反复扩容和 rehash 的次数。
// 这是性能优化,不影响算法正确性。
seen.reserve(nums.size());
// 从左到右遍历数组。
for (int i = 0; i < (int)nums.size(); ++i) {
// 当前正在处理的元素值。
int num = nums[i];
// 当前元素需要寻找的互补数。
int complement = target - num;
// 先查找互补数是否已经在前面出现过。
auto it = seen.find(complement);
if (it != seen.end()) {
// it->second 是互补数的下标,i 是当前元素下标。
return {it->second, i};
}
// 查找失败后,再保存当前元素及其下标。
// 先查后存可以避免当前元素与自己匹配。
seen[num] = i;
}
// 题目保证一定有答案,因此正常情况下不会执行到这里。
return {};
}
};源代码细节说明
class Solution:LeetCode 规定的解题类名。vector<int>& nums:输入数组按引用传递,避免复制整个数组;LeetCode 给定的函数签名不是const引用,因此沿用原签名。int target:目标和。unordered_map<int, int> seen:哈希表,平均情况下支持常数时间的查找和插入。seen.reserve(nums.size()):预留容量,减少哈希表扩容次数;不是必须操作。for (int i = 0; i < (int)nums.size(); ++i):使用i遍历数组下标。auto it:由编译器自动推导为哈希表迭代器。seen.find(complement):查找互补数。it != seen.end():判断是否查找成功。it->second:取得互补数对应的数组下标。return {it->second, i}:使用初始化列表构造并返回两个下标。seen[num] = i:把当前数字和下标保存到哈希表中;如果数字重复,会覆盖之前保存的下标。本题中保存最近一次下标仍然可以得到正确答案。
本地编译注意
源文件是为 LeetCode 插件准备的代码片段,代码区间内没有显式写标准库头文件。若在本地使用 g++ 编译,需要在代码前补充:
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;⑥ 复杂度
- 时间复杂度:平均
O(n)。 - 数组只遍历一次。
unordered_map的查找和插入平均为O(1)。n表示数组长度。- 空间复杂度:
O(n)。 - 最坏情况下,哈希表会保存数组中的全部元素。
- 严格的最坏情况:
unordered_map在哈希冲突严重时可能退化为O(n)查找,但通常算法分析按平均O(1)处理。
⑦ 收获与复盘
- 今天最大的收获: 两数之和的关键不是直接计算所有组合,而是利用
target - 当前值得到唯一互补数,再用哈希表快速判断它是否出现过。 - 下次同类题要记住的:
- 需要返回下标时,哈希表要保存“数值到下标”的映射。
- 处理重复元素时,优先考虑“先查后存”。
- 看到“查找满足某种条件的另一个元素”且要求低于
O(n²)时,可以考虑哈希表。
- 相关同类题:
- LeetCode 167. 两数之和 II - 输入有序数组:有序数组 + 双指针。
- LeetCode 15. 三数之和:排序、双指针和去重。
- LeetCode 454. 四数相加 II:哈希表统计两组和。
- 通用坑是否已记入该专题的防坑清单:本篇作为 AI 生成示例,先记录在本题笔记中;后续实际独立做题时再根据真实卡点决定是否沉淀为专题通用坑。
⑧ 分享记录
- 学习类型: AI 生成示例学习,不计入独立完成数量
- 成品笔记:本篇位于
10-项目/!一天一道算法题/2026-08-30-1-两数之和.md - 对应代码:
F:\1-Code\0-LeetCode\1.两数之和.cpp - 提交记录:本次未单独提交 Git;待本人实际独立完成并复盘后,再按项目要求提交。
冒泡算法
本笔记是
90-模板\20-笔记正文模板.md骨架的示范样例。
题意(用自己的话)
把一个无序数组排成升序。反复扫描数组,比较相邻两个元素,顺序错了就交换;每一轮扫描都会把当前未排序部分里最大的元素"冒泡"到末尾。
直觉与试错
- 第一反应:相邻比较、大数后移,是最直观的排序思路
- 踩坑:内层循环边界容易写错——第 i 轮结束后末尾 i 个已有序,内层只需扫到
n-i-1,写成n-1会做无用功(不算错但浪费) - 卡住的原因:无。适合建立"边界收缩"的直觉,这个直觉在插入/选择排序里通用
核心思路
- 关键观察:每轮完整扫描后,最大元素必然沉到未排序区末尾 → 未排序区每轮缩 1
- 算法选择:双重循环 + 相邻交换。优化点:某轮没有发生任何交换 → 已经有序,提前退出(最好情况 O(n))
代码
def bubble_sort(a):
n = len(a)
for i in range(n - 1): # 共 n-1 轮
swapped = False
for j in range(n - 1 - i): # 边界收缩:末尾 i 个已就位
if a[j] > a[j + 1]: # 相邻逆序 → 交换(稳定的关键:用 > 不用 >=)
a[j], a[j + 1] = a[j + 1], a[j]
swapped = True
if not swapped: # 本轮无交换 → 已有序,提前收工
break
return a复杂度
- 时间:O(n²) 最坏/平均;O(n) 最好(已有序 + swapped 提前退出),因为比较次数为 (n-1)+(n-2)+…+1
- 空间:O(1),原地交换,只用常数个临时变量
同类题
- 快速排序 — 同为交换排序,但分治思想,平均 O(n log n)
- 力扣 912. 排序数组(练手实现)
复习记录
| 日期 | 能否独立写出 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|
| 2026-08-26 | 已完成 | 首次整理,注意 swapped 优化和边界收缩 |
六级 · 2026-08-30 每日记录
属于
10-项目/!六级英语每日一练/。本日原始记录,完整保留今日所学(语法 + 词汇);通用语法点另提炼沉淀至20-知识/语法.md。模板:90-模板/六级-每日笔记模板.md
① 信息
- 日期: 2026-08-30
- 今日模块来源: 阅读(美国梦主题短文:individual opportunity / classless society)
② 阅读精读
1. 长难句拆解(划主干 + 从句)
- 句1:The dream of individual opportunity has been at home in America since Europeans discovered a "new world" in the Western Hemisphere.
- 主干:The dream ... has been at home in America(现在完成时)
- 从句:since Europeans discovered a "new world" ...(一般过去时)
- 词组:
individual opportunity个人机会;be at home根植于/深入人心;Western Hemisphere西半球
2. 语法笔记:since 与过去完成时
~~chances are they'll say~~(划掉)
2.1 since:自某一时刻/动作以来
- 主句(现在完成时)+ since + 从句(一般过去时)
- 例:They have lived here since they got married.
- 主句(现在完成时)+ since + 过去的时间点/时间名词
- 例:I have known him since 2018/childhood.
- It is/has been + 时间段 + since + 从句(一般过去时)
- 例:It has been three years since I left school.
阅读原句即套用搭配 1:主句 has been at home(现在完成时)+ since + discovered(一般过去时)。
2.2 since 表示原因("由于""既然")
- 例:Since everyone is here, let's begin the meeting.
2.3 过去完成时
- 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前就已经完成的动作(两个动作都发生在过去,用"过去的过去"那一种时态)
- 例:When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.
- 与时间状语(by / by the time / before / until)连用
- 例:By the end of last year, he had ~~wrote~~ written three books.(
write三态 write -> wrote -> written)
- 在宾语从句或间接引语中表示过去(主句在过去,从句在主句之前)
- 例:She said that she had seen the movie before.
- 在虚拟语气中表示对过去事实的假设(条件状语从句,与过去事实相反)
- 例:If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.
3. 词汇笔记
| 序号 | 单词/短语 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ~~praise~~ praise(原记作 phraise) | v./n. | 赞美;赞扬 |
| 2 | glowing descriptions of a classless society | 短语 NP | 对无阶级社会的生动描述 |
| ① glowing | adj. | 充满赞誉的、热情洋溢的,源自 glow "发光的、鲜亮的" | |
| 3 | attain success | 短语 VP | 获得成功 |
| honesty and hard work | 短语 NP | 诚实和勤恳工作 | |
| fire the imaginations | 短语 VP | 激发想象 | |
| 4 | starve | v. | 挨饿 |
| 5 | essence | n. | 本质/要点(原记"观点") |
| 6 | reward | n./v. | 报酬;奖励 |
| 7 | ensure | v. | 确保 |
| 8 | estate investment | 短语 NP | 房地产投资(原记"房"为"房"之误) |
| 9 | enormous | adj. | 巨额的;数量巨大的 |
| fortune(s) | n. | 财富 | |
| 10 | despite | prep. | 尽管 |
| modest origins | 短语 NP | 卑微的出身 | |
| 11 | strive after | v.(短语动词) | 追求 |
| contradict | v. | 与……矛盾 |
③ 复盘
- 最大收获: 厘清
since三种时态搭配 + 表原因用法;掌握过去完成时四用法(含write -> wrote -> written不规则变化踩坑) - 卡点 / 坑: [阅读/语法] 通用 ->
since从句易误用完成时;过去分词written易误写wrote(已进语法沉淀)
④ 分享记录
- 沉淀:语法点提炼至
20-知识/语法.md,登记于本项目00-索引.md - 当日 commit:
六级day01: 2026-08-30 阅读精读(美国梦) 语法沉淀(since+过去完成时)
百词斩六级词汇
| 单词 | 例句 | 词性中文 |
|---|---|---|
| wealth | His wealth allows him to live a luxurious life. | n.财富 |
| wealthy | The illegitimate son of a wealthy family doesn't need to have dreams. | n.富有的 |
| wedge | I inserted a wedge into the wood and split it in two. | n.楔子 |
| weapon | Her prosthetic limb is a deadly weapon. | n.武器 |
| web | The spider wove a beautiful web. | n.网 |
| weird | I think it's weird to dress dogs in human clothes. | n.奇怪的 |
| weaver | This weaver made me a beautiful scarf. | n.编织者 |
| weary | After working for 12 hours, the weary employee went home to rest. | n.疲倦的 |
| alarm | The alarm went off when the police car passed by. | n.警报 |
| alien | Understanding alien is essential for grasping this concept. | n.外星人 |
| allegiance | I swear allegiance to my new homeland. | n.忠诚 |
| alert | The cat is very alert when guarding its fish. | n.警觉 |
| alternative | This question has five alternative answers. | adj.替代品 |
| album | I am looking at the old photos in this photo album. | n.相册 |
| alter | You should alter your plan if the weather changes. | v.改变 |
| alienate | His bad temper will alienate his friends. | n.疏远 |
| alternate | It's been a week of alternate between sunny and rainy weather. | v.交替 |
| alas | alas, I can't go to Thailand for vacation this summer. | n.哎呀 |
| allege | The concept of allege appears frequently in academic contexts. | v.指控 |
| alloy | We frequently encounter alloy in everyday discussions. | n.合金 |
| allocate | Please allocate a piece of cake for everyone. | n.分配 |
| alongside | My dog ran alongside me. | prep.并排 |
| ally | In this team, we are ally, let's work together to win the competition! | n.盟友 |
| alleviate | This medicine can alleviate my toothache. | n.减轻 |
| allowance | Xiao Ming was very happy with his monthly allowance. | n.津贴 |
| alcohol | After drinking too much alcohol, the man has a headache. | n.酒精 |
| algebra | I don't know how to solve this algebra problem. | n.代数 |
| alliance | Two political parties formed an alliance to resist the Japanese army. | n.联盟 |
| bewilder | bewilder plays an important role in this field. | v.使困惑 |
| beyond | The bird flew beyond the horizon. | n.超越 |
| beam | The beam of light illuminated the dark room. | n.梁 |
| benign | The doctor said the tumor was benign and not dangerous. | n.良性的 |
| bead | Each bead on the abacus represents a number. | n.珠子 |
| betrayal | Learning about betrayal provides valuable insights. | adj.背叛 |
| behavior | His behavior in class last month improved a lot. | n.行为 |
| bearing | The bearing of the machine needs to be replaced. | n.轴承 |
| bestow | I bestow this small gift upon you as a token of my gratitude. | n.赋予 |
| beware | beware of that angry dog! | n.当心 |
| beneficial | Going out for a walk occasionally is beneficial for you. | adj.有益的 |
| belly | Drinking too much beer gave me a big belly. | n.腹部 |
| benevolent | He is a benevolent prime minister who always cares for the people. | adj.仁慈的 |
| betray | How could she betray my trust. | v.背叛 |
| benefit | Morning exercises benefit the elderly. | n.利益 |
| beetle | Look! There's a beetle on my hand. | n.甲虫 |
| behave | 'Now, you behave yourself at school!' the angry father roared. | n.表现 |
| auditorium | People came to the auditorium to listen to her speech. | n.礼堂 |
| authoritative | The doctor is the authoritative source of all your medical advice. | adj.权威的 |
| authority | In the legal sense, the judge is the authority. | n.权力 |
| auction | I held an auction to sell my house because I went bankrupt. | n.拍卖 |
| autonomous | These are China's five autonomous regions. | adj.自治的 |
| authorize | Only the manager can authorize this transaction. | v.授权 |
| augment | The professor explained how augment applies to real situations. | v.增加 |
| audit | My main job every day is to audit accounts. | n.审计 |
| author | The author of this book is a Nobel laureate. | n.作者 |
| audience | We invited drama school students to be the audience for our program. | n.观众 |
| authentic | authentic is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.真实的 |
| auditory | In noisy places, earplugs can protect your ears from auditory damage. | adj.听觉的 |
| automated | Students study automated as part of their curriculum. | adj.自动化的 |
| audible | The music was audible from across the street. | adj.可听见的 |
| automation | automation has led to an increase in factory productivity. | n.自动化 |
| autonomy | Each school has autonomy to set its own rules. | n.自治 |
| intercourse | Healthy intercourse between nations promotes peace. | n.性交 |
| integrity | Mr. Bao is well-known in China for his integrity. | n.正直 |
| informed | I read the newspaper every morning to stay informed about the world. | n.知情的 |
| initiate | This person fired a gun to initiate the race. | n.启动 |
| intestine | Your large intestine and small intestine absorb nutrients as food passes through them. | n.肠 |
| industrious | The industrious ant stores food for winter. | adj.勤奋的 |
| instantaneous | The instantaneous brightness of lightning splits the night sky of the city. | adj.瞬间的 |
| inlet | Understanding inlet is essential for grasping this concept. | n.入口 |
| infinitely | The ocean seems infinitely vast. | adv.无限地 |
| instability | The house of cards collapsed due to instability. | n.不稳定 |
| intimate | Nothing is happier than intimate lovers. | n.亲密的 |
| instrument | The concept of instrument appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.工具 |
| intense | They are having an intense argument over a critical issue. | adj.强烈的 |
| interact | We frequently encounter interact in everyday discussions. | v.互动 |
| instruct | The teacher will instruct the students in math. | v.指导 |
| insert | Just insert your card into the ATM and you'll be able to get your money quickly. | n.插入 |
| infant | The infant is sleeping peacefully in the cradle. | n.婴儿 |
| insect | insect plays an important role in this field. | n.昆虫 |
| interfere | Don't interfere with me while I'm playing chess! | v.干涉 |
| integral | Math is an integral part of the school curriculum. | adj.整体的 |
| incredible | He pulled a truck with his teeth! It's incredible! | adj.难以置信的 |
| instinct | Even well-fed cats will catch mice because they have an instinct to hunt. | n.本能 |
| intellectual | She is an intellectual person who loves books. | adj.智力的 |
| indignation | Learning about indignation provides valuable insights. | n.愤慨 |
| intrigue | The movie's intrigue kept me guessing. | n.阴谋 |
| interface | The user interface is the most important part of a tablet computer. | n.界面 |
| incline | The small ball is on the incline and may collide with the big ball. | n.倾斜 |
| insurance | The professor explained how insurance applies to real situations. | n.保险 |
| investigate | The police will investigate the crime scene. | n.调查 |
| inevitable | It is inevitable that people grow old. | adj.不可避免的 |
| inaccurate | His dart throwing was very inaccurate, of course he lost the game. | adj.不准确的 |
| incentive | The carrot is an incentive to spur the horse forward. | n.激励 |
| insulate | This mug can insulate, keeping my coffee warm. | v.隔离 |
| invalid | A check without a signature is invalid. | adj.无效的 |
| intake | They provided the child with a special oxygen intake device. | n.吸入 |
| ingenuity | Master Wang showed his ingenuity in making handicrafts. | n.独创性 |
| invisible | The magic cloak made Harry's body invisible. | adj.看不见的 |
| inevitably | The red dominoes will inevitably fall. | adv.不可避免地 |
| interpret | interpret is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.解释 |
| insane | The girl has gone insane, for her own good we need to send her to a mental hospital for treatment. | n.疯狂的 |
| invaluable | Your help has been invaluable to our project. | adj.无价的 |
| invoice | The invoice shows that this item cost me 80 yuan. | n.发票 |
| install | Students study install as part of their curriculum. | n.安装 |
| insignificant | Understanding insignificant is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.不重要的 |
| innovative | Apple is an innovative company that creates new products. | adj.创新的 |
| ingenious | The ingenious inventor created a time machine. | adj.聪明的 |
| inflict | The violent criminal wanted to inflict harm on others. | n.施加 |
| involve | The project will involve many people. | n.涉及 |
| insight | He really has a profound insight into mathematics. | n.洞察力 |
| indifferent | Her indifferent expression means she's not interested in me. | adj.漠不关心的 |
| intimidate | Don't think you can intimidate me with that scary mask! | n.恐吓 |
| inherent | The concept of inherent appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.固有的 |
| insanity | You can see her insanity in her crazy eyes. | n.疯狂 |
| instructive | I learned a lot from her report, which was very instructive. | adj.有教育意义的 |
| inject | We frequently encounter inject in everyday discussions. | n.注射 |
| invariably | The moon invariably orbits around the Earth. | adv.总是 |
| installment | I bought the car with monthly installment payments. | adj.分期付款 |
| intellect | This young monk is well-known for his extraordinary intellect. | n.智力 |
| intent | intent plays an important role in this field. | adj.意图 |
| infinity | The concept of infinity is hard to grasp. | n.无限 |
| inspiration | The students found inspiration in this book. | n.灵感 |
| initiative | You should take the initiative and take a step forward. | adj.主动性 |
| indulge | Learning about indulge provides valuable insights. | n.放纵 |
| incense | The smell of incense in the temple is so strong! | n.香 |
| invert | The professor explained how invert applies to real situations. | n.反转 |
| intercity | I take an intercity train to go home. | n.城际 |
| inhibit | inhibit is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.抑制 |
| intact | This cup fell down and is still completely intact. | n.完好无损 |
| institution | The Red Cross is an institution dedicated to humanitarian development. | n.机构 |
| independence | The United States gained independence from Britain in 1776. | n.独立 |
| inhabit | Whales inhabit the oceans around the world. | n.居住 |
| incident | The incident was reported to the police. | adj.事件 |
| instrumental | This band is only instrumental; they have no singer. | adj.工具性的 |
| inferior | Sometimes, shorter people may feel inferior in front of taller ones. | n.劣等的 |
| intelligible | His speech was intelligible to everyone in the room. | adj.可理解的 |
| inclination | Students study inclination as part of their curriculum. | n.倾向 |
| incorporate | Understanding incorporate is essential for grasping this concept. | n.合并 |
| inscribe | The concept of inscribe appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.铭刻 |
| initial | My initial reaction to the news was surprise. | adj.最初的 |
| institute | This institute has cultivated many excellent doctors. | n.建立 |
| incidence | The incidence of disease has decreased due to better healthcare. | n.发生率 |
| inference | The boy made an inference about love. | n.推论 |
| infrastructure | National infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, is important. | n.基础设施 |
| inflation | Due to inflation, the amount of money that can buy the same amount of fruit has decreased. | n.膨胀 |
| inorganic | Water and rocks are examples of inorganic substances. | adj.无机的 |
| inspiring | Watching the sunrise is an inspiring way to start a new day. | n.鼓舞人心的 |
| indefinite | The meeting was postponed for an indefinite period. | n.不确定的 |
| indignant | When I told him he was fired, he was extremely indignant. | adj.愤怒的 |
| intonation | Their intonation blends beautifully and harmoniously with the music. | n.语调 |
| intelligent | The dolphin is an intelligent animal that can learn tricks. | adj.聪明的 |
| inadequate | The evidence was inadequate to prove his guilt. | n.不足的 |
| innumerable | There are innumerable stars in the night sky. | adj.无数的 |
| industrial | industrial activities are beneficial to the economy, but sometimes harmful to the environment. | adj.工业的 |
| incapable | The man who fell off the ladder is incapable of standing up. | adj.无能力的 |
| inland | The ship sailed from the ocean into inland waters. | n.内陆的 |
| infusion | The nurse gave him an infusion of vitamins. | n.注入 |
| inclusive | All items are inclusive of postage, dear~ | adj.包容的 |
| insulator | We frequently encounter insulator in everyday discussions. | n.绝缘体 |
| individual | The individual stalls in the bathroom ensure privacy. | adj.个人的 |
| intervention | The teacher's intervention prevented a fight. | n.干预 |
| infinite | infinite plays an important role in this field. | n.无限的 |
| intuition | She had an intuition that something was wrong. | n.直觉 |
| inhabitant | The inhabitant of the island lives a simple life. | adj.居民 |
| induce | The leader gave a speech to induce his employees. | n.诱导 |
| interrupt | Please don't interrupt me while I'm speaking. | n.中断 |
| inaugurate | Learning about inaugurate provides valuable insights. | n.就职 |
| insist | The professor explained how insist applies to real situations. | n.坚持 |
| infectious | Mosquitoes carry infectious diseases. | adj.传染性的 |
| incur | incur is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.招致 |
| inspector | The quality inspector is now a celebrity at the factory. | n.检查员 |
| innate | Cats have an innate desire to catch mice. | n.天赋的 |
| indispensable | A Swiss Army knife is an indispensable tool in any situation. | adj.不可或缺的 |
| intricate | Henna artists can draw intricate patterns on the body. | n.错综复杂的 |
| incomplete | The form was incomplete and needed more info. | n.不完整的 |
| inspire | Students study inspire as part of their curriculum. | n.鼓舞 |
| ingredient | Understanding ingredient is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.成分 |
| input | Mice and keyboards are input devices. | n.输入 |
| inherit | The concept of inherit appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.继承 |
| invest | I decided to invest in real estate because housing prices keep rising. | n.投资 |
| intersection | Meet me at the intersection of two streets. | n.交叉点 |
| interaction | They enjoy the interaction on stage with each other. | n.互动 |
| intrinsic | Her creativity is intrinsic, she has always been like that. | adj.固有的 |
| infection | We frequently encounter infection in everyday discussions. | n.感染 |
| inaccessible | This mountain is inaccessible to him. | adj.无法进入的 |
| innovation | The era of innovation is coming towards us. | n.创新 |
| intensive | The intensive training for the college entrance exam left him exhausted. | adj.密集的 |
| inventory | I'll check our inventory list to see if we have this item. | adj.库存 |
| interconnect | This cable can interconnect two computers. | n.互联 |
| indicative | Rising prices are indicative of inflation. | adj.指示性的 |
| intensify | The conflict began to intensify overnight. | v.加强 |
| inspection | inspection plays an important role in this field. | n.检查 |
| clutch | Learning about clutch provides valuable insights. | n.离合器 |
| clerk | The professor explained how clerk applies to real situations. | n.店员 |
| climax | The climax of the movie was so touching that everyone cried. | n.高潮 |
| clarity | clarity is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.清晰 |
| clue | Students study clue as part of their curriculum. | n.线索 |
| clockwise | The hands move in a clockwise direction. | n.顺时针 |
| cliff | Understanding cliff is essential for grasping this concept. | n.悬崖 |
| clearing | A rabbit is running across the clearing in the yard. | n.空地 |
| clinic | She took her dog to the animal clinic to see if it was sick. | adj.诊所 |
| cleanliness | The importance of cleanliness lies in its ability to prevent the spread of diseases. | n.清洁度 |
| classification | The concept of classification appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.分类 |
| clearance | There's a clearance sale here, everything is half off today, all must go. | n.清关 |
| clip | Use a paper clip to clip these papers together. | n.夹子 |
| cluster | I want to pick that cluster of delicious grapes and eat them all. | n.群集 |
| cloak | His face was covered by the hood of the cloak. | n.斗篷 |
| climate | China has a variety of climate types. | n.气候 |
| clan | That old man is the head of the clan. | n.氏族 |
| claim | We frequently encounter claim in everyday discussions. | n.索赔 |
| clinical | clinical plays an important role in this field. | adj.临床的 |
| cling | Learning about cling provides valuable insights. | n.紧握 |
| classical | I love classical music. | adj.经典的 |
| clatter | The professor explained how clatter applies to real situations. | n.咔哒声 |
| clone | clone is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.克隆 |
| classic | The room is decorated in a classic style. | adj.经典 |
| client | My client asked me to find the killer. | adj.客户 |
| clause | The last clause is that he must obey everything she says. | n.条款 |
| clash | Students study clash as part of their curriculum. | n.冲突 |
| closet | Wow! My favorite male star came out of the closet! | n.壁橱 |
| clown | There was a clown at my fifth birthday party. | n.小丑 |
| clasp | Understanding clasp is essential for grasping this concept. | n.扣子 |
| depression | Since I got a boyfriend, my cat has fallen into endless depression. | n.抑郁 |
| degradation | Nowadays, environmental degradation is a global issue. | n.降解 |
| denial | The concept of denial appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.否认 |
| define | How does the dictionary define the word 'respect'? | n.定义 |
| devise | We frequently encounter devise in everyday discussions. | n.设计 |
| defendant | The defendant was full of remorse in court. | adj.被告 |
| demonstrate | demonstrate plays an important role in this field. | n.展示 |
| decimal | 0.5 is a decimal smaller than 1. | adj.小数 |
| denounce | They are all denounce me, even though I haven't done anything wrong. | n.谴责 |
| deserve | Learning about deserve provides valuable insights. | n.应得 |
| deviate | The professor explained how deviate applies to real situations. | n.偏离 |
| detection | detection is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.检测 |
| definitive | Students study definitive as part of their curriculum. | adj.决定性的 |
| degenerate | Understanding degenerate is essential for grasping this concept. | n.退化 |
| detach | The concept of detach appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.分离 |
| defeat | We frequently encounter defeat in everyday discussions. | n.击败 |
| design | Look at the design of these dresses, they are so fashionable. | n.设计 |
| derivation | derivation plays an important role in this field. | n.派生 |
| denote | Learning about denote provides valuable insights. | n.表示 |
| deficiency | The professor explained how deficiency applies to real situations. | n.缺乏 |
| delegate | delegate is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.代表 |
| deduce | Students study deduce as part of their curriculum. | n.推导 |
| decent | Understanding decent is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.体面的 |
| deplore | The concept of deplore appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.哀叹 |
| deliberate | We frequently encounter deliberate in everyday discussions. | n.深思熟虑 |
| deficit | To solve the fiscal deficit problem, we either need to increase revenue or decrease spending. | n.赤字 |
| designate | designate plays an important role in this field. | n.指定 |
| detain | Learning about detain provides valuable insights. | n.拘留 |
| derive | This is a strange question, it's hard to derive a solution! | adj.派生 |
| despise | The professor explained how despise applies to real situations. | n.鄙视 |
| desirable | Fried chicken is very desirable for food enthusiasts like Crystal Baby. | adj.令人向往的 |
| declaration | This declaration proclaimed the independence of the United States. | n.声明 |
| dealer | The car dealer gave us a great discount when we bought this new car. | n.经销商 |
| debate | They had a debate to see who was smarter. | n.辩论 |
| deadline | To meet the deadline, the staff are working overtime. | n.截止日期 |
| descent | descent is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.下降 |
| deficient | The blind are deficient in vision, but they are more sensitive in hearing. | adj.缺乏的 |
| devour | Students study devour as part of their curriculum. | n.吞噬 |
| deadly | Smoking can be a deadly habit; it's very harmful to health. | adv.致命的 |
| destined | Simba was destined to be the king of the lions from birth. | n.注定的 |
| decline | The world economy is increasingly decline. | n.下降 |
| defective | Understanding defective is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.有缺陷的 |
| deduct | This discount coupon can deduct half the price. | n.扣除 |
| desire | This cat's heart is filled with the desire to eat this fish. | n.欲望 |
| destination | Their destination is the Western Paradise. | n.目的地 |
| dentist | The dentist is cleaning my teeth. | n.牙医 |
| deed | The concept of deed appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.行为 |
| decisive | We frequently encounter decisive in everyday discussions. | adj.决定性的 |
| desolate | It's very desolate here, nothing can survive in this place. | n.荒凉的 |
| deliberately | Why did he deliberately trip someone else? | adv.故意地 |
| decorative | decorative bows make gifts more visually appealing. | adj.装饰性的 |
| despatch | despatch plays an important role in this field. | n.派遣 |
| defiance | Learning about defiance provides valuable insights. | n.反抗 |
| destruction | The professor explained how destruction applies to real situations. | n.破坏 |
| destine | destine is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.注定 |
| descend | Students study descend as part of their curriculum. | n.下降 |
| delicate | Understanding delicate is essential for grasping this concept. | n.精致 |
| devote | The concept of devote appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.奉献 |
| decade | A decade can bring about significant changes. | n.十年 |
| defy | We frequently encounter defy in everyday discussions. | n.违抗 |
| deviation | deviation plays an important role in this field. | n.偏离 |
| definition | According to the dictionary, we have a new definition for mathematics: mental torture for humans. | n.定义 |
| deny | I tried to deny that it was me who farted. | n.否认 |
| deceptive | The hidden ACE makes his apparent honesty deceptive. | adj.欺骗性的 |
| deafen | Why are you speaking so loudly, you're going to deafen my ears. | v.使聋 |
| depict | Learning about depict provides valuable insights. | n.描绘 |
| deceive | The professor explained how deceive applies to real situations. | adj.欺骗 |
| devastating | A devastating car accident took many lives. | n.毁灭性的 |
| deprive | deprive is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.剥夺 |
| decompose | Students study decompose as part of their curriculum. | n.分解 |
| depress | Understanding depress is essential for grasping this concept. | n.沮丧 |
| deem | The concept of deem appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.认为 |
| detector | Don't drive too fast, the police have a speed detector. | n.探测器 |
| defect | We frequently encounter defect in everyday discussions. | n.缺陷 |
| definitely | I know she can definitely achieve her goal. | adv.肯定地 |
| dependant | dependant plays an important role in this field. | adj.依赖者 |
| depute | Learning about depute provides valuable insights. | n.代表 |
| device | The mobile phone is a widely used device. | n.装置 |
| demand | The professor explained how demand applies to real situations. | n.要求 |
| deflect | He tried to make the arrow deflect so that it pointed upwards. | n.偏转 |
| devotion | devotion is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.奉献 |
| decay | These oranges started to decay from the top. | n.腐烂 |
| destiny | The princess kissed the frog, and then it turned into a prince, all of this was destiny. | n.命运 |
| deflection | To become a good fencer, you must master the subtleties of deflection and tilt. | n.偏转 |
| degrade | Students study degrade as part of their curriculum. | n.降级 |
| decree | Understanding decree is essential for grasping this concept. | n.法令 |
| demonstration | They organized a demonstration to get attention. | n.示威 |
| detect | The concept of detect appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.检测 |
| detective | A detective must know how to see through people's lies. | adj.侦探 |
| dean | The dean of our college is reading a book in the office. | n.院长 |
| default | Will the United States default on its debt to China? | n.违约 |
| dedicate | I dedicate this award to all my fans. | n.奉献 |
| detail | We frequently encounter detail in everyday discussions. | n.细节 |
| describe | The girl is describe to the police what happened. | n.描述 |
| decrease | decrease plays an important role in this field. | n.减少 |
| deteriorate | This old truck is deteriorate, look at those rusty spots. | n.恶化 |
| deformation | Learning about deformation provides valuable insights. | n.变形 |
| depressed | She was depressed after the breakup. | n.沮丧的 |
| decorate | The professor explained how decorate applies to real situations. | n.装饰 |
| destructive | The earthquake was so destructive that these houses collapsed. | adj.破坏性的 |
| descendant | It is said that Bao Zhongji is a descendant of 后代 the moon. (Hey, ? Someone is imitating my husband!) | adj.妖妖灵 |
| productive | productive is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.生产力高的 |
| promote | Students study promote as part of their curriculum. | n.促进 |
| provoke | She made faces to provoke her sister. | n.挑衅 |
| predecessor | Understanding predecessor is essential for grasping this concept. | n.前任 |
| property | Now that I have enough money, it's time to buy some property. | n.财产 |
| preliminary | The preliminary sketches for the building have been completed. | adj.初步的 |
| propeller | I have learned to fly a single-propeller plane. | n.螺旋桨 |
| prophecy | The concept of prophecy appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.预言 |
| provision | We frequently encounter provision in everyday discussions. | n.供应 |
| precipitate | precipitate plays an important role in this field. | n.沉淀 |
| prevention | Learning about prevention provides valuable insights. | n.预防 |
| profess | The professor explained how profess applies to real situations. | n.教授 |
| prose | This prose is famous for its beautiful language. | n.散文 |
| proof | proof is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.证据 |
| preview | Students study preview as part of their curriculum. | n.预览 |
| pregnant | She is pregnant, so she eats healthily and doesn't smoke or drink. | adj.怀孕的 |
| prayer | Understanding prayer is essential for grasping this concept. | n.祈祷 |
| propel | The concept of propel appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.推进 |
| professional | We frequently encounter professional in everyday discussions. | adj.专业的 |
| procedure | procedure plays an important role in this field. | n.程序 |
| primitive | primitive people couldn't use electricity and had to make fire themselves. | adj.原始的 |
| prospective | The prospective king is trying on his father's clothes. | adj.预期的 |
| principal | Our principal will give a speech at the graduation ceremony. | adj.主要的 |
| primarily | Learning about primarily provides valuable insights. | adv.主要地 |
| productivity | A worker's productivity depends on how well he balances time, cost, and product quality. | n.生产力 |
| preservation | The professor explained how preservation applies to real situations. | n.保护 |
| proposition | proposition is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.提议 |
| probation | You are still on probation until you prove your ability to do the job. | n.试用 |
| prophet | The prophet said that he (Lord Bao) would have bad luck today (his forehead is dark). | n.先知 |
| prescription | My doctor gave me a prescription for heart medication. | n.处方 |
| proverb | Students study proverb as part of their curriculum. | n.谚语 |
| prototype | The designers have designed a prototype of the new car. | n.原型 |
| prune | Understanding prune is essential for grasping this concept. | n.修剪 |
| prism | The concept of prism appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.棱镜 |
| pretext | We frequently encounter pretext in everyday discussions. | n.借口 |
| privacy | Passwords are very important for your privacy. | n.隐私 |
| progressive | He is making progressive strides in his academic performance. | adj.进步的 |
| pristine | We want to go to the remote pristine jungle waterfall. | n.原始的 |
| proficient | She is proficient in several languages. | adj.熟练的 |
| practicable | This boy (Cao Chong) has a practicable way to find out the weight of an elephant. | adj.可行的 |
| prosecute | prosecute plays an important role in this field. | n.起诉 |
| primary | Learning about primary provides valuable insights. | adj.主要的 |
| project | The engineers are discussing this construction project. | n.项目 |
| proficiency | The professor explained how proficiency applies to real situations. | n.熟练度 |
| provided | provided is commonly used in professional terminology. | v.提供的 |
| prime | Students study prime as part of their curriculum. | n.主要的 |
| prejudice | He has a prejudice against women; his office door says 'Men Only'! | n.偏见 |
| prevail | Understanding prevail is essential for grasping this concept. | n.盛行 |
| prospect | The concept of prospect appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.前景 |
| preside | I'm proud that my father could preside over this ceremony. | n.主持 |
| propagate | We frequently encounter propagate in everyday discussions. | n.传播 |
| prestige | You have such high prestige and fame, I dare say you must also be wealthy. | n.声望 |
| prevailing | prevailing plays an important role in this field. | n.普遍的 |
| precedent | I think I found a legal precedent that could help our case. | adj.先例 |
| preserve | You can preserve food by putting it in the fridge. | n.保护 |
| pressure | Students experience great pressure before exams. | n.压力 |
| propulsion | The propulsion of a rocket is mainly due to the fuel combustion. | n.推进力 |
| principle | Learning about principle provides valuable insights. | n.原理 |
| projector | My school has an old projector for us to watch movies. | n.投影仪 |
| premium | The professor explained how premium applies to real situations. | n.溢价 |
| presentation | presentation is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.展示 |
| precious | Gems as precious as diamonds are very valuable. | adj.珍贵 |
| predominant | The white pieces are predominant on the chessboard (in a dominant position), so I lost the game. | adj.主要的 |
| proximity | Students study proximity as part of their curriculum. | n.邻近 |
| prevalent | Understanding prevalent is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.普遍的 |
| previous | Press this button to go back to the previous page. | adj.以前的 |
| promotion | The boss is congratulating her on her promotion. | n.促销 |
| predict | He actually failed to predict the price of the phone. | n.预测 |
| process | The concept of process appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.过程 |
| prone | Dogs are prone to urinate indoors. | n.易受影响的 |
| prick | Any one of these thorns will prick and draw blood. | n.刺 |
| proton | A proton is a positively charged particle in the atomic nucleus. | n.质子 |
| premier | Zhou Enlai was the first premier of the People's Republic of China. | n.首相 |
| profile | The British stamps feature the Queen's profile. | n.轮廓 |
| priority | We frequently encounter priority in everyday discussions. | n.优先权 |
| proclaim | proclaim plays an important role in this field. | n.宣布 |
| proceeding | Learning about proceeding provides valuable insights. | n.程序 |
| principally | The professor explained how principally applies to real situations. | adv.主要地 |
| privilege | privilege is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.特权 |
| prudent | Students study prudent as part of their curriculum. | adj.谨慎的 |
| protein | Eggs and bacon both have a high protein content. | n.蛋白质 |
| prosper | Understanding prosper is essential for grasping this concept. | n.繁荣 |
| preclude | The concept of preclude appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.排除 |
| precise | This instrument shows precise measurement results. | n.精确的 |
| preferable | We frequently encounter preferable in everyday discussions. | adj.更可取的 |
| probe | He held an instrument to probe for the location of gold. | n.探测 |
| printer | Can you help me repair the printer, please? | n.打印机 |
| priest | The priest enjoys praising God. | n.牧师 |
| promising | Our department has a very promising team of engineers. | n.有前途的 |
| producer | producer plays an important role in this field. | n.生产者 |
| prediction | Learning about prediction provides valuable insights. | n.预测 |
| profession | The professor explained how profession applies to real situations. | n.职业 |
| premise | In the movie's premise, the two people stranded on a deserted island will inevitably fall in love. | n.前提 |
| prosperous | prosperous is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.繁荣的 |
| premature | The premature baby was born a month early. | n.过早的 |
| prohibit | Students study prohibit as part of their curriculum. | n.禁止 |
| provocative | His provocative words made me really want to slap him in the face. | adj.挑衅的 |
| preference | Understanding preference is essential for grasping this concept. | n.偏好 |
| propagation | Plant propagation can be achieved through seeding or transplanting. | n.传播 |
| preach | The concept of preach appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.布道 |
| probability | The probability of catching a snake is two-thirds. | n.概率 |
| prominent | We frequently encounter prominent in everyday discussions. | adj.突出的 |
| protest | Students have come out to protest the rise in tuition fees. | n.抗议 |
| propaganda | For propaganda, they sprayed slogans on the wall. | n.宣传 |
| imperative | imperative plays an important role in this field. | adj.强制性的 |
| improper | Learning about improper provides valuable insights. | n.不适当的 |
| implore | The professor explained how implore applies to real situations. | n.恳求 |
| immortal | Although this great person has died, his spirit is immortal. | adj.不朽的 |
| impetus | My wife was the impetus for me to buy a house. | n.动力 |
| impulse | impulse is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.冲动 |
| immigrant | Students study immigrant as part of their curriculum. | adj.移民 |
| implement | Understanding implement is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.实施 |
| impose | The concept of impose appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.强加 |
| impurity | Don't drink this water, it has a lot of impurity. | n.杂质 |
| impact | The impact of this hammer completely destroyed my computer. | n.影响 |
| immune | The immune system acts like a shell protecting our bodies from getting sick. | n.免疫 |
| impart | It is the teacher's duty to impart knowledge to the students. | n.传授 |
| imitation | We frequently encounter imitation in everyday discussions. | n.模仿 |
| imply | imply plays an important role in this field. | adv.暗示 |
| impartial | impartial justice requires wisdom, honesty, and composure. | adj.公正的 |
| immerse | Learning about immerse provides valuable insights. | n.沉浸 |
| impair | The professor explained how impair applies to real situations. | n.损害 |
| imitate | imitate is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.模仿 |
| immigrate | Millions of people immigrate to America every year. | n.移民 |
| imposing | This castle is an imposing structure. | n.雄伟的 |
| imaginative | He is very imaginative and always comes up with new ideas. | adj.富有想象力的 |
| implication | Students study implication as part of their curriculum. | n.含义 |
| impatient | My girlfriend has been an hour late for the date, and I'm starting to get impatient. | adj.不耐烦的 |
| imaginary | Understanding imaginary is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.想象的 |
| implicit | The girl's answer to the boy's proposal has an implicit meaning. | n.含蓄的 |
| fitness | The concept of fitness appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.健康 |
| fin | A whale's fin is bigger than a person. | n.鳍 |
| fireplace | A fireplace is very warm in winter. | n.壁炉 |
| figure | I maintain my figure through a balanced diet and exercise. | n.数字 |
| firmness | We frequently encounter firmness in everyday discussions. | n.坚定 |
| finance | finance plays an important role in this field. | n.金融 |
| financial | Wall Street is America's financial center. | adj.财务的 |
| fist | The boy clenched his fist, looking ambitious. | n.拳头 |
| fiber | Learning about fiber provides valuable insights. | n.纤维 |
| finite | This set is finite because there are only four numbers. | n.有限的 |
| finely | Add some finely chopped green onions to the dish for seasoning. | adv.精细地 |
| fixture | The faucet is an important fixture in the bathroom. | n.固定装置 |
| fission | During nuclear fission, atoms split to release energy. | n.裂变 |
| fighter | The professor explained how fighter applies to real situations. | n.战斗机 |
| fiction | fiction is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.小说 |
| filth | Ugh! Someone should really clean up this filth. | n.污秽 |
| violation | Students study violation as part of their curriculum. | n.违反 |
| violent | Understanding violent is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.暴力的 |
| violate | The concept of violate appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.违反 |
| vigour | We frequently encounter vigour in everyday discussions. | n.活力 |
| visa | I need to apply for a visa to go to China. | n.签证 |
| virgin | She wanted to remain a virgin until marriage. | n.处女 |
| vigorous | vigorous plays an important role in this field. | adj.精力充沛的 |
| vice | Learning about vice provides valuable insights. | n.恶习 |
| vicinity | The professor explained how vicinity applies to real situations. | n.附近 |
| vivid | The colors in this painting are surprisingly vivid. | n.生动的 |
| vine | vine is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.藤 |
| vision | The ophthalmologist said my vision is very good. | n.视觉 |
| visualize | Students study visualize as part of their curriculum. | v.可视化 |
| victim | Watermelon Man was the victim of this car accident. | n.受害者 |
| virtual | Our company opened a virtual store on the internet. | adj.虚拟的 |
| virtue | Helping the elderly is a traditional virtue of the Chinese nation. | n.美德 |
| vicious | Crocodiles are vicious animals, please stay as far away from them as possible. | adj.恶毒的 |
| viscous | viscous honey drips slowly. | adj.粘稠的 |
| vital | Water is vital for life. | adj.至关重要的 |
| virus | This virus has made me cough for a whole week. | n.病毒 |
| subjective | Whether you like this fruit (durian) is a very subjective matter. Some people like it, but others hate it. | adj.主观的 |
| susceptible | Understanding susceptible is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.易受影响的 |
| suffice | The concept of suffice appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.足够 |
| surgeon | My surgeon has decided to operate on me. | n.外科医生 |
| submarine | The submarine navigated underwater and attacked enemy ships. | n.潜艇 |
| subdivide | We frequently encounter subdivide in everyday discussions. | n.细分 |
| supreme | All kneel before the supreme commander! | n.至高无上的 |
| surplus | surplus plays an important role in this field. | n.剩余的 |
| substance | A substance like water can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous states. | n.物质 |
| superior | Learning about superior provides valuable insights. | n.优越的 |
| supplementary | The professor explained how supplementary applies to real situations. | adj.补充的 |
| superficial | This girl just likes his good-looking face, how superficial! | adj.表面的 |
| summon | summon is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.召唤 |
| superb | Students study superb as part of their curriculum. | n.极好的 |
| superintendent | My superintendent assigns tasks to me every morning. | adj.校长 |
| successor | The king transferred his throne to his successor. | n.继承者 |
| survival | He taught me survival skills, like how to make a fire in the wild. | adj.生存 |
| substitute | Understanding substitute is essential for grasping this concept. | n.替代品 |
| subtract | The concept of subtract appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.减去 |
| submit | We frequently encounter submit in everyday discussions. | n.提交 |
| suspicious | She's a very suspicious neighbor; I always catch her peeping at us. | adj.可疑的 |
| successive | successive plays an important role in this field. | adj.连续的 |
| supersonic | The flight speed of a supersonic airplane is faster than sound. | adj.超音速的 |
| supple | When you're young, your body is supple. | n.柔软的 |
| summit | He finally reached the summit. | n.顶峰 |
| superiority | Acknowledge my superiority, and bow down to me! | n.优越性 |
| suicide | If you don't feed me little fish, I'll commit suicide (die in front of you)! | n.自杀 |
| subsidy | The government provides subsidy for entrepreneurs. | n.补贴 |
| sustain | Learning about sustain provides valuable insights. | n.维持 |
| sullen | The professor explained how sullen applies to real situations. | v.忧郁的 |
| supervise | supervise is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.监督 |
| suite | This suite is large enough for a family to live in. | n.套房 |
| subscription | Students study subscription as part of their curriculum. | n.订阅 |
| subordinate | Understanding subordinate is essential for grasping this concept. | n.下属的 |
| suspicion | We can read a strong suspicion in his eyes. | n.怀疑 |
| subscribe | I subscribe to the daily newspaper. | n.订阅 |
| suitcase | I have traveled almost all over the world with my old suitcase. | n.手提箱 |
| supplement | The concept of supplement appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.补充 |
| subsequent | We frequently encounter subsequent in everyday discussions. | adj.随后的 |
| surpass | surpass plays an important role in this field. | n.超越 |
| surge | Learning about surge provides valuable insights. | n.浪潮 |
| sufficient | The professor explained how sufficient applies to real situations. | adj.足够的 |
| superstition | superstition is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.迷信 |
| suspension | The reason the bridge is called a 'suspension bridge' is because the road is suspended by cables. | n.悬挂 |
| suburb | Students study suburb as part of their curriculum. | n.郊区 |
| sulfur | sulfur matches can be easily lit. | n.硫磺 |
| surgery | This is a serious issue that can only be cured by surgery. | n.外科手术 |
| survive | It's difficult for plants to survive in the desert. | adj.生存 |
| sue | Understanding sue is essential for grasping this concept. | n.起诉 |
| subdue | The concept of subdue appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.制服 |
| suppress | We frequently encounter suppress in everyday discussions. | n.压制 |
| subtle | subtle plays an important role in this field. | n.微妙的 |
| monopoly | Learning about monopoly provides valuable insights. | adv.垄断 |
| modification | The professor explained how modification applies to real situations. | n.修改 |
| mortgage | He has taken out a mortgage, meaning he bought his house with borrowed money. | n.抵押 |
| momentum | momentum made him leap high. | n.动量 |
| monologue | The entire performance was a two-hour monologue by one person, it was very boring. | n.独白 |
| moral | moral is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.道德 |
| mountainous | We were warned that hiking in mountainous areas is dangerous. | adj.多山的 |
| monetary | He used to be very good at handling monetary issues, always saving money. | adj.货币的 |
| mop | Use this mop to clean the floor. | n.拖把 |
| modify | Students study modify as part of their curriculum. | v.修改 |
| mobile | This doctor will demonstrate how to use a mobile phone. | n.移动的 |
| mock | Don't mock me, you look ridiculous yourself! | n.嘲笑 |
| mosque | Muslims go to this beautiful mosque to pray every day. | n.清真寺 |
| module | Understanding module is essential for grasping this concept. | n.模块 |
| monitor | I want a new flat-panel computer monitor. | n.监视器 |
| mob | The concept of mob appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.暴徒 |
| motorway | The motorway was very congested today. | n.高速公路 |
| modernize | We frequently encounter modernize in everyday discussions. | v.现代化 |
| molecule | molecule plays an important role in this field. | n.分子 |
| mobilize | Learning about mobilize provides valuable insights. | v.动员 |
| modulate | My vocal coach taught me how to modulate and control my voice. | n.调节 |
| molten | We pour molten iron into molds to cool it. | v.熔化的 |
| morality | The professor explained how morality applies to real situations. | n.道德 |
| moss | This big rock is covered with moss. | n.苔藓 |
| motivate | motivate is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.激励 |
| molecular | You can only see this process at the molecular level. | n.分子的 |
| monk | Students study monk as part of their curriculum. | n.僧侣 |
| modest | Understanding modest is essential for grasping this concept. | n.谦虚的 |
| monster | He looks like a monster, but he actually has a good heart. | n.怪物 |
| moreover | This woman needs to take medication every day, and moreover, she should eat more fruit. | n.此外 |
| mourn | The concept of mourn appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.哀悼 |
| moor | We frequently encounter moor in everyday discussions. | n.沼泽 |
| momentary | The beauty of fireworks is spectacular, but also momentary. | adj.短暂的 |
| mortal | mortal plays an important role in this field. | adj.致命的 |
| monarch | Learning about monarch provides valuable insights. | n.君主 |
| moan | The professor explained how moan applies to real situations. | n.呻吟 |
| motive | motive is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.动机 |
| fortress | Students study fortress as part of their curriculum. | n.堡垒 |
| formulate | Understanding formulate is essential for grasping this concept. | n.制定 |
| fort | The concept of fort appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.堡垒 |
| foremost | We frequently encounter foremost in everyday discussions. | n.最重要的 |
| formidable | formidable plays an important role in this field. | adj.可怕的 |
| fore | Learning about fore provides valuable insights. | n.前 |
| forge | The professor explained how forge applies to real situations. | n.锻造 |
| formal | The gentleman wore formal attire for the interview. | adj.正式的 |
| format | format is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.格式 |
| force | Students study force as part of their curriculum. | n.力量 |
| foster | The woman treats her foster child like her own biological child. | n.培养 |
| forthcoming | Understanding forthcoming is essential for grasping this concept. | n.即将到来的 |
| foam | I like beer with a bit of foam. | n.泡沫 |
| fold | I fold this pink paper to make a heart. | n.折叠 |
| forerunner | The concept of forerunner appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.先驱 |
| formula | We frequently encounter formula in everyday discussions. | n.公式 |
| focus | Make sure your object is in focus before taking a photo. | n.焦点 |
| formulation | formulation plays an important role in this field. | n.制定 |
| fossil | This dinosaur fossil is millions of years old. | n.化石 |
| forum | Many countries participated in this international forum. | n.论坛 |
| foresee | I foresee many good things happening in your future. | n.预见 |
| foul | Learning about foul provides valuable insights. | n.犯规 |
| ford | The professor explained how ford applies to real situations. | n.浅滩 |
| forsake | forsake is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.抛弃 |
| footpath | We walked along the footpath while hiking. | n.小路 |
| follower | Students study follower as part of their curriculum. | n.追随者 |
| foil | My food is wrapped in aluminum foil. | n.箔 |
| fowl | Understanding fowl is essential for grasping this concept. | n.家禽 |
| positive | Even with a disability, he is still very positive and optimistic. | adj.积极的 |
| poster | The poster on the wall is used to promote this movie. | n.海报 |
| posture | My mom always reminds me to keep a straight posture. | n.姿势 |
| poll | The public opinion poll showed that Hillary led with 55% of the votes. | n.投票 |
| Pope | The Pope is the leader of the Catholic Church. | n.教皇 |
| possess | The concept of possess appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.拥有 |
| poisonous | We frequently encounter poisonous in everyday discussions. | adj.有毒的 |
| pole | The utility pole supports the cables. | n.杆 |
| popularity | popularity plays an important role in this field. | n.普及性 |
| polarity | It is very important to determine the polarity of a magnet before using it. | n.极性 |
| porch | I like sitting on the front porch to catch the breeze. | n.门廊 |
| polish | They will polish your car until it shines! | n.擦亮 |
| potential | He has a lot of potential; I can see him rising to the top. | adj.潜力 |
| ponder | Learning about ponder provides valuable insights. | n.沉思 |
| poverty | Since joining the beggars' gang, he has been living a life of poverty. | n.贫穷 |
| polar | Temperatures in polar regions are far below zero degrees Celsius. | n.极地的 |
| postulate | The professor explained how postulate applies to real situations. | n.假设 |
| poetry | Keats's poetry warms the heart. | n.诗歌 |
| poultry | Farmers raise poultry, such as chickens and ducks, for their meat and eggs. | n.家禽 |
| poke | Just a gentle poke, it won't hurt. | n.刺 |
| polymer | Chemical elements polymerize to form a stable polymer. | n.聚合物 |
| pore | pore is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.毛孔 |
| pose | To be honest, that photographer's pose is more professional. | n.姿势 |
| postal | Students study postal as part of their curriculum. | adj.邮政的 |
| portray | Understanding portray is essential for grasping this concept. | n.描绘 |
| stout | The concept of stout appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.结实的 |
| streak | We frequently encounter streak in everyday discussions. | n.条纹 |
| startle | startle plays an important role in this field. | n.惊吓 |
| straightforwardThatstraightforward | Learning about straightforwardThatstraightforward provides valuable insights. | n.直率的 |
| stationery | I have prepared all the stationery needed for the exam. | n.文具 |
| strive | He will strive for what he wants. | adj.奋斗 |
| sturdy | The professor explained how sturdy applies to real situations. | n.坚固的 |
| stern | stern is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.严厉的 |
| stimulus | Students study stimulus as part of their curriculum. | n.刺激物 |
| striking | Understanding striking is essential for grasping this concept. | n.引人注目的 |
| stitch | The tailor knows how to stitch clothes properly. | n.缝合 |
| stall | We picked some fruit from the fruit stall. | n.摊位 |
| stagger | The concept of stagger appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.蹒跚 |
| stack | We frequently encounter stack in everyday discussions. | n.堆栈 |
| strategic | Chess is a game with a strong strategic element. | adj.战略的 |
| staple | Please staple these two sheets of paper together. | n.订书钉 |
| stride | stride plays an important role in this field. | n.大步走 |
| stumble | Learning about stumble provides valuable insights. | n.绊倒 |
| stroll | I like to stroll around nearby after dinner. | n.漫步 |
| stable | I keep my horse in the stable. | n.稳定的 |
| streamline | The professor explained how streamline applies to real situations. | n.简化流程 |
| statement | He made a statement to the journalists. | adj.声明 |
| stereotype | stereotype is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.刻板印象 |
| stubborn | They are all very stubborn, so they never stop arguing. | n.顽固的 |
| stun | Students study stun as part of their curriculum. | n.震惊 |
| strife | Understanding strife is essential for grasping this concept. | n.斗争 |
| stationary | There's a traffic jam, and the cars are all stationary. | adj.静止的 |
| stairway | The concept of stairway appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.楼梯 |
| stew | We frequently encounter stew in everyday discussions. | n.炖菜 |
| straighten | I need to straighten my hair; curly hair looks too bad. | v.弄直 |
| stroke | His stroke with the club sent the ball high up into the sky. | n.中风 |
| strand | Only one strand of the rope is left unbroken. | n.一股 |
| staircase | staircase plays an important role in this field. | n.楼梯 |
| statistics | I use facts and statistics to prove my point. | n.统计 |
| stuffy | The crowded bus is very stuffy and hot. | v.闷热的 |
| stiffness | Learning about stiffness provides valuable insights. | n.僵硬 |
| statesman | This distinguished statesman made a significant contribution to the return of Hong Kong to China. | n.政治家 |
| standpoint | The professor explained how standpoint applies to real situations. | n.立场 |
| standardize | We standardize all the exam questions so that the results can be compared each year. | v.标准化 |
| strain | strain is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.拉力 |
| stark | Students study stark as part of their curriculum. | n.赤裸裸的 |
| stainless | The spoons and forks are made of stainless steel. | adj.不锈钢的 |
| stock | Understanding stock is essential for grasping this concept. | n.股票 |
| stab | The concept of stab appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.刺 |
| string | We frequently encounter string in everyday discussions. | n.线 |
| stray | There are stray dogs everywhere in our city; they need owners. | n.迷路 |
| stump | The lady is sitting on a tree stump, where she can rest for a while. | n.树桩 |
| stereo | You must use a stereo device to listen to music; that's the only way to truly appreciate it. | n.立体声 |
| stalk | stalk plays an important role in this field. | n.茎 |
| status | His luxury car is a symbol of his status. | n.状态 |
| strategy | He used a wise strategy in the war. | n.策略 |
| stream | There is a stream running through the forest. | n.水流 |
| stillness | Learning about stillness provides valuable insights. | n.静止 |
| sticky | I like to eat candy apples, but this caramel is so sticky! | n.粘的 |
| strait | The strait between the mainland and the small island is 200 meters wide. | n.海峡 |
| stylish | The professor explained how stylish applies to real situations. | n.时髦的 |
| stabilize | stabilize is commonly used in professional terminology. | v.稳定 |
| studio | The model poses in the photo studio. | n.工作室 |
| stability | Tightrope walking requires great stability. | n.稳定性 |
| vulnerable | The sandcastle is so vulnerable in front of the angry child. | adj.脆弱的 |
| vulgar | His behavior is so vulgar that no one wants to get close to him. | n.粗俗的 |
| boycott | We need to boycott the fur trade. | n.抵制 |
| bonus | Compared to others, his year-end bonus is special. | n.奖金 |
| boring | I've finished my boring homework, can I go out to play now? | n.无聊的 |
| bowel | Students study bowel as part of their curriculum. | n.肠 |
| boiler | The boiler takes up too much space in the bathroom; we should move it. | n.锅炉 |
| bounce | Understanding bounce is essential for grasping this concept. | n.弹跳 |
| booklet | This booklet explains everything you want to know. | n.小册子 |
| boost | The turtle used a rocket to boost its speed. | n.提升 |
| bourgeois | 'bourgeois' is a French word meaning 'middle class'. | n.资产阶级 |
| bound | Many people are bound by their work. | n.界限 |
| boom | The bomb explodes with a loud boom. | n.繁荣 |
| booth | The concept of booth appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.摊位 |
| border | The border between the United States and Canada is very long. | n.边界 |
| shrimp | There are many ways to cook shrimp. | n.虾 |
| shovel | He is going to hoe the ground with a shovel. | n.铲子 |
| sheer | The climber ascended the sheer rock. | n.完全的 |
| shabby | We frequently encounter shabby in everyday discussions. | n.破旧的 |
| shaft | shaft plays an important role in this field. | n.轴 |
| shatter | Learning about shatter provides valuable insights. | n.粉碎 |
| sharply | The way she looks at the couple is so sharply, it's like she wants to kill them with her eyes! | adv.尖锐地 |
| shrink | The professor explained how shrink applies to real situations. | n.收缩 |
| shove | shove is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.推 |
| shipwreck | During our last dive, we discovered a shipwreck. | n.船只失事 |
| shrine | Students study shrine as part of their curriculum. | n.神龛 |
| shrub | Understanding shrub is essential for grasping this concept. | n.灌木 |
| shield | The knight fought with sword and shield. | n.盾牌 |
| shady | It's too hot in the sun, let's find a shady place to rest. | n.多荫的 |
| shadowy | I saw a shadowy figure disappear into the sunset dusk. | n.阴暗的 |
| shuttle | The airport shuttle will take us to the airport. | n.穿梭巴士 |
| shed | There's a small shed in that forest. | n.棚屋 |
| shear | The concept of shear appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.剪切 |
| shrill | Whenever you get angry, your voice becomes shrill --- don't scream! | n.尖锐的 |
| shorthand | The shorthand expert writes faster than anyone. | n.速记 |
| shark | The shark is ready to have a big meal. | n.鲨鱼 |
| shepherd | The young shepherd is taking care of his sheep. | n.牧羊人 |
| shrewd | He's a shrewd businessman, he'll watch every penny. | n.精明的 |
| sheriff | Our city sheriff is a strict, responsible person. | n.警长 |
| sham | We frequently encounter sham in everyday discussions. | n.伪装 |
| shrug | shrug plays an important role in this field. | n.耸肩 |
| shutter | Learning about shutter provides valuable insights. | n.百叶窗 |
| shortcut | I took a shortcut to get home faster. | n.捷径 |
| shipment | The professor explained how shipment applies to real situations. | adj.货物运输 |
| shorten | shorten is commonly used in professional terminology. | v.缩短 |
| respective | Students study respective as part of their curriculum. | adj.各自的 |
| reject | Understanding reject is essential for grasping this concept. | n.拒绝 |
| refugee | The homeless refugee girl is immersed in sadness. | n.难民 |
| regime | The ruling party (regime) decides to amend the national laws. | n.政权 |
| religious | Due to their religious beliefs, they will pray and read the Bible. | adj.宗教的 |
| recognition | This medal is recognition of my athletic talent. | n.认可 |
| reverse | She can reverse her car into the parking space. | n.反转 |
| restrict | The concept of restrict appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.限制 |
| refreshment | We frequently encounter refreshment in everyday discussions. | adj.提神 |
| regiment | My friend is in this regiment. | adj.团 |
| recite | The boy is recite the text to the teacher. | n.背诵 |
| retard | retard plays an important role in this field. | n.延缓 |
| resort | Learning about resort provides valuable insights. | n.度假胜地 |
| respectful | The professor explained how respectful applies to real situations. | adj.恭敬的 |
| remainder | remainder is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.剩余部分 |
| retrieve | Students study retrieve as part of their curriculum. | n.检索 |
| recruit | Understanding recruit is essential for grasping this concept. | n.招募 |
| reckless | She is too reckless, she enjoys doing dangerous things. | adj.鲁莽的 |
| retort | The concept of retort appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.反驳 |
| recipe | This little girl cooked following a recipe. | n.食谱 |
| resolve | We frequently encounter resolve in everyday discussions. | n.解决 |
| relative | relative plays an important role in this field. | adj.相关的 |
| revenue | Learning about revenue provides valuable insights. | n.收入 |
| relieve | A good massage can relieve the pain in your back. | n.缓解 |
| reef | There are many different kinds of fish in the colorful coral reef. | n.礁石 |
| resume | This man's resume is too informal; I think he's not qualified. | n.恢复 |
| recession | The economic recession affected the global economy. | n.衰退 |
| retail | retail supermarkets have a wide variety of food. | n.零售 |
| reinforce | We use steel bars to reinforce the structure of the building. | n.加强 |
| realistic | This sketch is so realistic! | adj.现实主义的 |
| resign | The professor explained how resign applies to real situations. | n.辞职 |
| realization | realization is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.实现 |
| region | The economy in the southwest region of China is relatively backward. | n.地区 |
| rehearsal | The band had a rehearsal for their performance. | adj.彩排 |
| rebuke | Students study rebuke as part of their curriculum. | n.责骂 |
| revelation | Understanding revelation is essential for grasping this concept. | n.启示 |
| rein | The concept of rein appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.缰绳 |
| reception | The young couple got their room key at the hotel reception. | n.接待 |
| reside | We frequently encounter reside in everyday discussions. | n.居住 |
| referee | The referee blew the whistle to end the game. | n.裁判 |
| refinery | Oil is refined in the refinery. | n.炼油厂 |
| resignation | I no longer want to do this job, please approve my resignation. | n.辞职 |
| republican | republican plays an important role in this field. | n.共和党人 |
| remote | You need a remote control to turn on the air conditioner. | n.遥远的 |
| relief | Ah, it's such a relief to finish work. | n.救济 |
| resonance | The vibration of the guitar's body and strings produces resonance. | n.共鸣 |
| recede | Learning about recede provides valuable insights. | n.后退 |
| revenge | I took revenge on my boss because she made me work very hard. | n.复仇 |
| reputation | Because he often wins competitions, he has a high reputation in the sports world. | n.名声 |
| recover | The professor explained how recover applies to real situations. | n.恢复 |
| rectangular | Picture frames are rectangular. | n.矩形的 |
| reliable | I hope this guy holding the rope is reliable. | adj.可靠的 |
| reconciliation | reconciliation is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.和解 |
| replacement | Students study replacement as part of their curriculum. | adj.替代 |
| renaissance | Shakespeare is a representative writer of the renaissance period. | n.文艺复兴 |
| recognize | Understanding recognize is essential for grasping this concept. | v.认出 |
| recall | The concept of recall appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.回忆 |
| reed | We frequently encounter reed in everyday discussions. | n.芦苇 |
| reward | reward plays an important role in this field. | n.奖励 |
| remedy | Learning about remedy provides valuable insights. | n.补救 |
| residential | This is an expensive residential area. | adj.住宅的 |
| reel | The professor explained how reel applies to real situations. | n.卷轴 |
| rectangle | First, cut out a rectangle from the paper. | n.矩形 |
| recur | recur is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.重现 |
| reciprocal | Students study reciprocal as part of their curriculum. | adj.相互的 |
| reptile | Understanding reptile is essential for grasping this concept. | n.爬行动物 |
| repay | I have to repay the installment loan for my new house every month. | n.偿还 |
| revolutionary | We waved flags, advocating revolutionary ideas to the masses. | adj.革命性的 |
| represent | The concept of represent appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.代表 |
| repression | He lived under his sisters' repression for 18 years. | n.压制 |
| regulation | We frequently encounter regulation in everyday discussions. | n.规则 |
| rebel | rebel plays an important role in this field. | n.叛乱者 |
| refuge | Learning about refuge provides valuable insights. | n.避难所 |
| resemblance | The professor explained how resemblance applies to real situations. | n.相似性 |
| regenerative | regenerative is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.再生的 |
| revive | I tried to revive her, but she never regained her breath. | adj.复苏 |
| residual | Students study residual as part of their curriculum. | adj.残余的 |
| recipient | The recipient of the donation said, 'Thank you so much.' | adj.接收者 |
| revel | They have a party, they dance, they revel to celebrate the New Year! | n.启示 |
| reconcile | They are eager to reconcile and mend their relationship. | n.和解 |
| recreation | The elderly like to play mahjong as a form of recreation. | n.娱乐 |
| rectify | Understanding rectify is essential for grasping this concept. | v.纠正 |
| restore | The concept of restore appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.恢复 |
| reproach | We frequently encounter reproach in everyday discussions. | n.责备 |
| reluctant | The dog is reluctant to take a bath. | adj.不情愿的 |
| relish | relish plays an important role in this field. | n.享受 |
| restrain | The girl tried to restrain her anger. | n.抑制 |
| reproduction | Sometimes, the process of cell reproduction is very complex. | n.繁殖 |
| redundant | Learning about redundant provides valuable insights. | adj.冗余的 |
| respond | The professor explained how respond applies to real situations. | n.回应 |
| remnant | remnant is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.残余 |
| refusal | Students study refusal as part of their curriculum. | adj.拒绝 |
| retain | Understanding retain is essential for grasping this concept. | n.保留 |
| release | The concept of release appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.释放 |
| resultant | We frequently encounter resultant in everyday discussions. | adj.结果的 |
| relay | In the 400-meter relay race, athletes pass the baton to the next person. | n.中继 |
| religion | His religion teaches him to be kind. | n.宗教 |
| refresh | He drank a cup of coffee to refresh himself. | n.刷新 |
| revolve | revolve plays an important role in this field. | n.旋转 |
| reclaim | Learning about reclaim provides valuable insights. | n.回收 |
| recycle | They recycle old shoes to produce new products (yogurt). | n.回收 |
| reflect | The professor explained how reflect applies to real situations. | n.反映 |
| resistant | This watch is water-resistant. | adj.抵抗的 |
| reserve | reserve is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.保留 |
| responsible | I am responsible for the safety of these airplanes. | adj.负责的 |
| reign | Students study reign as part of their curriculum. | n.统治 |
| repeal | I hope they repeal the charges against Santa Claus for breaking and entering. | adj.废除 |
| rebellion | Understanding rebellion is essential for grasping this concept. | n.叛乱 |
| recovery | The concept of recovery appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.恢复 |
| render | We frequently encounter render in everyday discussions. | n.呈现 |
| resolute | This competitor has a resolute determination to win the competition. | n.坚决的 |
| resident | resident plays an important role in this field. | adj.居民 |
| reckon | Learning about reckon provides valuable insights. | n.计算 |
| relevant | The advice given is relevant to solving our problem. | adj.相关的 |
| retirement | The professor explained how retirement applies to real situations. | adj.退休 |
| reactor | The nuclear reactor generates electricity for our city. | n.反应器 |
| reunion | reunion is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.团聚 |
| response | Students study response as part of their curriculum. | n.回应 |
| rely | Babies rely on their parents for food and care. | n.依赖 |
| requisite | Understanding requisite is essential for grasping this concept. | n.必需的 |
| rejoice | The concept of rejoice appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.高兴 |
| readily | We frequently encounter readily in everyday discussions. | adv.乐意 |
| remain | remain plays an important role in this field. | v.剩余 |
| refrain | Please refrain from using your phone for calls in the theater. | n.抑制 |
| reservation | We had a reservation so our table was held. | n.预订 |
| retention | Learning about retention provides valuable insights. | n.保留 |
| reference | She needs to look up the answer in a reference book like a dictionary. | n.参考 |
| resent | The professor explained how resent applies to real situations. | adj.怨恨 |
| reap | The plants have fully grown, it's time to reap. | n.收获 |
| reveal | reveal is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.揭示 |
| repel | Students study repel as part of their curriculum. | n.排斥 |
| reaction | Everyone has a strong reaction to horror movies. | n.反应 |
| register | You need to register the app first, then you can use it. | n.登记 |
| reliance | Understanding reliance is essential for grasping this concept. | n.依赖 |
| receipt | When you pay taxes, you must check the receipt. | n.收据 |
| revision | The concept of revision appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.修订 |
| reassure | My mom told me everything would be okay, to reassure me. | n.重新保证 |
| wade | We frequently encounter wade in everyday discussions. | n.涉水 |
| ware | ware plays an important role in this field. | n.商品 |
| wasp | Learning about wasp provides valuable insights. | n.黄蜂 |
| wallet | My wallet contains all my money and credit cards. | n.钱包 |
| wax | Red candle wax dripped onto the table. | n.蜡 |
| warfare | The professor explained how warfare applies to real situations. | n.战争 |
| walnut | walnut is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.核桃 |
| warehouse | The warehouse is filled with boxes of goods. | n.仓库 |
| warning | After the tree fell on the road, they put up a warning sign in front. | n.警告 |
| watt | Your electricity rate is 10 cents per watt-hour. | n.瓦特 |
| wardrobe | All of my clothes are in this wardrobe. | n.衣柜 |
| ward | There are no patients in the ward now. | n.守护 |
| waver | Students study waver as part of their curriculum. | n.摇摆 |
| watchful | His girlfriend is watchful of everything he does. | adj.警惕的 |
| watery | This soup is too watery, too thin. | n.多水的 |
| wag | Understanding wag is essential for grasping this concept. | n.摇摆 |
| waxy | The concept of waxy appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.蜡质的 |
| watertight | We frequently encounter watertight in everyday discussions. | n.防水的 |
| warrant | Your arrest is legal, here is your arrest warrant, you can take a look. | adj.授权 |
| waitress | Can you ask the waitress to bring the bill? | n.女服务员 |
| accuse | accuse plays an important role in this field. | n.指责 |
| accordance | In accordance with safety regulations, the little boy wore a helmet. | n.一致 |
| accurate | Learning about accurate provides valuable insights. | n.准确的 |
| accessible | The professor explained how accessible applies to real situations. | adj.可访问的 |
| accomplish | accomplish is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.完成 |
| acid | Make sure not to touch the acid, it will burn you. | n.酸 |
| acquire | He wants to acquire a new empire. | n.获得 |
| acute | Students study acute as part of their curriculum. | n.急性的 |
| accommodate | The hotel room can easily accommodate two guests. | n.适应 |
| acknowledge | Understanding acknowledge is essential for grasping this concept. | n.承认 |
| accommodation | The accommodation provided by this hotel is very good, guests feel at home there. | n.住宿 |
| achievement | Walking on the moon is a remarkable achievement. | adj.成就 |
| accustomed | The concept of accustomed appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.习惯的 |
| accessory | This part of the store sells accessory, such as handbags and earrings. | adj.附件 |
| academic | Although academic work doesn't pay well, it is very fulfilling. | adj.学术的 |
| academy | This is a military academy that trains soldiers. | n.学院 |
| accumulate | We frequently encounter accumulate in everyday discussions. | n.积累 |
| accident | Santa Claus was seriously injured in a car accident. | adj.事故 |
| acquisition | acquisition plays an important role in this field. | n.获取 |
| access | Learning about access provides valuable insights. | n.访问 |
| account | My bank account is empty. | n.账户 |
| acquaintance | The professor explained how acquaintance applies to real situations. | n.熟人 |
| accord | accord is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.协议 |
| accelerate | The way I got rid of my girlfriend was by accelerate fiercely. | n.加速 |
| accusation | Students study accusation as part of their curriculum. | n.指控 |
| activate | Understanding activate is essential for grasping this concept. | n.激活 |
| acquaint | The concept of acquaint appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.介绍 |
| batch | I just made a batch of cookies, would you like some? | n.一批 |
| barge | We have to wait for the barge to pass before we can continue fishing. | n.驳船 |
| barley | We frequently encounter barley in everyday discussions. | n.大麦 |
| baron | My grandfather was a baron of this county, so in a way, I own you. | n.男爵 |
| ban | ban plays an important role in this field. | n.禁止 |
| bamboo | Pandas spend all day chewing bamboo. | n.竹子 |
| banquet | There are many different kinds of food at this banquet. | n.宴会 |
| bandage | Learning about bandage provides valuable insights. | n.绷带 |
| bankrupt | I'm completely bankrupt with no money. | n.破产 |
| bargain | The old lady is trying to bargain with the vendor. | n.讨价还价 |
| barren | This land is barren, nothing can grow here. | v.贫瘠的 |
| barrier | The professor explained how barrier applies to real situations. | n.障碍 |
| barely | The ball just barely missed the hole. | adv.几乎不 |
| barometer | A barometer is used to measure air pressure. | n.气压计 |
| background | The background of my photo is the ocean. | n.背景 |
| basis | The English alphabet is the basis for learning written English. | n.基础 |
| bachelor | The bachelor used a lot of tissues on Valentine's Day. | n.学士 |
| batter | batter is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.面糊 |
| bazaar | There are many cheap things at the bazaar. | n.集市 |
| band | Students study band as part of their curriculum. | n.乐队 |
| barricade | We can't go any further because there's a barricade ahead. | n.路障 |
| bang | The firework went off with a big bang. | n.砰 |
| badge | The design on their badge really impressed me! | n.徽章 |
| ballet | Miss Elephant's dream is to become a ballet dancer. | n.芭蕾舞 |
| bandit | Understanding bandit is essential for grasping this concept. | n.强盗 |
| bacteria | You need a magnifying glass to observe the bacteria on your hands. | n.细菌 |
| bacterium | This bacterium can cause very dangerous diseases. | n.细菌 |
| basement | The concept of basement appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.地下室 |
| baffle | We frequently encounter baffle in everyday discussions. | n.困惑 |
| bald | Wait, why should I comb my hair? I'm bald, I don't have any hair. | n.秃头 |
| speculate | I speculate on the direction of the international foreign exchange market to profit. | n.推测 |
| spear | He guards his watermelon field with a red spear. | n.矛 |
| spontaneous | spontaneous plays an important role in this field. | adj.自发的 |
| spectrum | When light is refracted through a prism, you can see the entire visible spectrum. | n.光谱 |
| spectacle | Learning about spectacle provides valuable insights. | n.壮观的景象 |
| spherical | The Earth is not flat, but spherical, you fool! | adj.球形的 |
| spice | The professor explained how spice applies to real situations. | n.香料 |
| spite | spite is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.恶意 |
| spotlight | The spotlight illuminated the stage. | n.聚光灯 |
| spy | You can spy on others with a camera. | n.间谍 |
| spacious | This house is very spacious, with enough room for many people to live. | adj.宽敞的 |
| spouse | Students study spouse as part of their curriculum. | n.配偶 |
| spectator | Understanding spectator is essential for grasping this concept. | n.观众 |
| specific | The concept of specific appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.特定的 |
| specification | This house was built to specification. | n.规格 |
| spatial | We frequently encounter spatial in everyday discussions. | adj.空间的 |
| spiral | I like walking up the spiral staircase. | adj.螺旋形 |
| spectacular | The view from atop the Great Wall is truly spectacular! | n.壮观的 |
| spine | My spine hurts. | n.脊柱 |
| specialist | He's a robotics specialist. | n.专家 |
| specialty | These are some of our restaurant's specialty. | n.专业 |
| species | There are thousands upon thousands of different species of birds in the world. | n.物种 |
| sparkle | How beautiful the stars sparkle in the sky. | n.闪烁 |
| spokesman | The spokesman on stage is answering questions. | n.发言人 |
| sprinkle | sprinkle plays an important role in this field. | n.洒水 |
| spoil | Grandparents spoil their grandson too much, wanting to do everything for him. | n.宠坏 |
| span | The span of this bridge is about 500 meters. | n.跨度 |
| sponge | With a sponge, it became easier for him to wash the car. | n.海绵 |
| splash | Learning about splash provides valuable insights. | n.飞溅 |
| mental | That person must have a mental issue to mistake medicine for candy. | adj.精神的 |
| mechanism | The mechanism of the watch is very complex. | n.机制 |
| medieval | Castles and knights are symbols of the medieval period. | adj.中世纪的 |
| memorize | The professor explained how memorize applies to real situations. | v.记忆 |
| merchandise | 25% off on selected merchandise, valid this week only. | n.商品 |
| mechanize | mechanize is commonly used in professional terminology. | v.机械化 |
| melt | If the temperature is high enough, ice will melt into water. | n.融化 |
| metallic | This metallic armor can protect me in battle. | adj.金属的 |
| metallurgy | Students study metallurgy as part of their curriculum. | n.冶金学 |
| mechanical | There was a mechanical problem with my car. | adj.机械的 |
| mediate | I tried to mediate, but they didn't listen to me. | n.调解 |
| mess | As soon as I leave, the little dog makes a mess of the house. | n.混乱 |
| mercury | Understanding mercury is essential for grasping this concept. | n.水银 |
| mesh | We built a fence with wire mesh. | n.网眼 |
| meteorite | Look! A meteorite streaked across the sky! | n.陨石 |
| menace | The concept of menace appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.威胁 |
| medal | I won first place and got a gold medal! | n.奖章 |
| merely | We frequently encounter merely in everyday discussions. | adv.仅仅 |
| mediterranean | The mediterranean Sea surrounds the coast of Italy. | n.地中海 |
| melody | This is a nice melody; why don't we turn it into a song? | n.旋律 |
| membership | I now have membership in the VIP club of this airline. | n.会员资格 |
| mentality | mentality plays an important role in this field. | n.心态 |
| merciful | Should a judge be merciful or fair? | adj.仁慈的 |
| medium | I want a medium-sized television. | n.媒介 |
| metropolitan | Learning about metropolitan provides valuable insights. | n.大都市的 |
| messenger | The messenger always has a smile on his face when delivering letters. | n.信使 |
| methodology | Let me explain to you the methodology of our plan. | n.方法论 |
| meadow | The sun rises above the lush meadow. | n.草地 |
| merge | The professor explained how merge applies to real situations. | n.合并 |
| meditate | meditate is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.冥想 |
| melancholy | My dog has been melancholy and inconsolable since being neutered. | adv.忧郁 |
| merit | Students study merit as part of their curriculum. | n.优点 |
| mere | Understanding mere is essential for grasping this concept. | n.仅仅 |
| media | Nowadays we get information from various different media. | n.媒体 |
| blond | Her blond hair is beautiful in the sunlight. | n.金发 |
| blossom | The concept of blossom appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.开花 |
| bleed | 'I might bleed to death'—the last words of Watermelon Brother. | n.流血 |
| blur | We frequently encounter blur in everyday discussions. | n.模糊 |
| blank | Your notebook is blank, write down some meeting notes! | n.空白 |
| bleach | bleach plays an important role in this field. | n.漂白 |
| blink | If you blink at someone, they might misunderstand your meaning. | n.眨眼 |
| blunder | Learning about blunder provides valuable insights. | n.失误 |
| blush | The professor explained how blush applies to real situations. | n.脸红 |
| blacksmith | The blacksmith is making iron products with a hammer. | n.铁匠 |
| blaze | blaze is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.火焰 |
| bless | Students study bless as part of their curriculum. | n.祝福 |
| blunt | I prefer blunt weapons, like a hammer, for example. | n.迟钝的 |
| bleak | Understanding bleak is essential for grasping this concept. | n.荒凉的 |
| option | The concept of option appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.选项 |
| optimism | His optimism always brings him happiness and encouragement. | n.乐观主义 |
| opponent | The boxer pummeled his opponent! | adj.对手 |
| opium | In the 19th century, opium smoking was a major social issue in China. | n.鸦片 |
| optimum | We frequently encounter optimum in everyday discussions. | n.最佳 |
| opaque | This rock is completely opaque, no wonder you can't see inside it. | n.不透明的 |
| optimistic | I really admire her optimistic attitude. | adj.乐观的 |
| optimist | Even if everyone else is discouraged, an optimist will always keep a smile. | n.乐观主义者 |
| oppose | oppose plays an important role in this field. | n.反对 |
| cellar | Our cellar is damp and smelly. | n.地窖 |
| census | The government is conducting a census, could you tell me how many people live here? | n.人口普查 |
| cemetery | The cemetery is creepy at night. | n.墓地 |
| cereal | Learning about cereal provides valuable insights. | adj.谷物 |
| certify | The professor explained how certify applies to real situations. | v.证明 |
| certainty | certainty is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.确定性 |
| magician | The magician performed many magic tricks. | n.魔术师 |
| majority | Students study majority as part of their curriculum. | n.多数 |
| massacre | The skulls of those killed in the massacre were collected. | n.大屠杀 |
| maiden | The young maiden hopes a prince will come to save her. | v.处女 |
| marvel | Understanding marvel is essential for grasping this concept. | n.奇迹 |
| makeup | In order to be cute, Ms. Panda has to put on makeup every day~ | n.化妆品 |
| machinery | Our heavy machinery will complete most of the difficult work. | n.机械 |
| masculine | Being full of masculine charm is usually very attractive to women. | n.男性的 |
| manipulate | The concept of manipulate appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.操纵 |
| mass | We frequently encounter mass in everyday discussions. | n.大量 |
| mason | I worked as a mason for a summer, so I'm good at building brick walls. | n.石匠 |
| mansion | Look at how magnificent this mansion is! | n.大厦 |
| marshal | If you don't follow the rules, marshal Zhukov will send you to Siberia. | adj.元帅 |
| mall | You can buy anything you want at the shopping mall. | n.购物中心 |
| manure | manure plays an important role in this field. | n.肥料 |
| masterpiece | The Thinker is a masterpiece in classical sculpting techniques. | n.杰作 |
| malnutrition | The lack of food has caused malnutrition in African children. | n.营养不良 |
| mask | When he took off the mask, I saw a completely different face. | n.面具 |
| maximum | My weight has reached the maximum! Oh no! | n.最大值 |
| manuscript | Learning about manuscript provides valuable insights. | n.手稿 |
| manifest | The professor explained how manifest applies to real situations. | n.显示 |
| manifestation | The fist is a manifestation of strength. | n.表现 |
| magnify | He needs to magnify the objects to see them clearly. | v.放大 |
| mash | We mash the potatoes into a puree in the bowl. | n.捣碎 |
| marginal | marginal is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.边缘的 |
| magnetism | Money has a magical kind of magnetism. | n.磁性 |
| mammal | Students study mammal as part of their curriculum. | adj.哺乳动物 |
| magnificent | The peacock's feathers look very magnificent. | adj.壮丽的 |
| management | The management department is having a routine meeting. | adj.管理 |
| marble | The floor of our room is made of marble. | n.大理石 |
| mature | She looks very mature with her heavy makeup. | n.成熟的 |
| mast | This mast is very sturdy and can withstand strong storms. | n.桅杆 |
| marsh | You must wear boots when going to the marsh. | n.沼泽 |
| maneuver | Understanding maneuver is essential for grasping this concept. | n.机动 |
| majesty | From this angle, the majesty of the mountain peak is breathtaking. | n.威严 |
| maple | maple leaves turn red in autumn. | n.枫树 |
| manufacture | The concept of manufacture appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.制造 |
| mar | We frequently encounter mar in everyday discussions. | n.海 |
| magnetic | This piece of iron is magnetic, so it can attract other iron objects. | adj.磁性的 |
| manufacturer | Our company is a large manufacturer of daily goods. | n.制造商 |
| magnitude | There was an 8 magnitude earthquake here. | n.大小 |
| magnet | magnet plays an important role in this field. | n.磁铁 |
| maintain | Learning about maintain provides valuable insights. | n.维持 |
| massive | The professor explained how massive applies to real situations. | adj.巨大的 |
| magistrate | 'Case closed!' the magistrate declared, banging the gavel. | n.地方法官 |
| martyr | He was a brave martyr who sacrificed himself for all of us. | n.烈士 |
| margin | The red line marks the page margin. | n.边缘 |
| Mars | Mars is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.火星 |
| manual | Wow, can you drive a manual transmission car? | adj.手册 |
| malice | 'I want to hurt you,' he said with malice. | n.恶意 |
| yearn | Students study yearn as part of their curriculum. | n.渴望 |
| yell | I've never seen anyone yell like that on the phone before. | n.叫喊 |
| excessively | Understanding excessively is essential for grasping this concept. | adv.过度地 |
| expend | The concept of expend appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.花费 |
| exploration | Space exploration is important for humanity. | n.探索 |
| exposition | We frequently encounter exposition in everyday discussions. | n.展览 |
| exclaim | exclaim plays an important role in this field. | n.呼喊 |
| executive | Learning about executive provides valuable insights. | adj.执行 |
| exploit | The professor explained how exploit applies to real situations. | n.利用 |
| exotic | She wears exotic clothing to perform traditional dances. | adj.异国情调 |
| execute | execute is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.执行 |
| extinct | Dinosaurs became extinct millions of years ago. | n.灭绝 |
| exhibit | Students study exhibit as part of their curriculum. | n.展览 |
| execution | Understanding execution is essential for grasping this concept. | n.执行 |
| extraction | The concept of extraction appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.提取 |
| extreme | The roller coaster has some very extreme turns, which might make you feel uncomfortable. | n.极端 |
| extraordinarilyThesilver | We frequently encounter extraordinarilyThesilver in everyday discussions. | n.非凡地 |
| extravagant | extravagant plays an important role in this field. | adj.奢侈的 |
| expel | Learning about expel provides valuable insights. | n.驱逐 |
| exaggerate | The professor explained how exaggerate applies to real situations. | v.夸大 |
| expenditure | expenditure is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.支出 |
| exceptional | Wow, what an exceptional athlete! Look at those medals! | adj.杰出的 |
| expense | Buying a car is a big expense. | n.费用 |
| expand | Students study expand as part of their curriculum. | v.扩展 |
| expose | That little baby likes to expose his bottom. | n.暴露 |
| explicit | This map gave me explicit directions. | n.明确的 |
| excess | How can I lose this excess weight? | n.过量 |
| exquisite | This hotel is characterized by its friendly staff and exquisite food. | n.精致的 |
| exclusive | Understanding exclusive is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.独家的 |
| extraordinary | The concept of extraordinary appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.非凡的 |
| extract | We frequently encounter extract in everyday discussions. | n.提取 |
| expertise | expertise plays an important role in this field. | n.专业知识 |
| experimentally | Learning about experimentally provides valuable insights. | adv.实验性地 |
| extent | The professor explained how extent applies to real situations. | adj.范围 |
| external | You can transfer data with an external hard drive. | adj.外部的 |
| exclusively | This room is exclusively for mothers and babies. | adv.专门地 |
| exchange | This is a great place for us to exchange ideas. | n.交换 |
| exert | exert is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.施加 |
| excerpt | Students study excerpt as part of their curriculum. | n.摘录 |
| expanding | Our business is expanding nationwide. | adj.扩展中的 |
| exhaust | Understanding exhaust is essential for grasping this concept. | n.耗尽 |
| exclude | The concept of exclude appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.排除 |
| exceed | We frequently encounter exceed in everyday discussions. | n.超过 |
| exception | The Ugly Duckling was the exception among those lovely ducks. | n.例外 |
| excursion | We went on a forest excursion. | n.远足 |
| expire | expire plays an important role in this field. | n.到期 |
| extensive | The city was hit by extensive flooding. | adj.广泛的 |
| existence | Do you believe in the existence of dragons? | n.存在 |
| expert | Don't worry, he's an expert, he'll know how to fix the computer. | n.专家 |
| explore | The two grave robbers are explore a newly discovered tomb. | n.探索 |
| extinguish | Hurry, extinguish it before the fire gets bigger. | n.熄灭 |
| exertion | Learning about exertion provides valuable insights. | n.努力 |
| excessive | The professor explained how excessive applies to real situations. | adj.过度的 |
| exemplify | exemplify is commonly used in professional terminology. | v.举例说明 |
| expansion | Our company has achieved steady expansion over the past decade. | n.扩展 |
| exhausted | Spider-Man felt exhausted after climbing the cliff. | n.疲惫的 |
| expression | Students study expression as part of their curriculum. | n.表达 |
| excel | Understanding excel is essential for grasping this concept. | n.擅长 |
| experimentationI'mnot | The concept of experimentationI'mnot appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.实验 |
| exclamation | The author used three exclamation marks to express his anger. | n.惊叹 |
| expedition | They went on a hiking expedition to the mountains. | n.探险 |
| extinction | We frequently encounter extinction in everyday discussions. | n.灭绝 |
| capacitor | capacitor plays an important role in this field. | n.电容器 |
| cast | Learning about cast provides valuable insights. | n.铸造 |
| capable | Your penguin is a weightlifter? Then it must be a very capable bird! | adj.有能力的 |
| casualty | Unfortunately, we had one casualty at work today. | n.伤亡 |
| capacity | The capacity of this cup is 2 liters. | n.容量 |
| cancer | Smoking causes lung cancer. | n.癌症 |
| captive | The professor explained how captive applies to real situations. | adj.俘虏 |
| cancel | They called for people to cancel the dog meat festival. | n.取消 |
| cautious | Buckle up, being cautious is a good thing. | adj.谨慎的 |
| catastrophe | catastrophe is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.灾难 |
| capsule | Students study capsule as part of their curriculum. | n.胶囊 |
| cartridge | Understanding cartridge is essential for grasping this concept. | n.弹药筒 |
| carve | The concept of carve appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.雕刻 |
| cabin | We like to go to our little cabin in the woods. | n.小屋 |
| candidate | The candidate is giving a speech for the election. | n.候选人 |
| cathedral | This old cathedral is used to worship Jesus. | adj.大教堂 |
| category | Please put the document into the correct category. | adj.类别 |
| casual | We frequently encounter casual in everyday discussions. | adj.随意的 |
| calculus | I can do most math problems, but calculus confuses me. | n.微积分 |
| cable | cable plays an important role in this field. | n.电缆 |
| cabinet | Learning about cabinet provides valuable insights. | n.橱柜 |
| cafeteria | Let's eat at the school cafeteria at noon. | n.食堂 |
| canteen | Let's eat something together in the canteen. | v.食堂 |
| cape | The superhero's yellow cape billows behind him. | n.海角 |
| calorie | The professor explained how calorie applies to real situations. | n.卡路里 |
| cannon | This ancient cannon was used in many wars. | n.大炮 |
| cater | cater is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.提供 |
| Catholic | Catholic nuns vow to remain unmarried for life. | adj.天主教的 |
| capability | He has the capability to throw the javelin 100 meters. | n.能力 |
| calibration | Students study calibration as part of their curriculum. | n.校准 |
| caption | Understanding caption is essential for grasping this concept. | n.标题 |
| calcium | Milk contains a lot of calcium, which is why it's so nutritious. | n.钙 |
| canvas | Why is the canvas still blank? Paint! | n.帆布 |
| cavity | My cavity are increasing more and more. | n.空腔 |
| caution | The concept of caution appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.警告 |
| cane | The old lady walks with a cane. | n.手杖 |
| catalyst | The catalyst speeds up the chemical reaction. | n.催化剂 |
| cartoon | Everything looks cute in the cartoon world. | n.卡通 |
| cardinal | We frequently encounter cardinal in everyday discussions. | adj.红衣主教 |
| cute | Ah, this kitten is so cute! | n.可爱的 |
| culture | Saying grace before meals is part of our family culture. | n.文化 |
| currency | The Renminbi is the currency in circulation in China. | n.货币 |
| curb | curb plays an important role in this field. | n.路缘 |
| cuckoo | The cuckoo bird is named after its call 'cuckoo'. | n.布谷鸟 |
| cutter | Learning about cutter provides valuable insights. | n.切割机 |
| customary | The professor explained how customary applies to real situations. | adj.习惯的 |
| curly | Her hair is curly because she used a special hair product. | adv.卷曲的 |
| cult | cult is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.膜拜 |
| cumulative | Students study cumulative as part of their curriculum. | adj.累积的 |
| cue | In billiards, you use a cue to hit the ball. | n.提示 |
| current | Understanding current is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.当前的 |
| curt | The concept of curt appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.简短的 |
| curse | The witch put a curse on her enemies. | n.诅咒 |
| curriculum | We frequently encounter curriculum in everyday discussions. | n.课程 |
| culminate | culminate plays an important role in this field. | n.达到顶点 |
| cucumber | Learning about cucumber provides valuable insights. | n.黄瓜 |
| abbreviation | The professor explained how abbreviation applies to real situations. | n.缩写 |
| abuse | Stop abuse her, you bad nanny!!! | n.滥用 |
| abide | Always abide by the road workers' instructions! | v.忍受 |
| abundant | The Netherlands has an abundant supply of tulips. | adj.丰富的 |
| absorption | absorption is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.吸收 |
| abnormal | A pink sheep is too abnormal! | adj.异常的 |
| abrupt | Students study abrupt as part of their curriculum. | n.突然的 |
| absurd | It's absurd for an adult to ride such a small bicycle. | n.荒谬的 |
| abut | Understanding abut is essential for grasping this concept. | n.紧邻 |
| absence | The concept of absence appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.缺席 |
| absorb | A sponge can absorb a lot of water. | n.吸收 |
| abolish | We frequently encounter abolish in everyday discussions. | n.废除 |
| abundance | He bought an abundance of food. | n.丰富 |
| abstract | abstract art does not look like anything specific. | n.摘要 |
| abandon | abandon plays an important role in this field. | n.放弃 |
| identification | Learning about identification provides valuable insights. | n.识别 |
| ideology | Their ideology demands that they must pray often. | n.意识形态 |
| idiot | Why did this idiot stick wires up his nose? | n.白痴 |
| identify | Among several bodybuilders, his skin color helped me identify him. | v.识别 |
| ideal | Her ideal weight is about 20 kilograms lighter. | adj.理想 |
| idiom | The idiom 'raining cats and dogs' means 'it's pouring rain'. | n.成语 |
| identical | The professor explained how identical applies to real situations. | adj.相同的 |
| identity | identity is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.身份 |
| idleness | Students study idleness as part of their curriculum. | n.闲散 |
| kidney | Are you planning to sell your kidney to buy an Apple product? | n.肾 |
| kin | Understanding kin is essential for grasping this concept. | n.亲属 |
| kidnap | The concept of kidnap appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.绑架 |
| kinetic | These spheres have kinetic energy as they move relative to each other. | adj.动力的 |
| kit | We frequently encounter kit in everyday discussions. | n.工具包 |
| kilowatt | The electrician is calculating how many kilowatt-hours I use per hour. | n.千瓦 |
| kindle | This man needs to kindle a fire to keep warm. | n.点燃 |
| flaw | This beautiful woman has a noticeable flaw—leg hair. | n.瑕疵 |
| flat | My new flat-screen TV takes up very little space. | n.平坦的 |
| flake | flake plays an important role in this field. | n.片 |
| flap | Learning about flap provides valuable insights. | n.拍打 |
| flannel | flannel shirts are fashionable and warm. | n.法兰绒 |
| flare | The professor explained how flare applies to real situations. | n.闪耀 |
| fluctuate | Prices fluctuate up and down. | n.波动 |
| flank | The meat on the cow's flank is tender and tastes good. | n.侧翼 |
| flexible | flexible is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.灵活的 |
| flask | You can pour chemicals from a flask. | n.烧瓶 |
| float | My willpower allows me to float in the air. | n.漂浮 |
| flush | Remember to flush the toilet after using it. | n.冲洗 |
| flee | Students study flee as part of their curriculum. | n.逃跑 |
| flux | Understanding flux is essential for grasping this concept. | n.流动 |
| flutter | The concept of flutter appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.振翅 |
| flatter | My boss really likes it when I flatter him. | n.奉承 |
| flatten | This tool is used to flatten the cement, so that the ground will be smooth. | v.压平 |
| flip | We frequently encounter flip in everyday discussions. | n.翻转 |
| fluctuation | The fluctuation in the data indicates that our production is not yet stable. | n.波动 |
| fling | fling plays an important role in this field. | n.猛投 |
| microscopic | Learning about microscopic provides valuable insights. | adj.显微镜下的 |
| millionaire | My successful internet business has made me a millionaire. | n.百万富翁 |
| midst | The professor explained how midst applies to real situations. | n.中间 |
| minimal | The advertisement emphasizes that the risk of this surgery is minimal. | adj.最小的 |
| mingle | mingle is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.混合 |
| microwave | The girl is heating her milk in the microwave. | n.微波 |
| miniature | This model is a miniature replica of my house. | n.微型的 |
| microprocessor | Students study microprocessor as part of their curriculum. | n.微处理器 |
| mint | Understanding mint is essential for grasping this concept. | n.薄荷 |
| minority | Ethnic minority wear clothes of various colors. | n.少数 |
| mighty | mighty ants can lift things nearly a thousand times their own weight. | n.强大的 |
| migration | In spring, birds begin their migration northward. | n.迁移 |
| miser | A true miser would even hug their money to sleep. | n.吝啬鬼 |
| migrant | migrant workers go to another country to earn a lot of money and send it back home. | adj.移民 |
| misery | Her misery stems from the death of her mother. | n.痛苦 |
| minimize | We should minimize expenses to increase profits. | v.最小化 |
| missionary | The missionary preached to the locals. | adj.传教士 |
| mild | The taste of this bowl of congee is very mild. | n.温和的 |
| mission | The soldiers are on a mission. | n.任务 |
| military | Every country develops its own military strength to defend its territory. | adj.军事的 |
| misfortune | The concept of misfortune appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.不幸 |
| mixer | My hands are gradually getting weak; how I wish I had an electric mixer! | n.搅拌器 |
| minimum | The boss paid me the minimum wage, I hope he can pay me more. | n.最小值 |
| militant | This man is very militant, always believes that fists can solve everything. | adj.激进的 |
| mitten | The mitten keeps my hands warm in winter. | v.手套 |
| minibus | Shall we go by minibus? It would be much more convenient. | n.小型巴士 |
| migrate | Some birds migrate south to escape the winter. | n.迁移 |
| converge | All the paths converge at one point. | n.聚合 |
| communicate | The police communicate with each other via radio. | n.沟通 |
| conform | We frequently encounter conform in everyday discussions. | n.遵守 |
| compensate | compensate plays an important role in this field. | n.补偿 |
| consequent | Learning about consequent provides valuable insights. | adj.随之而来的 |
| conduct | The professor explained how conduct applies to real situations. | n.引导 |
| compactness | The compactness of a crushed soda can helps save space. | n.紧凑性 |
| constraint | constraint is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.约束 |
| commonsense | Students study commonsense as part of their curriculum. | n.常识 |
| coherent | Understanding coherent is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.连贯的 |
| counsel | The concept of counsel appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.建议 |
| contaminate | We frequently encounter contaminate in everyday discussions. | n.污染 |
| correlation | There is a very clear correlation between stock prices and profits. | n.相关性 |
| coincide | coincide plays an important role in this field. | n.一致 |
| concise | Learning about concise provides valuable insights. | n.简洁的 |
| configuration | The professor explained how configuration applies to real situations. | n.配置 |
| confine | confine is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.限制 |
| corrupt | Students study corrupt as part of their curriculum. | n.腐败 |
| confer | Understanding confer is essential for grasping this concept. | n.授予 |
| commemorate | This statue is to commemorate the American soldiers. | n.纪念 |
| collapse | The concept of collapse appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.崩溃 |
| considerate | As a considerate boyfriend, he took care of her when she was sick. | n.体贴的 |
| complexity | We frequently encounter complexity in everyday discussions. | n.复杂性 |
| coward | Don't be a coward—face it like a man! | n.懦夫 |
| collaborate | The two countries will collaborate in various aspects. | n.合作 |
| compliment | compliment plays an important role in this field. | adj.赞美 |
| consumption | Monthly electricity consumption costs me a lot of money. | n.消费 |
| cozy | Learning about cozy provides valuable insights. | n.舒适的 |
| conviction | The professor explained how conviction applies to real situations. | n.确信 |
| courteous | courteous is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.有礼貌的 |
| courtesy | He helped her out of the car out of courtesy. | n.礼貌 |
| confront | Students study confront as part of their curriculum. | n.面对 |
| complication | Vomiting is a common complication during pregnancy. | n.复杂情况 |
| controversial | Is it better to have a boy or a girl? This is a controversial topic. | adj.有争议的 |
| conceit | Understanding conceit is essential for grasping this concept. | n.自负 |
| commonwealth | The EU is a commonwealth of independent states. | n.联邦 |
| convey | The concept of convey appears frequently in academic contexts. | v.传达 |
| corrosion | This pile of scrap iron has turned red with rust due to corrosion. | n.腐蚀 |
| corresponding | Each medalist must stand on the corresponding podium. | adj.相应的 |
| command | We frequently encounter command in everyday discussions. | n.命令 |
| conservative | The conservative woman was ostracized by other women wearing bikinis. | adj.保守的 |
| console | console plays an important role in this field. | n.控制台 |
| composer | It is difficult for the composer to write this piece. | n.作曲家 |
| contention | Learning about contention provides valuable insights. | n.争论 |
| continual | The professor explained how continual applies to real situations. | adj.连续的 |
| contradict | These signs contradict each other, which way should we go? | n.矛盾 |
| contribution | contribution is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.贡献 |
| competitor | Even though you are a strong competitor, I bet I will win in the end! | n.竞争者 |
| consult | Students study consult as part of their curriculum. | n.咨询 |
| cosmopolitan | Understanding cosmopolitan is essential for grasping this concept. | n.世界主义的 |
| confusion | Should I go to the men's or women's restroom? The confusion of the ladyboy (manboy) is chaotic. | n.混乱 |
| collaboration | Our collaboration was quite successful because it brought together people with different talents. | n.合作 |
| contact | The concept of contact appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.接触 |
| conserve | We must conserve the forest resources for future generations. | n.保存 |
| compare | It is wise to compare products when shopping. | n.比较 |
| conscientious | James looks like a diligent and conscientious student. | adj.认真的 |
| conversion | We frequently encounter conversion in everyday discussions. | n.转换 |
| cooperative | cooperative plays an important role in this field. | adj.合作的 |
| complaint | Learning about complaint provides valuable insights. | n.投诉 |
| compose | This person is compose a new song on his keyboard. | n.作曲 |
| commute | I commute by bus between home and the office every day. | n.通勤 |
| consecutive | The professor explained how consecutive applies to real situations. | adj.连续的 |
| consequently | consequently is commonly used in professional terminology. | adv.因此 |
| confirmation | Students study confirmation as part of their curriculum. | n.确认 |
| combustion | combustion cannot occur without oxygen. | n.燃烧 |
| communication | Cell phones have made communication easier than before. | n.通信 |
| consume | Understanding consume is essential for grasping this concept. | n.消费 |
| comedy | This TV comedy show is very funny. (Haha!) | n.喜剧 |
| conception | The concept of conception appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.概念 |
| compatible | We frequently encounter compatible in everyday discussions. | adj.兼容 |
| compute | I like to use a calculator to compute. | n.计算 |
| confidence | confidence plays an important role in this field. | n.信心 |
| consumer | Learning about consumer provides valuable insights. | n.消费者 |
| complex | The complex relationship between them is hard to explain. | n.复杂 |
| condemn | The professor explained how condemn applies to real situations. | n.谴责 |
| compact | compact is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.紧凑 |
| confidential | These secret documents are absolutely confidential. | adj.机密 |
| contrast | Students study contrast as part of their curriculum. | n.对比 |
| court | The court is committed to seeking justice. | n.法庭 |
| complexion | Understanding complexion is essential for grasping this concept. | n.肤色 |
| construct | The concept of construct appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.构建 |
| constrain | We frequently encounter constrain in everyday discussions. | n.限制 |
| convention | convention plays an important role in this field. | n.公约 |
| commodity | Food is a precious commodity. | n.商品 |
| cocktail | Learning about cocktail provides valuable insights. | n.鸡尾酒 |
| conclude | The professor explained how conclude applies to real situations. | n.结束 |
| combine | You need to combine various different foods to make this dish. | n.结合 |
| collide | collide is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.碰撞 |
| confession | The prisoner agreed to sign a confession. | n.供认 |
| comply | My wife forces me to comply with her orders. | adv.遵守 |
| constitution | The constitution is the fundamental law. | n.宪法 |
| concede | Students study concede as part of their curriculum. | n.让步 |
| continental | continental drift caused the Earth to be divided into seven continents. | adj.大陆 |
| convenience | Sometimes for convenience, I eat instant noodles. | n.便利 |
| coverage | Understanding coverage is essential for grasping this concept. | n.覆盖 |
| committee | The party committee is in session. | n.委员会 |
| costume | The concept of costume appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.服装 |
| comic | We frequently encounter comic in everyday discussions. | adj.喜剧 |
| contest | contest plays an important role in this field. | n.竞赛 |
| continuity | continuity refers to the ongoing movement of things. | n.连续性 |
| conventional | They look like conventional businessmen. | adj.传统的 |
| compete | We compete with each other to see who is the fastest rider. | n.竞争 |
| contamination | Learning about contamination provides valuable insights. | n.污染 |
| compound | They are considering how to make a new compound. | n.化合物 |
| condense | The professor explained how condense applies to real situations. | n.压缩 |
| confinement | confinement is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.限制 |
| collision | Luckily, no one was injured in the collision between the two cars. | n.碰撞 |
| composite | Students study composite as part of their curriculum. | n.复合材料 |
| contribute | Understanding contribute is essential for grasping this concept. | n.贡献 |
| context | This white person grew up in a Maori cultural context. | n.上下文 |
| compression | The piles of garbage became like this after compression. | n.压缩 |
| complicated | Mathematics is a very complicated subject that gives me a headache. | n.复杂的 |
| controversy | The concept of controversy appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.争议 |
| companion | We frequently encounter companion in everyday discussions. | n.同伴 |
| consist | consist plays an important role in this field. | n.组成 |
| constitute | Learning about constitute provides valuable insights. | n.构成 |
| contempt | Her expression clearly showed contempt. | n.轻蔑 |
| consequence | The consequence of eating too much is gaining weight. | n.后果 |
| council | The members of the council engaged in a heated discussion. | n.议会 |
| concentrate | If you want to hit the target, you must concentrate and focus. | n.集中 |
| considerable | His strength is considerable because he exercises every day. | adj.相当大的 |
| comparable | The professor explained how comparable applies to real situations. | adj.可比较的 |
| convene | convene is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.召集 |
| coke | There's nothing better than an ice-cold coke on a hot summer day. | n.焦炭 |
| converse | We tried to converse during the meeting. | n.交谈 |
| comprehend | Students study comprehend as part of their curriculum. | n.理解 |
| cork | I pulled the cork out of the bottle. | n.软木塞 |
| coupon | With the coupon, the little boy can buy things more affordably. | n.优惠券 |
| coarse | This sack is made of coarse fabric. | n.粗糙的 |
| correspondent | After the earthquake, the correspondent sent back firsthand news. | adj.通讯员 |
| corporate | Understanding corporate is essential for grasping this concept. | n.公司的 |
| commence | The concept of commence appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.开始 |
| commercial | The commercial company made a lot of money. | adj.商业的 |
| conference | I attended this conference to learn from my peers. | n.会议 |
| compassion | The staff care for the elderly with compassion and sympathy. | n.同情 |
| compile | We frequently encounter compile in everyday discussions. | n.编译 |
| concession | concession plays an important role in this field. | n.特许权 |
| constituent | Learning about constituent provides valuable insights. | adj.组成部分 |
| counter | The customer paid at the counter. | n.计数器 |
| contemplate | I contemplate the meaning of life on the toilet. | n.沉思 |
| coffin | The deceased are usually placed in a coffin. | n.棺材 |
| complement | The professor explained how complement applies to real situations. | adj.补充 |
| component | The chip is an important component of computers and phones. | adj.组件 |
| consul | She is the deputy consul of the United States to the United Nations. | n.领事 |
| commit | If you commit a crime, the police will send you to prison. | n.承诺 |
| couch | I like to have a red couch at home. | n.沙发 |
| conservation | conservation is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.保护 |
| consensus | We finally reached a consensus. | n.共识 |
| cognitive | This test can assess your cognitive and reaction abilities. | adj.认知的 |
| conqueror | He is the conqueror of several empires. | n.征服者 |
| commitment | Students study commitment as part of their curriculum. | adj.承诺 |
| correctly | I correctly marked my choice. | adv.正确地 |
| consolidate | Understanding consolidate is essential for grasping this concept. | n.巩固 |
| colonial | The colonial era saw Europeans invade many countries. | adj.殖民地的 |
| colleague | The concept of colleague appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.同事 |
| concern | She expressed her concern by helping an elderly lady cross the street. | n.关心 |
| contend | We frequently encounter contend in everyday discussions. | n.争夺 |
| contrive | contrive plays an important role in this field. | adj.设计 |
| coalition | We must form a coalition to win the election. | n.联盟 |
| corps | This corps is ready for battle. | n.军团 |
| compel | Learning about compel provides valuable insights. | n.强迫 |
| correspondence | The professor explained how correspondence applies to real situations. | n.通信 |
| concentration | concentration is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.集中 |
| comprehension | The big question mark indicates that his comprehension is not enough. | n.理解 |
| commission | The State Health Care commission meets monthly to set policies. | n.委员会 |
| cocaine | Students study cocaine as part of their curriculum. | n.可卡因 |
| contract | After we signed the contract, I bought this house. | n.合同 |
| cord | I can't believe I tripped over this thin cord! | n.绳索 |
| counterpart | Understanding counterpart is essential for grasping this concept. | n.对应物 |
| convict | The convict was imprisoned for some very serious crimes. | n.罪犯 |
| conflict | The concept of conflict appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.冲突 |
| coup | The unpopular government ultimately suffered a coup organized by workers. | n.政变 |
| conceive | We frequently encounter conceive in everyday discussions. | adj.构想 |
| concept | Let me use this chart to explain the concept. | n.概念 |
| consent | consent plays an important role in this field. | adj.同意 |
| combat | Learning about combat provides valuable insights. | n.战斗 |
| comparison | I made a comparison between these two houses. | n.比较 |
| cosmic | Stars and planets are part of the cosmic system. | adj.宇宙的 |
| consistent | The professor explained how consistent applies to real situations. | adj.一致的 |
| congress | He gave a speech at the National People's congress. | n.国会 |
| corrode | corrode is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.腐蚀 |
| convert | Students study convert as part of their curriculum. | n.转换 |
| coincidence | It's such a coincidence that they wore the same clothes today! | n.巧合 |
| courageous | Understanding courageous is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.勇敢的 |
| commentary | The concept of commentary appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.评论 |
| commend | We frequently encounter commend in everyday discussions. | n.赞扬 |
| conscious | conscious plays an important role in this field. | adj.有意识的 |
| competence | Given their technical competence, I hired both of them. | n.能力 |
| comet | This comet passes by Earth every few hundred years. | n.彗星 |
| conspicuous | Learning about conspicuous provides valuable insights. | adj.显眼的 |
| comprehensive | When choosing a future husband, please consider his comprehensive qualities. | adj.全面的 |
| condemnation | The professor explained how condemnation applies to real situations. | n.谴责 |
| confident | The little girl is confident she can beat all other contestants. | adj.自信的 |
| cordial | Our boss is very cordial and friendly to us. | adj.亲切的 |
| competitive | The soccer game is very competitive. | adj.竞争的 |
| corpse | corpse is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.尸体 |
| completion | Students study completion as part of their curriculum. | n.完成 |
| confirm | Understanding confirm is essential for grasping this concept. | n.确认 |
| convince | The concept of convince appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.说服 |
| combination | The combination of this lock is 1---2---3. | n.组合 |
| consultant | The consultant will explain how we should run our business. | adj.顾问 |
| compulsory | It is compulsory to obey traffic signs and follow (their orders). | adj.强制的 |
| constant | The constant noise from the construction site drives me crazy. | adj.恒定的 |
| community | We all live on Earth as a community. | n.社区 |
| compromise | The merchant made a compromise and sold the dress for fifty yuan. | n.妥协 |
| slap | We frequently encounter slap in everyday discussions. | n.拍打 |
| slate | slate plays an important role in this field. | n.石板 |
| slope | He is skiing down the slope, I hope he didn't fall. | n.斜坡 |
| slip | The floor is wet, please be careful not to slip. | n.滑动 |
| slick | Learning about slick provides valuable insights. | n.光滑的 |
| slim | Her figure has been slim since she started dieting. | n.苗条的 |
| slash | A slash cut through, leaving the enemy beheaded. | n.砍 |
| slaughter | The professor explained how slaughter applies to real situations. | n.屠宰 |
| slippery | Be careful! The ground is slippery! | n.滑的 |
| slang | I can't understand the slang he's speaking. | n.俚语 |
| slum | This area is a slum where everyone is poor. | n.贫民窟 |
| slander | slander is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.诽谤 |
| slice | The chef is slice the bread. | n.切片 |
| slot | Insert the coin into the slot. | n.槽口 |
| slumber | Students study slumber as part of their curriculum. | n.酣睡 |
| slogan | This slogan inspires us to study hard. | n.标语 |
| slide | You can unlock your phone by slide your finger on the screen. | n.滑动 |
| slack | Understanding slack is essential for grasping this concept. | n.松弛 |
| veil | Lift the veil and let me see your beautiful face. | n.面纱 |
| version | The concept of version appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.版本 |
| verbal | verbal communication is very important to human life. | adj.口头的 |
| vegetation | Some remote forests have abundant vegetation. | n.植被 |
| venture | We frequently encounter venture in everyday discussions. | n.冒险 |
| ventilate | She opened the window to ventilate the house. | n.通风 |
| velocity | velocity plays an important role in this field. | n.速度 |
| verge | Learning about verge provides valuable insights. | n.边缘 |
| verse | The professor explained how verse applies to real situations. | n.诗节 |
| versus | Man A versus Man B, this is going to be a good 对\... fight. | n.而言 |
| vector | vector is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.向量 |
| Venus | Students study Venus as part of their curriculum. | n.维纳斯 |
| verify | I always verify our financial statements, which saves us a lot of money. | v.核实 |
| velvet | These velvet blankets have a great feel. | n.天鹅绒 |
| vein | Understanding vein is essential for grasping this concept. | n.静脉 |
| veto | The concept of veto appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.否决 |
| vertical | He is climbing this vertical ladder. | adj.垂直的 |
| vent | The vent lets out the exhaust gases and brings in fresh air. | n.通风口 |
| verdict | We frequently encounter verdict in everyday discussions. | n.裁决 |
| vehicle | vehicle plays an important role in this field. | n.车辆 |
| versatile | This Swiss Army knife is truly versatile; you can use it to do many things. | n.多功能的 |
| Easter | During Easter, Christians like to make Easter eggs. | n.复活节 |
| earthenware | Learning about earthenware provides valuable insights. | n.陶器 |
| earnings | The professor explained how earnings applies to real situations. | n.收益 |
| eagle | The eagle is a symbol of the United States. | n.鹰 |
| emphasis | The word has been highlighted to show emphasis. | n.强调 |
| emphasize | Hand in the homework! She repeated it three times to emphasize its importance. | v.强调 |
| embroidery | The embroidery of this flower is lifelike. | n.刺绣 |
| emission | emission is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.排放 |
| emergence | Students study emergence as part of their curriculum. | n.出现 |
| emergency | It's an emergency, send her to the hospital quickly. | n.紧急情况 |
| emigrate | Understanding emigrate is essential for grasping this concept. | n.移民 |
| emotion | The concept of emotion appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.情感 |
| embryo | The embryo forms in the woman's uterus. | n.胚胎 |
| embarrass | We frequently encounter embarrass in everyday discussions. | n.尴尬 |
| employment | employment plays an important role in this field. | adj.就业 |
| embed | Learning about embed provides valuable insights. | n.嵌入 |
| emerge | Plants emerge from the ground through the pavement. | n.出现 |
| embassy | If you run into trouble abroad, you can contact the embassy. | n.大使馆 |
| embody | The professor explained how embody applies to real situations. | n.体现 |
| embark | embark is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.登船 |
| humanity | Students study humanity as part of their curriculum. | n.人性 |
| humble | The key to prayer is to remain humble before God. | n.谦逊的 |
| hull | Understanding hull is essential for grasping this concept. | n.船体 |
| humidity | The concept of humidity appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.湿度 |
| hug | We frequently encounter hug in everyday discussions. | n.拥抱 |
| hurricane | hurricane plays an important role in this field. | n.飓风 |
| hurrah | Learning about hurrah provides valuable insights. | n.万岁 |
| hum | The professor explained how hum applies to real situations. | n.哼声 |
| humanitarian | humanitarian is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.人道主义 |
| hurl | Students study hurl as part of their curriculum. | n.猛投 |
| hush | Understanding hush is essential for grasping this concept. | n.嘘声 |
| dub | We invited native English speakers to dub the sentences! | n.命名 |
| dual | He defended himself with dual pistols. | n.双重的 |
| dubious | The concept of dubious appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.怀疑的 |
| duplicate | We frequently encounter duplicate in everyday discussions. | n.复制 |
| cherish | I cherish my little treasure. | n.珍视 |
| characterize | characterize plays an important role in this field. | v.描绘特征 |
| character | Learning about character provides valuable insights. | n.字符 |
| charity | The professor explained how charity applies to real situations. | n.慈善 |
| chief | chief is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.首领 |
| chronic | I am troubled by chronic pain. | adj.慢性的 |
| chatter | Those two girls can chatter all day long. | n.喋喋不休 |
| champion | Mr. Bug won the dung rolling competition! Congratulations to the champion! | n.冠军 |
| champagne | Let's open a bottle of champagne to celebrate! | n.香槟 |
| chestnut | Students study chestnut as part of their curriculum. | n.栗子 |
| chapel | We go to the chapel to pray. | n.礼拜堂 |
| chuck | Understanding chuck is essential for grasping this concept. | n.轻抛 |
| chat | The concept of chat appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.聊天 |
| chorus | The chorus of this song is my favorite part; we can all sing along. | n.合唱 |
| cholesterol | Eating foods high in cholesterol is harmful to people with heart disease. | n.胆固醇 |
| chord | We frequently encounter chord in everyday discussions. | n.和弦 |
| charm | She has such charm that I was immediately attracted to her. | n.魅力 |
| chunk | chunk plays an important role in this field. | n.大块 |
| challenge | It was a challenge, but I eventually climbed the mountain. | n.挑战 |
| chant | Learning about chant provides valuable insights. | n.吟唱 |
| characteristic | Errenzhuan is a characteristic of Northeast China. | adj.特征 |
| chip | The professor explained how chip applies to real situations. | n.芯片 |
| charter | The United States Constitution is a charter that outlines the government system. | n.宪章 |
| charge | My phone is out of battery; I need to charge it immediately! | n.收费 |
| chase | The children are chase butterflies in the field. | n.追逐 |
| charcoal | The charcoal became red and hot. | adj.木炭 |
| chaos | Discussing how to optimize our product led to chaos. (It was really chaotic) | n.混乱 |
| outlaw | outlaw is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.亡命之徒 |
| outward | Students study outward as part of their curriculum. | n.向外的 |
| outfit | Your baby looks very cute in this outfit. | n.装备 |
| output | This oven's output is 48 loaves of bread per hour. | n.输出 |
| outrage | When I told him I had ruined his car, he showed obvious outrage. | n.愤怒 |
| outbreak | There was an outbreak of a major flu this year. | n.爆发 |
| outermost | I need to practice harder, all the arrows landed on the outermost ring of the target. | n.最外面的 |
| outline | I can see the outline of the mountains in the distance. | n.轮廓 |
| outset | Understanding outset is essential for grasping this concept. | n.开端 |
| scan | Please scan the QR code for more information. | n.扫描 |
| score | The score was 30 to 40. | n.得分 |
| scorch | The concept of scorch appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.烧焦 |
| scramble | We frequently encounter scramble in everyday discussions. | n.混战 |
| scandal | The newspaper reported the scandal of the police officer. | adj.丑闻 |
| scatter | scatter plays an important role in this field. | n.散播 |
| scent | Learning about scent provides valuable insights. | n.香气 |
| scarlet | The scarlet dress made her look sexy and beautiful. | n.猩红色 |
| scar | Harry Potter has a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead. | n.疤痕 |
| scrap | All these old cars will be utilized as scrap metal. | n.废料 |
| scoff | The professor explained how scoff applies to real situations. | n.嘲笑 |
| scheme | scheme is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.计划 |
| sculpture | This lion sculpture looks truly majestic. | n.雕塑 |
| scrutinize | Students study scrutinize as part of their curriculum. | v.仔细检查 |
| scratch | Understanding scratch is essential for grasping this concept. | n.抓痕 |
| script | Have you read this script? It's very funny. | n.剧本 |
| scorn | These two ladies looked down on each other with scorn. | n.轻蔑 |
| scale | The concept of scale appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.规模 |
| scope | The sniper looked through the scope to aim at the target. | n.范围 |
| scripture | This sacred book is the scripture of Christianity. | n.圣经 |
| scarcity | Years from now, there will be a scarcity of water resources on Earth. | n.缺乏 |
| schedule | According to the schedule, I have a lot of work to do today. | n.计划表 |
| scared | Look how scared they are, even though they're just (little) bell peppers. | n.害怕的 |
| screw | That screw is loose. Let me fix it. | n.螺丝钉 |
| scrutiny | Each watch must undergo the scrutiny of the watchmaker. | n.审查 |
| scrape | I can handle the scrape on my knee by myself. | n.刮擦 |
| scrub | We frequently encounter scrub in everyday discussions. | n.擦洗 |
| fastener | fastener plays an important role in this field. | n.紧固件 |
| factual | Justice is based on factual evidence, not lies. | adj.事实的 |
| fabric | This dress is made of a very beautiful piece of white fabric. | adj.织物 |
| fabricate | Learning about fabricate provides valuable insights. | n.制造 |
| facet | The professor explained how facet applies to real situations. | n.面 |
| fantasy | My greatest fantasy is to bathe in money. | n.幻想 |
| fabrication | fabrication is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.捏造 |
| fatigue | Students study fatigue as part of their curriculum. | n.疲劳 |
| factor | When I bought my new car, the appearance was the most important consideration factor. | n.因素 |
| fascinate | Understanding fascinate is essential for grasping this concept. | n.迷住 |
| fake | Do you know which little rabbit is fake? | n.伪造 |
| fabulous | You look too fabulous! | adj.极好的 |
| famine | These poor African children suffer from famine. | n.饥荒 |
| fantastic | The concept of fantastic appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.极好的 |
| facilitate | We frequently encounter facilitate in everyday discussions. | n.促进 |
| fax | fax this form to me using the fax machine. | n.传真 |
| faction | faction plays an important role in this field. | n.派系 |
| fatal | Learning about fatal provides valuable insights. | adj.致命的 |
| faculty | The school faculty is responsible for educating the students. | n.教职工 |
| faith | The man knelt down to pray to show his faith. | n.信仰 |
| pertinent | The professor explained how pertinent applies to real situations. | adj.相关的 |
| persistent | You will learn how to be persistent while climbing a mountain. | adj.持续的 |
| penalty | penalty is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.罚款 |
| permissible | Students study permissible as part of their curriculum. | adj.允许的 |
| perpendicular | At the crossroads, the two roads are perpendicular to each other. | n.垂直的 |
| persecute | Understanding persecute is essential for grasping this concept. | n.迫害 |
| performance | I like this performance, my favorite part is their costumes. | n.表现 |
| pedlar | I bought this watch from a pedlar for twenty dollars. | n.小贩 |
| pesticide | The concept of pesticide appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.杀虫剂 |
| pest | We frequently encounter pest in everyday discussions. | n.害虫 |
| peculiar | peculiar plays an important role in this field. | n.特殊的 |
| peripheral | The computer has many peripheral devices, such as printers. | adj.外围的 |
| peculiarity | Learning about peculiarity provides valuable insights. | n.特性 |
| permeate | The professor explained how permeate applies to real situations. | n.渗透 |
| peel | You need to peel the banana before eating it. | n.剥皮 |
| peninsula | peninsula is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.半岛 |
| peer | Students study peer as part of their curriculum. | n.同辈 |
| permanence | Understanding permanence is essential for grasping this concept. | n.永久性 |
| perspective | Under the right perspective, all horizontal lines converge at a single point. | adj.视角 |
| perspiration | The concept of perspiration appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.出汗 |
| perish | We frequently encounter perish in everyday discussions. | n.灭亡 |
| persistence | persistence plays an important role in this field. | n.持续性 |
| perplex | Learning about perplex provides valuable insights. | n.困惑 |
| pedal | I pedal harder so the bicycle will go faster. | adj.踏板 |
| persevere | When faced with danger, you must persevere and forge ahead. | n.坚持 |
| pearl | The professor explained how pearl applies to real situations. | n.珍珠 |
| perimeter | It's easy to calculate the perimeter of this rectangle. | n.周长 |
| permanent | Nothing in life is permanent, but diamonds are close to eternity. | adj.永久的 |
| peak | peak is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.顶峰 |
| persuasion | I tend to communicate with my daughter through persuasion. | n.说服 |
| petty | Students study petty as part of their curriculum. | n.琐碎的 |
| penguin | Understanding penguin is essential for grasping this concept. | n.企鹅 |
| pendulum | The pendulum swung back and forth. | n.摆钟 |
| persist | The concept of persist appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.坚持 |
| petition | We frequently encounter petition in everyday discussions. | n.请愿 |
| periodical | periodical plays an important role in this field. | adj.期刊 |
| perpetual | The ball almost never stops because this device basically achieves perpetual motion. | adj.永恒的 |
| pessimistic | This pessimistic person always thinks everything is bad. | adj.悲观的 |
| perch | Learning about perch provides valuable insights. | n.栖息 |
| perfume | This perfume smells like flowers. | n.香水 |
| pedestrian | The professor explained how pedestrian applies to real situations. | n.行人 |
| pension | My grandparents receive a pension every month after they retired. | n.养老金 |
| peril | peril is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.危险 |
| peg | I used a peg to make sure the clothes could hang on the line. | n.钉 |
| perception | Students study perception as part of their curriculum. | n.感知 |
| perfection | Understanding perfection is essential for grasping this concept. | n.完美 |
| smash | The concept of smash appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.粉碎 |
| smoothly | This pen writes very smoothly. | adv.平滑地 |
| smuggle | We frequently encounter smuggle in everyday discussions. | n.走私 |
| smog | There is smog in this big city. | n.烟雾 |
| galaxy | There are countless stars in the galaxy. | n.银河系 |
| gasp | gasp plays an important role in this field. | n.喘息 |
| gathering | There is a fan gathering on the square. | n.聚集 |
| gaze | Learning about gaze provides valuable insights. | n.凝视 |
| gallery | The professor explained how gallery applies to real situations. | n.画廊 |
| gauge | gauge is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.量规 |
| garment | Students study garment as part of their curriculum. | adj.服装 |
| garbage | We should put the garbage in designated places for collection. | n.垃圾 |
| gamble | gamble, you might win sometimes, but in the long run, you will definitely lose. | n.赌博 |
| artillery | Understanding artillery is essential for grasping this concept. | n.炮兵 |
| aroma | These two people are savoring the aroma of the red wine before drinking. | n.香气 |
| arrangement | The concept of arrangement appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.安排 |
| arrest | We frequently encounter arrest in everyday discussions. | n.逮捕 |
| arena | In ancient times, Westerners would go to the arena to watch fights between people. | n.竞技场 |
| arrogant | He is very arrogant and conceited. He believes he is the best in the world. | adj.傲慢的 |
| arch | arch plays an important role in this field. | n.拱形 |
| arc | The arc of this building in St. Louis lights up the entire night sky. | n.弧 |
| artery | The artery transports blood to the rest of the body. | n.动脉 |
| array | Learning about array provides valuable insights. | n.阵列 |
| arrange | The professor explained how arrange applies to real situations. | n.安排 |
| arctic | Polar bears only live in the arctic region, there are no traces of them further south. | adj.北极的 |
| architect | The architect is imagining the house his client wants. | n.建筑师 |
| armor | You must put on armor—because the enemy will attack you too. | n.盔甲 |
| artificial | The doctor gave me an artificial breast. | adj.人造的 |
| arbitrary | Tossing a coin is a very arbitrary way to make decisions. | adj.任意的 |
| arson | This was not an accident; it was arson. | n.纵火 |
| argue | The boy is argue with his mother. | n.争论 |
| articulate | This articulate little girl has her own radio talk show. | n.表达清晰的 |
| fraction | fraction is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.分数 |
| fright | The rabbit peed in fright when it saw the wolf! | n.惊恐 |
| fringe | Students study fringe as part of their curriculum. | n.边缘 |
| frightful | Understanding frightful is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.可怕的 |
| fret | The concept of fret appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.烦恼 |
| fragrance | We frequently encounter fragrance in everyday discussions. | n.香气 |
| frock | frock plays an important role in this field. | n.连衣裙 |
| fracture | Learning about fracture provides valuable insights. | n.骨折 |
| fragrant | The professor explained how fragrant applies to real situations. | adj.芳香的 |
| freshen | Mint can help freshen your breath. | v.使新鲜 |
| frantic | frantic is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.狂乱的 |
| frequency | The frequency of the sound is high. | n.频率 |
| fragile | This glass is too fragile to lean on. | n.易碎的 |
| fraud | I thought he played cards well, but he's a fraud! A big fraud! | n.欺诈 |
| friction | friction caused the match to light. | n.摩擦 |
| frustrate | Students study frustrate as part of their curriculum. | n.挫败 |
| frequent | Her frequent online shopping cost her a lot of money. | adj.频繁 |
| kernel | Understanding kernel is essential for grasping this concept. | n.核心 |
| kerosene | When there's no electricity, you can light a kerosene lamp. | n.煤油 |
| keen | The boy in the orange clothes has a keen sense of hearing. | n.敏锐的 |
| theorem | Please use the theorem I taught you to solve this problem. | n.定理 |
| theme | The theme of this birthday party is to dress up as clowns. | n.主题 |
| thoughtless | Her thoughtless words led to the breakup of the two. | adj.轻率的 |
| therefore | Pinocchio lied, therefore his nose grew. | n.因此 |
| thigh | The piglet told me to sit on its thigh. | n.大腿 |
| Thanksgiving | Since it's Thanksgiving, I'm going to buy a turkey to cook. | n.感恩节 |
| throne | As a king, I can enjoy the throne all by myself. | n.宝座 |
| thesis | Nezha spent three years and six months completing his graduation thesis (finally graduated from the womb~~~). | n.论文 |
| thrive | Plants will thrive if they have enough sunlight. | adj.繁荣 |
| thermal | Gloves, scarves, and thermal underwear will keep you warm in winter. | adj.热的 |
| thorn | The concept of thorn appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.刺 |
| threaten | We frequently encounter threaten in everyday discussions. | v.威胁 |
| thirst | thirst plays an important role in this field. | n.渴望 |
| thrill | We jumped out of the plane to seek thrill. | n.激动 |
| therapy | Due to back pain, she received physical therapy. | n.治疗 |
| threshold | Once you cross the threshold, you will be renewed. | n.门槛 |
| theft | You must always be vigilant against theft, your money is never safe. | n.盗窃 |
| thrifty | She earns a lot of money but is very thrifty. | n.节俭的 |
| thrash | Learning about thrash provides valuable insights. | n.猛烈打击 |
| thicken | The professor explained how thicken applies to real situations. | v.变厚 |
| directory | Hurry up and find his phone number in the directory. | adj.目录 |
| disregard | disregard is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.忽视 |
| discount | Buy it this week and you can still enjoy the discount. | n.折扣 |
| distract | Dear, please don't distract me, I must finish this today. | n.分散注意力 |
| diet | I am trying a diet of only vegetables and fruits. | n.饮食 |
| disastrous | The damage to the car body shows that it was a disastrous car accident. | adj.灾难性的 |
| discreet | Please be discreet about this matter and don't tell anyone. | n.谨慎的 |
| discard | I am going to discard this paper into the trash. | n.丢弃 |
| disorder | This room is in complete disorder. | n.混乱 |
| diversion | Students study diversion as part of their curriculum. | n.转移 |
| disconnect | Understanding disconnect is essential for grasping this concept. | n.断开连接 |
| discriminate | The concept of discriminate appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.区分 |
| distill | In the lab, I learned how to distill water from a liquid. | n.蒸馏 |
| distinguish | It's easy to distinguish white eggs from yellow ones. | n.区分 |
| disagreement | They had a disagreement about what to build with these blocks. | adj.分歧 |
| discrepancy | We frequently encounter discrepancy in everyday discussions. | n.差异 |
| dilute | Water can quickly dilute a solution. | n.稀释 |
| disturbance | disturbance plays an important role in this field. | n.干扰 |
| diverse | The image of the Dragon Lady is portrayed with a diverse style. | n.多样性的 |
| dine | This happy couple is dine in a restaurant. | n.用餐 |
| diverge | Learning about diverge provides valuable insights. | n.分歧 |
| dismay | The crazy woman cried out in dismay. | n.沮丧 |
| diplomat | The professor explained how diplomat applies to real situations. | n.外交官 |
| disapprove | disapprove is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.不赞成 |
| distort | Students study distort as part of their curriculum. | n.扭曲 |
| diligent | She is very diligent, almost always studying during her spare time. | adj.勤奋的 |
| disease | There is a disease spreading around the office. | n.疾病 |
| divine | Buddha is a divine incarnation spreading the message of love and peace. | n.神圣的 |
| distribution | This chart shows the distribution of nuclear weapons around the world. | n.分配 |
| divorce | If they keep fighting, she'll file for divorce. | n.离婚 |
| disgrace | Understanding disgrace is essential for grasping this concept. | n.耻辱 |
| diesel | Because my car has a diesel engine, it is very economical. | n.柴油 |
| digest | The concept of digest appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.消化 |
| diploma | After four years of hard work, I finally got my college diploma. | n.文凭 |
| disillusion | We frequently encounter disillusion in everyday discussions. | n.幻灭 |
| disposal | disposal plays an important role in this field. | adj.处理 |
| diplomatic | Although they are very angry inside, they still have a diplomatic expression on the surface. | adj.外交的 |
| dilemma | This is really a dilemma! How should I solve this problem? | n.困境 |
| disposition | Learning about disposition provides valuable insights. | n.性情 |
| divert | The professor explained how divert applies to real situations. | n.转移 |
| dissatisfactionHerdissatisfaction | dissatisfactionHerdissatisfaction is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.不满 |
| distortion | Students study distortion as part of their curriculum. | n.扭曲 |
| diagnosis | My diagnosis is that you have a minor problem with your heart. | n.诊断 |
| disaster | An unexpected disaster destroyed the entire city. | n.灾难 |
| discern | Understanding discern is essential for grasping this concept. | n.辨别 |
| dismiss | The concept of dismiss appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.解雇 |
| dispatch | Please dispatch the package to me as soon as possible. | n.派遣 |
| distinct | We frequently encounter distinct in everyday discussions. | n.不同的 |
| disclose | disclose plays an important role in this field. | n.揭露 |
| dizzy | The roller coaster made the葫芦七兄弟 dizzy. | n.头晕目眩 |
| dividend | Learning about dividend provides valuable insights. | n.股息 |
| disproportionateTheboy's | The professor explained how disproportionateTheboy's applies to real situations. | n.不成比例的 |
| disrupt | disrupt is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.破坏 |
| dispose | Since you're not eating, I'll dispose of the leftover food. | n.处理 |
| disgust | Students study disgust as part of their curriculum. | n.厌恶 |
| display | Understanding display is essential for grasping this concept. | n.展示 |
| disperse | The concept of disperse appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.分散 |
| dissipate | We frequently encounter dissipate in everyday discussions. | n.消散 |
| dictate | dictate plays an important role in this field. | n.命令 |
| diminish | Learning about diminish provides valuable insights. | n.减少 |
| disappearance | The professor explained how disappearance applies to real situations. | n.消失 |
| discipline | The discipline of the Red Army was very strict. | n.纪律 |
| discharge | discharge is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.排放 |
| discourse | Students study discourse as part of their curriculum. | n.论述 |
| diagnose | Understanding diagnose is essential for grasping this concept. | n.诊断 |
| discrete | The concept of discrete appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.离散的 |
| differentiate | It's easy to differentiate between orange and purple flowers. | n.区分 |
| dimension | We frequently encounter dimension in everyday discussions. | n.尺寸 |
| diffuse | diffuse plays an important role in this field. | n.扩散 |
| discrimination | His unique appearance led to discrimination from his peers. | n.歧视 |
| dioxide | Carbon dioxide is causing the Earth to warm. | n.二氧化物 |
| dignity | Learning about dignity provides valuable insights. | n.尊严 |
| dim | The light is very dim, I can't see who it is. | n.变暗 |
| disguise | The professor explained how disguise applies to real situations. | n.伪装 |
| displacement | displacement is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.位移 |
| silicon | Students study silicon as part of their curriculum. | n.硅 |
| sin | Understanding sin is essential for grasping this concept. | n.罪 |
| situated | The Statue of Liberty is situated near Ellis Island. | n.位于 |
| sincerity | I offer you my heart with all sincerity. | n.真诚 |
| signify | Traffic signs signify various rules you must follow on the road. | v.表示 |
| similarity | The concept of similarity appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.相似性 |
| simultaneously | We frequently encounter simultaneously in everyday discussions. | adv.同时 |
| sift | sift the flour into the bowl. | n.筛选 |
| simultaneous | simultaneous plays an important role in this field. | adj.同时 |
| signal | The ship sent out a distress signal. | adj.信号 |
| similar | Learning about similar provides valuable insights. | n.相似 |
| simulate | Mischievous children will simulate the actions of cats. | n.模拟 |
| significant | The professor explained how significant applies to real situations. | adj.重要的 |
| siege | siege is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.围攻 |
| sip | Students study sip as part of their curriculum. | n.吸吮 |
| sieve | Understanding sieve is essential for grasping this concept. | n.筛子 |
| pilgrim | The concept of pilgrim appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.朝圣者 |
| piston | The car's piston generates power, allowing the car to move. | n.活塞 |
| pickle | We frequently encounter pickle in everyday discussions. | n.泡菜 |
| pitch | It's the dog's turn to pitch, and I'll catch the ball. | n.音调 |
| pirate | pirate plays an important role in this field. | n.海盗 |
| pineapple | Learning about pineapple provides valuable insights. | n.菠萝 |
| pier | The couple walked along the pier. | n.码头 |
| pinpoint | The professor explained how pinpoint applies to real situations. | n.精确定位 |
| pistol | I use this pistol for self-defense. | n.手枪 |
| pious | I am very pious, I pray to God every day. | n.虔诚的 |
| unlock | This key can unlock this door. | n.解锁 |
| unfit | unfit is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.不适合 |
| undue | Family disputes have had an undue effect on the little girl. | n.不当 |
| unity | Our team's strength comes from our unity! | n.团结 |
| undertaking | Students study undertaking as part of their curriculum. | n.事业 |
| unemployment | He lost his job in the wave of unemployment. | adj.失业 |
| unfold | Understanding unfold is essential for grasping this concept. | n.展开 |
| undermine | Cybercriminals undermine the security of the internet. | n.破坏 |
| undesirable | The concept of undesirable appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.不受欢迎的 |
| underprivilegedInIndia, | We frequently encounter underprivilegedInIndia, in everyday discussions. | n.贫困的 |
| unique | Everyone's fingerprints are unique. | n.独特的 |
| underestimate | Never underestimate the difficulty of the task in front of you. | n.低估 |
| unreasonable | Don't be unreasonable, talk nicely, don't argue. | adj.不合理的 |
| universally | Credit cards are universally used as a method of payment around the world. | adv.普遍地 |
| uncertain | uncertain plays an important role in this field. | n.不确定的 |
| untie | Learning about untie provides valuable insights. | n.解开 |
| unify | Natural disasters unify people. | v.统一 |
| unpaid | Many migrant workers gathered together to claim their unpaid wages. | n.未付的 |
| unanimous | The professor explained how unanimous applies to real situations. | adj.一致的 |
| underwear | They choose underwear models with large muscles. | n.内衣 |
| undergo | This woman has to undergo surgery to treat her illness. | n.经历 |
| underlying | underlying is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.基础的 |
| universe | The universe is full of stars. | n.宇宙 |
| uniformly | The windows are almost uniformly arranged on the exterior of the building. | adv.统一地 |
| harp | The harp is a relaxing instrument. | n.竖琴 |
| halve | Students study halve as part of their curriculum. | n.减半 |
| haven | New York is a haven for people from all over the world. | v.避风港 |
| hatch | Understanding hatch is essential for grasping this concept. | n.孵化 |
| hail | The concept of hail appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.欢呼 |
| haul | We frequently encounter haul in everyday discussions. | n.拖运 |
| hawk | hawk plays an important role in this field. | n.鹰 |
| hatred | They hate each other, but in a way, their hatred connects them together. | n.仇恨 |
| haughty | He looks very haughty in this photo. | n.傲慢的 |
| harmony | Yin and Yang is a symbol of harmony. | n.和谐 |
| hasty | Learning about hasty provides valuable insights. | n.仓促的 |
| handicap | The professor explained how handicap applies to real situations. | n.障碍 |
| harmonious | The sound of their instruments together is very harmonious. | adj.和谐的 |
| handbook | handbook is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.手册 |
| hazard | Drunk drivers are a hazard on the road. | n.危险 |
| harassment | His inappropriate behavior was charged with sexual harassment. | adj.骚扰 |
| hamper | Students study hamper as part of their curriculum. | n.妨碍 |
| haunt | People believe that ghosts often haunt old places. | n.常去 |
| handout | You can find some reference materials in the handout. | n.救济品 |
| annually | Understanding annually is essential for grasping this concept. | adv.每年 |
| antique | I was immediately attracted to this antique! | n.古董 |
| analyze | I will analyze the evidence to see if we can catch the thief. | n.分析 |
| anode | Red wires are usually connected to the anode of the battery. | n.阳极 |
| analog | The concept of analog appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.模拟 |
| announcement | We frequently encounter announcement in everyday discussions. | adj.公告 |
| analyst | The analyst is estimating the stock market trend. | n.分析师 |
| ancient | These ancient statues are over 2000 years old. | adj.古老的 |
| anniversary | For his tenth wedding anniversary, he gave his wife a diamond ring. | adj.周年纪念 |
| analytic | You need to use your analytic skills to explain this trend. | adj.分析的 |
| antenna | The TV antenna is broken, so it won't work. | n.天线 |
| Antarctic | Antarctic plays an important role in this field. | adj.南极洲 |
| angel | Every child is an angel to their parents. | n.天使 |
| ancestor | Learning about ancestor provides valuable insights. | n.祖先 |
| anonymous | I received an anonymous letter, I don't know who sent it. | adj.匿名的 |
| anxiety | The professor explained how anxiety applies to real situations. | n.焦虑 |
| anticipate | I anticipate that he will come in first! Because he is really great! | n.预期 |
| annual | The annual big sale is specifically for single people. | adj.年度的 |
| analytical | You can use analytical methods to solve most complex problems. | adj.分析的 |
| analytic(al) | analytic(al) is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.分析的 |
| analogy | Students study analogy as part of their curriculum. | n.类比 |
| annoy | Understanding annoy is essential for grasping this concept. | n.烦恼 |
| lodging | The concept of lodging appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.住宿 |
| locust | We frequently encounter locust in everyday discussions. | n.蝗虫 |
| logical | My friend has a strong logical thinking ability and always understands what I'm saying. | adj.逻辑的 |
| longevity | Proper exercise and a healthy diet contribute to longevity. | n.长寿 |
| locality | locality plays an important role in this field. | n.位置 |
| loyalty | A dog's loyalty deserves to be praised. | n.忠诚 |
| lofty | Learning about lofty provides valuable insights. | n.高耸的 |
| locomotive | The professor explained how locomotive applies to real situations. | adj.机车 |
| loom | I used a loom to knit a sweater. | n.织布机 |
| loosely | Tie the rope loosely and it can be reused. | adv.松散地 |
| lounge | People wait in the lounge to board the plane. | n.休息室 |
| loyal | Dogs are always loyal to their owners. | adj.忠诚的 |
| endanger | endanger is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.危害 |
| enclosure | The animals can eat grass safely in the enclosure. | n.围栏 |
| environment | We should do our utmost to keep the environment clean. | adj.环境 |
| entitle | Students study entitle as part of their curriculum. | n.授权 |
| endurance | Running a marathon requires both physical strength and mental endurance. | n.耐力 |
| entertainment | Our way of entertainment is watching movies. | adj.娱乐 |
| engine | I showed the child how an engine works. | n.引擎 |
| enchant | Before you use the magic ball, you must enchant it with a spell. | adj.迷住 |
| encourage | Understanding encourage is essential for grasping this concept. | n.鼓励 |
| enlighten | The concept of enlighten appears frequently in academic contexts. | v.启迪 |
| enforce | This police officer is enforce the law. | n.强制执行 |
| encounter | We frequently encounter encounter in everyday discussions. | n.遭遇 |
| endeavor | Climbing this mountain was an adventurous endeavor. | n.努力 |
| enterprise | enterprise plays an important role in this field. | n.企业 |
| engross | Learning about engross provides valuable insights. | n.全神贯注 |
| enhance | My colleague helped me enhance my work skills. | n.增强 |
| energetic | I am an energetic runner. | adj.精力充沛的 |
| ensue | After the storm, mudslides often ensue. | n.随后发生 |
| engagement | We announced our engagement last week, so now everyone knows we're getting married. | adj.参与 |
| enrich | Smartphone apps enrich our lives. | n.丰富 |
| enthusiastic | He is always enthusiastic about video games and loves them very much! | adj.热情的 |
| envisage | The professor explained how envisage applies to real situations. | n.设想 |
| enormous | enormous is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.巨大的 |
| entrepreneur | He is an entrepreneur known throughout the region. | n.企业家 |
| endure | I have to endure the strange smells on my way to work. | n.忍受 |
| endeavour | Students study endeavour as part of their curriculum. | n.努力 |
| environmental | The air pollution caused by the factory has led to many serious environmental issues. | adj.环境的 |
| engage | Understanding engage is essential for grasping this concept. | n.参与 |
| energize | The concept of energize appears frequently in academic contexts. | v.激发 |
| encouragement | We frequently encounter encouragement in everyday discussions. | adj.鼓励 |
| envious | My dog is always envious of the dinner we get to eat. | adj.嫉妒的 |
| enroll | We have to enroll every fall. | n.注册 |
| enthusiasm | enthusiasm plays an important role in this field. | n.热情 |
| brew | Learning about brew provides valuable insights. | n.酿造 |
| brood | This brood of birds is waiting to be fed. | n.沉思 |
| bribe | The professor explained how bribe applies to real situations. | n.贿赂 |
| brutal | He even kicked me in the face once—he's so brutal! | adj.残酷的 |
| brink | brink is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.边缘 |
| breakthrough | After solving many problems, he finally made a breakthrough. | n.突破 |
| breakdown | Students study breakdown as part of their curriculum. | n.崩溃 |
| bracket | Understanding bracket is essential for grasping this concept. | n.支架 |
| browse | I spent too much time browse the web. | n.浏览 |
| brace | The concept of brace appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.支撑 |
| bridle | Today I will learn how to put a bridle on a horse. | n.控制 |
| briefcase | My new briefcase is black. | n.公文包 |
| brand | We frequently encounter brand in everyday discussions. | n.品牌 |
| breed | breed plays an important role in this field. | n.繁殖 |
| bridegroom | Learning about bridegroom provides valuable insights. | n.新郎 |
| breach | The professor explained how breach applies to real situations. | n.违反 |
| brief | brief is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.简报 |
| bruise | Students study bruise as part of their curriculum. | n.瘀伤 |
| brittle | Understanding brittle is essential for grasping this concept. | n.脆弱的 |
| brilliant | The concept of brilliant appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.辉煌的 |
| brightness | The brightness of the sun is almost unbearable. | n.亮度 |
| brisk | They are young and well-proportioned, maintaining a brisk pace on the treadmill. | n.活泼的 |
| triple | We frequently encounter triple in everyday discussions. | n.三倍 |
| trait | trait plays an important role in this field. | n.特征 |
| triangular | Warning signs are usually triangular. | n.三角形的 |
| tract | Learning about tract provides valuable insights. | n.地带 |
| tribute | The little girl brought some flowers as a tribute to her grandmother. | n.贡献 |
| transform | The professor explained how transform applies to real situations. | n.转变 |
| transaction | I gave him money, he gave me the house—what an easy transaction. | n.交易 |
| trot | trot is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.小跑 |
| transformation | Students study transformation as part of their curriculum. | n.变革 |
| treaty | Understanding treaty is essential for grasping this concept. | n.条约 |
| transition | Our bodies undergo many changes during the transition from youth to old age. | n.过渡 |
| transport | The concept of transport appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.运输 |
| tribe | We frequently encounter tribe in everyday discussions. | n.部落 |
| tradesman | We usually buy daily necessities from that Indian tradesman. | n.商人 |
| tranquil | A tranquil environment is very suitable for me to practice yoga. | n.宁静的 |
| traverse | Is it safe to traverse the fragile rope bridge? | n.横穿 |
| trend | trend plays an important role in this field. | n.趋势 |
| triumph | 'I won!' he shouted in triumph. | n.胜利 |
| trader | Learning about trader provides valuable insights. | n.商人 |
| transcend | The professor explained how transcend applies to real situations. | n.超越 |
| tramp | This tramp begs for money every day. | n.流浪者 |
| trifle | trifle is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.琐事 |
| transfer | Students study transfer as part of their curriculum. | n.转移 |
| transmit | Understanding transmit is essential for grasping this concept. | n.传输 |
| trial | After the trial, the judge found the suspect guilty. | adj.审判 |
| transmission | The antenna on the baby's head is used for signal transmission. | n.传输 |
| trolley | The concept of trolley appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.有轨电车 |
| tropic | We frequently encounter tropic in everyday discussions. | adj.热带 |
| transistor | Although small, the transistor is necessary for making computers. | n.晶体管 |
| transient | No, I don't live here, I'm just a transient. | adj.短暂的 |
| trigger | Pull the trigger of the gun to fire. | n.触发器 |
| tremendous | I have tremendous life pressures. | adj.巨大的 |
| triumphant | After getting promoted, he let out a triumphant scream. | adj.胜利的 |
| treasurer | The government treasurer was caught stealing state property. | n.司库 |
| transit | The goods are in transit, and they will arrive at your home in a few days from today. | n.过境 |
| transplant | transplant plays an important role in this field. | adj.移植 |
| trench | We had to dig a deep trench for this water system. | n.沟渠 |
| transverse | Learning about transverse provides valuable insights. | n.横向的 |
| rash | Every time I eat seafood, I get a rash on my face. | n.轻率的 |
| ranch | Most of the time, the cows on the ranch can graze freely and wander around. | n.牧场 |
| random | The professor explained how random applies to real situations. | n.随机的 |
| radical | radical is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.激进的 |
| radiator | My car broke down because the radiator water boiled dry. | n.散热器 |
| rating | Students study rating as part of their curriculum. | n.评级 |
| radius | The radius of this circle is about 10 centimeters. | n.半径 |
| rank | Understanding rank is essential for grasping this concept. | n.等级 |
| rally | He organized a mass rally. | adv.集会 |
| radiate | The concept of radiate appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.辐射 |
| raid | The criminals were arrested during a police raid. | n.袭击 |
| rarely | Golden coffee beans are rarely found. | adv.很少 |
| raisin | We frequently encounter raisin in everyday discussions. | n.葡萄干 |
| rap | Jay Chou is one of the most famous rap artists in China. | n.说唱 |
| rational | Mathematics is a very rational subject; sensibility is of no use to it. | adj.理性的 |
| racial | Our country has made considerable efforts in establishing racial equality. | adj.种族的 |
| racket | The tennis player is holding her racket. | n.球拍 |
| ramble | ramble plays an important role in this field. | n.漫步 |
| rape | Learning about rape provides valuable insights. | n.强奸 |
| radioactive | Be careful! These yellow barrels are radioactive! | adj.放射性的 |
| rascal | Put down the slingshot right now, you little rascal! | adj.无赖 |
| radiant | The professor explained how radiant applies to real situations. | adj.发光的 |
| rapture | rapture is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.狂喜 |
| rage | 'I am so angry!' the woman exclaimed in a voice filled with rage. | n.愤怒 |
| ramp | We drove the car onto the ramp. | n.坡道 |
| rapidity | Students study rapidity as part of their curriculum. | n.迅速 |
| rattle | The baby likes the sound of rattle. | n.嘎嘎声 |
| linguist | The Swiss linguist Saussure is famous for his theories on language learning. | n.语言学家 |
| literature | These four books are classics of Chinese literature. | n.文学 |
| literate | Understanding literate is essential for grasping this concept. | n.有文化的 |
| litter | The concept of litter appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.垃圾 |
| limestone | This slightly white stone is limestone. | n.石灰石 |
| lieutenant | Our lieutenant ordered us to line up in a straight row. | adj.中尉 |
| literacy | We frequently encounter literacy in everyday discussions. | n.识字能力 |
| liable | You committed a crime, so now you are liable for the consequences. | n.有责任的 |
| linger | linger plays an important role in this field. | n.徘徊 |
| literary | She put many literary classics on the bookshelf. | adj.文学的 |
| limp | Since he was hit by a car, he walks with a limp. | n.软弱的 |
| literal | Learning about literal provides valuable insights. | adj.字面的 |
| likelihood | I think the likelihood of me eventually finding love is very high. | n.可能性 |
| limitation | The professor explained how limitation applies to real situations. | n.限制 |
| limb | limb is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.肢体 |
| lick | Students study lick as part of their curriculum. | n.舔 |
| linen | Beds with linen sheets are very comfortable. | v.亚麻布 |
| lining | The lining of this gray coat is red. | n.衬里 |
| likeness | Understanding likeness is essential for grasping this concept. | n.相似性 |
| lily | The lily is my favorite plant. | n.百合 |
| linear | He drew a linear sketch of the building. | n.线性的 |
| liner | The concept of liner appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.班轮 |
| linguistic | Spanish, Portuguese, and French have linguistic similarities. | adj.语言学的 |
| lighter | I used a lighter to light my cigarette. | n.打火机 |
| liability | We frequently encounter liability in everyday discussions. | n.责任 |
| apply | Now, I will apply some facial mask on your face. | adv.应用 |
| apparatus | He is the only one who knows how this apparatus works. | n.设备 |
| appropriate | appropriate plays an important role in this field. | n.适当的 |
| appraisal | Learning about appraisal provides valuable insights. | adj.评估 |
| appliance | The professor explained how appliance applies to real situations. | n.电器 |
| appearance | This man is too concerned about his appearance. | n.外观 |
| application | application is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.申请 |
| apt | What he said is an apt description of the situation. | n.恰当的 |
| appendix | His appendix is causing problems and needs to be removed. | n.附录 |
| apprehension | I still have some apprehension about this business. | n.忧虑 |
| appease | Mom tried to appease her daughter with a hug. | n.安抚 |
| appreciable | The change in the girl's face is appreciable. | adj.可感知的 |
| approve | Students study approve as part of their curriculum. | n.批准 |
| apology | He is preparing to send a gift to his girlfriend as an apology. | n.道歉 |
| applaud | After he finished his presentation, we started to applaud. | n.鼓掌 |
| appreciation | Understanding appreciation is essential for grasping this concept. | n.欣赏 |
| apartment | We rented an apartment and now we need to buy some furniture. | adj.公寓 |
| appeal | The concept of appeal appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.呼吁 |
| approach | We frequently encounter approach in everyday discussions. | n.方法 |
| feeble | feeble plays an important role in this field. | n.虚弱的 |
| fertilizer | Farmers use fertilizer to increase crop yields. | n.肥料 |
| feudal | Castles were common throughout Europe during the feudal era. | adj.封建的 |
| feasible | I think your construction plan is feasible, let's start building the house! | adj.可行的 |
| ferrous | Learning about ferrous provides valuable insights. | adj.含铁的 |
| feast | After our Thanksgiving feast, everyone was very full. | n.盛宴 |
| federal | The federal level of government is responsible for the entire country. | adj.联邦的 |
| feminine | The professor explained how feminine applies to real situations. | n.女性的 |
| fearless | Only the fearless can climb high. | adj.无畏的 |
| ferry | A ferry can transport passengers and goods across a river. | n.渡轮 |
| feature | feature is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.特征 |
| feat | Students study feat as part of their curriculum. | n.功绩 |
| federation | Understanding federation is essential for grasping this concept. | n.联邦 |
| fellowship | The concept of fellowship appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.友谊 |
| overturn | We frequently encounter overturn in everyday discussions. | n.颠覆 |
| overhang | overhang plays an important role in this field. | n.悬垂 |
| overwhelm | Learning about overwhelm provides valuable insights. | n.压倒 |
| overestimate | The professor explained how overestimate applies to real situations. | n.高估 |
| overhear | overhear is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.偷听 |
| overpass | The new overpass helps to speed up road traffic. | n.天桥 |
| overlook | It's easy to overlook Mr. Bao in this photo. | n.俯瞰 |
| overcome | If he tries hard, he can overcome the obstacles. | n.克服 |
| overflow | Students study overflow as part of their curriculum. | n.溢出 |
| overt | Understanding overt is essential for grasping this concept. | n.公然的 |
| overhead | The helicopter is hovering overhead. | n.悬挂 |
| overwhelming | Her debts are overwhelming\--she needs money. | n.压倒性的 |
| overload | The concept of overload appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.超载 |
| oval | This mirror is a beautiful oval shape. | n.椭圆形 |
| overlap | We frequently encounter overlap in everyday discussions. | n.重叠 |
| evil | Don't listen to her, she's beautiful, but she's also evil. | n.邪恶 |
| evident | The skin of Mr. Bao is black, which is evident. | adj.明显的 |
| evidence | Save every piece of evidence to help us solve the crime. | n.证据 |
| evolution | The theory of evolution is a fascinating explanation of how life originated. | n.进化 |
| evaluate | evaluate plays an important role in this field. | n.评估 |
| everlasting | Christians believe in everlasting life after death. | n.永恒的 |
| evoke | Learning about evoke provides valuable insights. | n.唤起 |
| evenly | The professor explained how evenly applies to real situations. | adv.均匀地 |
| evacuate | We must evacuate him from the battlefield. | n.疏散 |
| puff | puff is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.吹气 |
| purchase | Students study purchase as part of their curriculum. | n.购买 |
| puppy | The puppy playing with the kitten is too cute. | n.小狗 |
| pulley | Using a pulley makes lifting heavy objects easier. | n.滑轮 |
| pursue | The police need to pursue the criminal who is trying to escape. | n.追求 |
| purity | The white rose is a symbol of purity. | n.纯洁 |
| pursuit | Understanding pursuit is essential for grasping this concept. | n.追求 |
| pudding | "Does anyone want some sweet pudding?" "Yes, please give me some!" | n.布丁 |
| publicity | The concept of publicity appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.宣传 |
| purify | We frequently encounter purify in everyday discussions. | v.净化 |
| pumpkin | pumpkin plays an important role in this field. | n.南瓜 |
| vacancy | There's a job vacancy here—I'm going to apply! | n.空缺 |
| vary | Learning about vary provides valuable insights. | n.变化 |
| various | We saw various kinds of fish while diving. | adj.各种各样的 |
| vaccinate | The professor explained how vaccinate applies to real situations. | n.接种疫苗 |
| variation | variation is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.变异 |
| van | This large van can hold many boxes. | n.面包车 |
| vast | This vast desert looks impossible to cross. | n.广阔的 |
| valve | After releasing the valve, water can flow. | n.阀门 |
| valid | The government seal indicates that my documents are valid. | n.有效的 |
| validity | No one questions the validity of the judge's decision. | n.有效性 |
| vacant | Students study vacant as part of their curriculum. | adj.空的 |
| vain | That man is very vain, he only cares about his appearance. | n.徒劳的 |
| vault | The bank places money and gold bars in a very secure vault. | n.地窖 |
| gigantic | Long ago, gigantic reptiles roamed the Earth. | adj.巨大的 |
| ginger | I don't like too much ginger in food; it's too strong. | n.姜 |
| giggle | Understanding giggle is essential for grasping this concept. | n.咯咯笑 |
| torpedo | The concept of torpedo appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.鱼雷 |
| tow | My car broke down, so my friend had to tow me home. | n.拖曳 |
| toll | You have to pay a toll if you take the highway. | n.通行费 |
| torque | The engine will provide a lot of torque to the wheels. | n.扭矩 |
| toad | That toad looks like it might be poisonous. | n.蟾蜍 |
| touched | We frequently encounter touched in everyday discussions. | n.感动的 |
| toss | toss plays an important role in this field. | n.投掷 |
| tolerant | People should be tolerant of all cultural differences. | adj.宽容的 |
| toward | Learning about toward provides valuable insights. | n.朝向 |
| token | The professor explained how token applies to real situations. | v.标记 |
| toxic | toxic is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.有毒的 |
| adequate | Students study adequate as part of their curriculum. | n.足够的 |
| admit | Understanding admit is essential for grasping this concept. | n.承认 |
| adverse | Smoking has many adverse effects on the human body. | n.不利的 |
| adoption | The concept of adoption appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.收养 |
| advent | We frequently encounter advent in everyday discussions. | adj.到来 |
| adjacent | The houses are adjacent to each other. | adj.相邻的 |
| additional | Each additional ball makes the ice cream tastier. | adj.额外的 |
| adapt | adapt plays an important role in this field. | n.适应 |
| admiration | Learning about admiration provides valuable insights. | n.钦佩 |
| adjust | 'It's too hot here, I'll adjust the temperature.' | n.调整 |
| adjoin | The professor explained how adjoin applies to real situations. | n.毗邻 |
| advantage | advantage is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.优势 |
| adore | Students study adore as part of their curriculum. | n.崇拜 |
| administration | Understanding administration is essential for grasping this concept. | n.管理 |
| addict | The concept of addict appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.上瘾者 |
| advocate | He is advocate for water conservation. | n.倡导者 |
| adopt | We frequently encounter adopt in everyday discussions. | n.采纳 |
| advertise | We advertise our company on television to make more people aware of it. | n.广告 |
| addition | addition plays an important role in this field. | n.添加 |
| adjustable | The size of this belt is adjustable. | adj.可调整的 |
| administer | Learning about administer provides valuable insights. | n.管理 |
| adolescent | The professor explained how adolescent applies to real situations. | adj.青少年 |
| advantageous | This arrangement is advantageous to both of us. | adj.有利的 |
| adhere | This tape can adhere to most surfaces. | n.粘附 |
| parachute | This fox used a parachute to descend. | n.降落伞 |
| pastry | I don't care if pastry make me gain weight, they're too delicious. | n.糕点 |
| pasture | The cows quietly eating grass in the pasture, what a beautiful sight! | n.牧场 |
| patron | patron is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.赞助人 |
| pantry | I opened the pantry to get salt and sugar. | n.食品储藏室 |
| patrol | The patrol is searching everywhere for the hidden enemy. | n.巡逻 |
| participation | Class participation will be a very important part of your grade assessment, so pay attention! | n.参与 |
| passive | Don't smoke! You're making your child a passive smoker! | adj.被动的 |
| parasite | Students study parasite as part of their curriculum. | n.寄生虫 |
| pathetic | My dog looks so pathetic when begging for food. | adj.可怜的 |
| pajamas | She wanted to wear pajamas all day, but her mother wouldn't allow it. | n.睡衣 |
| paperback | I buy the paperback version of novels because they are cheaper than the hardcover. | n.平装书 |
| paragraph | Please summarize the main idea of this paragraph. | n.段落 |
| pastime | Reading is my favorite pastime. | n.消遣 |
| paradox | I don't understand why he exercises while still often eating junk food. It's a paradox. | n.悖论 |
| pact | Understanding pact is essential for grasping this concept. | n.契约 |
| pamphlet | This pamphlet introduces how the product works. | n.小册子 |
| parallel | These rails run parallel to each other. | n.平行的 |
| pattern | The pattern on this scarf is too beautiful! | n.模式 |
| patriot | The concept of patriot appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.爱国者 |
| panic | Before the ball was kicked, the cat was already in a panic. | adj.恐慌 |
| package | I wonder what's in the package. | n.包裹 |
| passion | The performance of this band was full of passion. | n.激情 |
| panther | A panther elegantly sat on the sofa. | n.豹 |
| partition | We frequently encounter partition in everyday discussions. | n.隔板 |
| pant | pant plays an important role in this field. | n.短裤 |
| participant | Learning about participant provides valuable insights. | adj.参与者 |
| patriotic | A true patriotic soldier is always ready to sacrifice for the country. | adj.爱国的 |
| paralyze | The disease can paralyze his body, but it can't paralyze his ability to think. | n.瘫痪 |
| partial | She is partial to her youngest son, buying him more ice cream. | adj.部分的 |
| patent | The inventor of this car obtained the first patent for automobile design. | adj.专利 |
| paradise | Christians believe they will enter paradise after they die. | n.天堂 |
| pave | These bricks are used for pave roads. | n.铺路 |
| paralysis | With his wife's help and encouragement, James recovered from paralysis. | n.瘫痪 |
| swamp | The crocodile in the swamp is extremely hungry for food. | n.沼泽 |
| swap | The professor explained how swap applies to real situations. | n.交换 |
| sweetness | After all these years, I still love the sweetness of lollipops. | n.甜蜜 |
| elbow | My elbow is badly injured. | n.肘部 |
| element | element is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.元素 |
| electron | Students study electron as part of their curriculum. | n.电子 |
| eloquent | He is very eloquent and good at expressing himself. | adj.雄辩的 |
| electrician | I hope the electrician can restore the power so we don't have to sit in the dark. | n.电工 |
| elementary | Understanding elementary is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.基础的 |
| elliptical | The moon orbits the Earth in an elliptical path. | adj.椭圆的 |
| electrical | He almost died from an electrical shock. | adj.电气的 |
| elemental | These four mathematical symbols are elemental for students. | adj.基本的 |
| elastic | A spring is something very elastic that can be stretched very far. | adj.弹性的 |
| elaborate | The design of this church is very elaborate. | n.详尽的 |
| elegant | Ballet dancers are truly elegant! | adj.优雅的 |
| electrode | The electrode connected to the battery, to help start the car engine. | n.电极 |
| elicit | Tom tries to elicit some reaction from Jerry with cheese. | n.引出 |
| electronics | Nowadays, you need to have a degree in electronics to run a television station. | n.电子学 |
| electricity | Pikachu can generate electricity. | n.电 |
| eliminate | This device will eliminate the weeds in my garden. | n.消除 |
| elderly | An elderly woman is calling for help on the phone. | adv.年长的 |
| elevate | The concept of elevate appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.提升 |
| elite | We frequently encounter elite in everyday discussions. | n.精英 |
| electronic | DJs play electronic music at parties. | adj.电子的 |
| eligible | My passport makes me eligible to go to other countries. | adj.符合条件的 |
| electric | To save time, I always use an electric razor. | adj.电的 |
| lease | lease plays an important role in this field. | n.租赁 |
| leakage | Learning about leakage provides valuable insights. | n.泄漏 |
| legend | This is a legend about an ancient goddess. | n.传说 |
| leisure | Last summer, our family went to the beach for some leisure time. | n.休闲 |
| legal | Same-sex marriage is legal in some countries. | adj.合法的 |
| legacy | The professor explained how legacy applies to real situations. | n.遗产 |
| leather | The sofa and pillows are made of genuine leather. | n.皮革 |
| lever | Give me a lever and I can move the Earth. | n.杆 |
| levy | levy is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.征税 |
| lens | This camera lens is expensive. | n.镜头 |
| leopard | The leopard is a carnivorous animal that runs fast and can climb trees. | n.豹 |
| legitimate | His passport is legitimate, not fake. | n.合法的 |
| lengthen | Students study lengthen as part of their curriculum. | v.延长 |
| soy | Understanding soy is essential for grasping this concept. | n.大豆 |
| sovereign | The concept of sovereign appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.主权的 |
| soluble | We frequently encounter soluble in everyday discussions. | n.可溶的 |
| solution | I think another solution is better. | n.解决方案 |
| soar | It's wonderful to soar like a bird in the sky. | n.翱翔 |
| sober | I don't drink—I need to stay sober. | n.清醒的 |
| solitary | solitary plays an important role in this field. | adj.孤独的 |
| sophisticated | Learning about sophisticated provides valuable insights. | n.老练的 |
| sociable | Humans are sociable creatures who enjoy being with friends. | adj.社交的 |
| sorrowful | The professor explained how sorrowful applies to real situations. | adj.悲伤的 |
| solicit | solicit is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.恳求 |
| souvenir | I bought this flag as a souvenir during my trip. | n.纪念品 |
| sociology | Students study sociology as part of their curriculum. | n.社会学 |
| solemn | They looked solemn while saluting. | n.庄严的 |
| solo | Goodness, this guitar solo has been going on for five minutes, will he stop? | n.独奏 |
| software | Understanding software is essential for grasping this concept. | n.软件 |
| soften | The concept of soften appears frequently in academic contexts. | v.软化 |
| solicitor | We frequently encounter solicitor in everyday discussions. | n.律师 |
| solidarity | We formed a circle to show solidarity. | n.团结 |
| sour | Lemons are really sour! | n.酸的 |
| solitude | solitude plays an important role in this field. | n.孤独 |
| softness | Learning about softness provides valuable insights. | n.柔软 |
| solidify | Lava from a volcano solidify after cooling down. | v.巩固 |
| glide | Birds glide over the vast ocean. | n.滑行 |
| glossary | The professor explained how glossary applies to real situations. | adj.词汇表 |
| gloomy | The little boy looked gloomy. | n.忧郁的 |
| glare | glare is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.闈欓潤 |
| glow | Students study glow as part of their curriculum. | n.发光 |
| gleam | The gold coins gleam. | n.闪光 |
| glance | Understanding glance is essential for grasping this concept. | n.一瞥 |
| global | The concept of global appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.全球的 |
| glorify | They always gather in the evening to pray and glorify the Lord. | v.美化 |
| glider | We frequently encounter glider in everyday discussions. | n.滑翔机 |
| glamour | glamour plays an important role in this field. | n.魅力 |
| glitter | Dewdrops glitter on the grass. | n.闪烁 |
| rivalry | Learning about rivalry provides valuable insights. | n.竞争 |
| riot | Police were sent to deal with the riot. | n.骚乱 |
| rinse | rinse the dishes with clean water before putting them in the dishwasher. | n.冲洗 |
| ridicule | I'm tired of the ridicule from my foolish colleagues. | n.嘲笑 |
| rigorous | The professor explained how rigorous applies to real situations. | adj.严格的 |
| rival | rival is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.对手 |
| ritual | The Jewish priest participated in the religious ritual. | adj.仪式 |
| rig | The oil rig extracts oil from the ocean. | n.操纵 |
| ripple | Students study ripple as part of their curriculum. | n.涟漪 |
| rip | Understanding rip is essential for grasping this concept. | n.撕裂 |
| ridiculous | It's ridiculous for a man to wear women's clothing. | adj.荒谬的 |
| hound | The concept of hound appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.追踪 |
| hospitality | We frequently encounter hospitality in everyday discussions. | n.好客 |
| hostility | The dog has a fierce look, full of hostility. | n.敌意 |
| hoe | I use a hoe to loosen the soil for planting. | n.锄头 |
| holder | Since you have graduated, you are the holder of the university degree. | n.持有者 |
| hostess | hostess plays an important role in this field. | n.女主人 |
| hoist | Learning about hoist provides valuable insights. | n.提升 |
| horrible | The teacher approached me silently! It's so horrible! | adj.可怕的 |
| hostile | The professor explained how hostile applies to real situations. | n.敌对的 |
| hose | The firefighters aimed the hose at the fire, hoping to put it out. | n.软管 |
| hoarse | I sang too much last night, and now my voice is hoarse. | n.嘶哑的 |
| howl | howl is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.嚎叫 |
| homely | Students study homely as part of their curriculum. | adv.朴素的 |
| hostage | The girl was taken hostage by the criminal. | n.人质 |
| household | Understanding household is essential for grasping this concept. | n.家庭 |
| hover | The concept of hover appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.悬浮 |
| plateau | The Tibetan plateau is a beautiful but harsh environment. | n.高原 |
| plight | We frequently encounter plight in everyday discussions. | n.困境 |
| pluck | pluck plays an important role in this field. | n.摘取 |
| planet | Some people call Earth the 'blue planet'. | n.行星 |
| plunder | Learning about plunder provides valuable insights. | n.掠夺 |
| plead | The professor explained how plead applies to real situations. | n.恳求 |
| pledge | pledge is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.承诺 |
| plague | In the Middle Ages, the plague took millions of lives. | n.瘟疫 |
| plea | My son made a plea; he didn't want to practice music anymore, but I didn't agree. | n.请愿 |
| plunge | Students study plunge as part of their curriculum. | n.跳水 |
| plump | Maybe I'm still plump now, but my weight has indeed gone down. | n.丰满 |
| plausible | Understanding plausible is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.可信的 |
| plaster | The concept of plaster appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.石膏 |
| bypass | We frequently encounter bypass in everyday discussions. | n.绕过 |
| tenure | tenure plays an important role in this field. | n.任期 |
| tendency | Learning about tendency provides valuable insights. | n.倾向 |
| tensile | The professor explained how tensile applies to real situations. | n.拉伸的 |
| terrific | She feels terrific because she has successfully lost weight! | adj.极好的 |
| tease | tease is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.戏弄 |
| terrain | Students study terrain as part of their curriculum. | n.地形 |
| tentative | Understanding tentative is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.暂时的 |
| terminate | The concept of terminate appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.终止 |
| tempt | Money can't tempt me; I won't fall into that trap! | n.诱惑 |
| terrace | We frequently encounter terrace in everyday discussions. | n.露台 |
| terminology | He always uses professional terminology in his lectures, which always confuses me. | n.术语 |
| telecommunicationsThisis | telecommunicationsThisis plays an important role in this field. | n.电信 |
| tedious | She finds reading to be a tedious task. | adj.乏味的 |
| testify | Learning about testify provides valuable insights. | v.作证 |
| territory | Dogs mark their territory by urinating. | adj.领土 |
| temperament | Wild horses have a big temperament, making them hard to tame. | adj.性情 |
| terrorist | The professor explained how terrorist applies to real situations. | n.恐怖分子 |
| testimony | The witness gave testimony that the criminal was a strong man. | n.证词 |
| telecommunicationIprefer | telecommunicationIprefer is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.电信 |
| terrify | Students study terrify as part of their curriculum. | v.恐吓 |
| tenant | We took the new tenant to see the apartment. | adj.租户 |
| temper | My manager really has a bad temper. | n.脾气 |
| esthetic | Understanding esthetic is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.美学的 |
| estate | My estate includes my house and a part of this forest. | n.地产 |
| essential | Hotpot and mahjong are essential components of Sichuan culture. | adj.基本的 |
| estimate | The concept of estimate appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.估计 |
| essence | We frequently encounter essence in everyday discussions. | n.本质 |
| establish | establish plays an important role in this field. | n.建立 |
| escort | Learning about escort provides valuable insights. | n.护送 |
| tuna | The fisherman caught a big tuna. | n.金枪鱼 |
| tuberculosis | Weak lungs are prone to tuberculosis. | n.结核病 |
| tunnel | The man dug a tunnel, trying to find a gold mine. | n.隧道 |
| tumble | The professor explained how tumble applies to real situations. | n.翻滚 |
| tuck | She tried to tuck the shirt's folds into her pants. | n.塞入 |
| Turkey | Wow! The country of Turkey is amazing! | n.土耳其 |
| tuition | How much is your university's annual tuition? | n.学费 |
| tutor | My private tutor helped me make progress in my studies. | n.导师 |
| tub | tub is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.浴缸 |
| turbulent | Rowing in turbulent water is really exciting. | adj.动荡的 |
| tug | At the company party, they made us play tug of war. | n.拖曳 |
| tulip | Students study tulip as part of their curriculum. | n.郁金香 |
| turtle | The turtle swims elegantly. | n.乌龟 |
| turnover | Our turnover is rising, we are buying and selling more. | n.营业额 |
| tilt | Understanding tilt is essential for grasping this concept. | n.倾斜 |
| timid | She was timid in front of the boy she liked. | n.胆小的 |
| timely | The concept of timely appears frequently in academic contexts. | adv.及时的 |
| tiresome | We frequently encounter tiresome in everyday discussions. | n.烦人的 |
| tick | tick plays an important role in this field. | n.滴答声 |
| tile | Learning about tile provides valuable insights. | n.瓷砖 |
| tickle | The professor explained how tickle applies to real situations. | n.胳肢 |
| tissue | The little girl sneezed and took a tissue. | n.组织 |
| tightly | My mom always holds me tightly. | adv.紧密地 |
| tighten | I used a tool to tighten the loose part. | v.拉紧 |
| timber | Many forests are cut down every year for timber. | n.木材 |
| wholesaler | We received the goods we ordered from the wholesaler. | n.批发商 |
| whisker | whisker is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.胡须 |
| wholesome | Students study wholesome as part of their curriculum. | n.有益健康的 |
| whirl | Understanding whirl is essential for grasping this concept. | n.旋转 |
| whitewash | The concept of whitewash appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.粉刷 |
| wharf | There isn't a single boat at the wharf. | n.码头 |
| grope | We frequently encounter grope in everyday discussions. | n.摸索 |
| gravitation | Newton created the theory of universal gravitation after seeing an apple fall from a tree. | n.重力 |
| groom | The bride and groom's looks are off the charts! | n.打扮 |
| greed | greed plays an important role in this field. | n.贪婪 |
| grill | Learning about grill provides valuable insights. | n.烤架 |
| grant | The professor explained how grant applies to real situations. | n.授予 |
| grunt | grunt is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.咕噜声 |
| gravel | gravel can be used to fill in the potholes on the road. | n.砾石 |
| grave | When I die, I want my grave to be simple and unmarked. | n.坟墓 |
| grin | Students study grin as part of their curriculum. | n.露齿而笑 |
| groan | Understanding groan is essential for grasping this concept. | n.呻吟 |
| grasshopper | The grasshopper is an insect with long hind legs that can jump high. | n.蚱蜢 |
| groove | Most sliding doors move in a groove. | n.槽 |
| grim | The concept of grim appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.严峻的 |
| grease | We frequently encounter grease in everyday discussions. | n.油脂 |
| graphic | What do you think about putting this graphic design on the website? | adj.图表 |
| grab | Babies really like to grab people's fingers. | n.抓取 |
| grief | grief plays an important role in this field. | n.悲伤 |
| gracious | He has always been a gracious host. | adj.亲切的 |
| growl | The angry warrior let out an angry growl. | n.咆哮 |
| gross | Learning about gross provides valuable insights. | n.毛重 |
| grove | A small grove of trees creates a pleasant atmosphere in the jungle. | n.树丛 |
| grumble | The professor explained how grumble applies to real situations. | n.嘟囔 |
| gramophone | This vintage gramophone can still play the old records inside. | n.留声机 |
| graphite | Did you know that the lead in pencils is actually graphite? | n.石墨 |
| graduate | graduate is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.毕业生 |
| gradient | Students study gradient as part of their curriculum. | adj.斜率 |
| granite | His gravestone is made of granite. | n.花岗岩 |
| graze | Understanding graze is essential for grasping this concept. | n.放牧 |
| grain | The concept of grain appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.谷物 |
| grieve | She has been grieve ever since her husband died. | n.悲伤 |
| grip | We frequently encounter grip in everyday discussions. | n.握把 |
| function | The function of the digestive system is to provide us with nutrition and sustain life. | n.功能 |
| fulfill | She wants to fulfill her dream of becoming a mother someday. | n.履行 |
| furnish | furnish plays an important role in this field. | n.提供 |
| furniture | I bought some new furniture for the living room. | n.家具 |
| fury | After I told her I didn't like the food she made, her fury was evident. | n.狂怒 |
| furious | I am really angry—I am very furious with you! | adj.狂怒的 |
| fuss | Learning about fuss provides valuable insights. | n.忙乱 |
| fuse | Stay away from the bomb before the fuse burns out. | n.熔化 |
| fuel | The professor explained how fuel applies to real situations. | n.燃料 |
| fundamental | In modern society, WiFi has become a fundamental need for people (the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy of needs). | adj.基础 |
| fund | This family established an education fund for their baby. | n.基金 |
| numerous | numerous is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.许多的 |
| nutrition | Students study nutrition as part of their curriculum. | n.营养 |
| nun | Understanding nun is essential for grasping this concept. | n.修女 |
| nurture | As long as you nurture plants with care, they will grow. | n.养育 |
| numerical | The password is numerical. | adj.数字的 |
| isolate | The concept of isolate appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.隔离 |
| issue | We frequently encounter issue in everyday discussions. | n.问题 |
| isle | There are a few houses and some trees on this isle. | n.岛屿 |
| woodpecker | The woodpecker pecks through trees to find insects to eat. | n.啄木鸟 |
| worthy | worthy plays an important role in this field. | n.值得的 |
| woe | Learning about woe provides valuable insights. | n.悲哀 |
| worthwhile | The professor explained how worthwhile applies to real situations. | n.值得的 |
| assumption | After marriage, our assumption is to have a child as soon as possible. | n.假设 |
| assure | assure is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.确保 |
| ascend | Students study ascend as part of their curriculum. | n.上升 |
| ascribe | Understanding ascribe is essential for grasping this concept. | n.归因 |
| assistance | My grandmother occasionally needs medical assistance. | n.援助 |
| assurance | He gave me the assurance I desperately needed. | n.保证 |
| assess | Her job is to assess patient health. | n.评估 |
| assign | The concept of assign appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.分配 |
| assume | I assume the red team will win. | n.假设 |
| aspect | We frequently encounter aspect in everyday discussions. | n.方面 |
| assassination | The assassination of Qin Shi Huang by Jing Ke shocked the nation. | n.暗杀 |
| assemble | assemble plays an important role in this field. | n.组装 |
| assimilate | Learning about assimilate provides valuable insights. | n.同化 |
| ascertain | The detective tried to ascertain which gun the criminal used. | n.确定 |
| aspire | The professor explained how aspire applies to real situations. | n.渴望 |
| asset | asset is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.资产 |
| astronomer | The astronomer is observing the stars. | n.天文学家 |
| assert | Students study assert as part of their curriculum. | n.断言 |
| associate | Understanding associate is essential for grasping this concept. | n.联合 |
| association | The concept of association appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.协会 |
| ashore | The note in the bottle finally washed ashore after many years. | n.上岸 |
| assessment | 'Based on my assessment, you are very healthy,' the doctor said. | adj.评估 |
| assault | We frequently encounter assault in everyday discussions. | n.攻击 |
| astonishment | astonishment plays an important role in this field. | adj.惊讶 |
| aspiration | My aspiration is to become the CEO of the company one day. | n.渴望 |
| astronomy | I've always loved looking at the stars, so now I'm studying astronomy. | n.天文学 |
| assignment | Learning about assignment provides valuable insights. | adj.任务 |
| rupture | The professor explained how rupture applies to real situations. | n.破裂 |
| ruin | This fire will ruin everything in the house. | n.毁灭 |
| ruthless | That ruthless merchant doesn't consider other people's feelings at all. | adj.无情的 |
| ozone | The ozone layer protects us from the harm of ultraviolet radiation. | n.臭氧 |
| mustard | Would you like to put some mustard on your sandwich? | n.芥末 |
| murmur | murmur is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.低语 |
| mute | Students study mute as part of their curriculum. | n.沉默 |
| muse | Understanding muse is essential for grasping this concept. | n.沉思 |
| multiplication | I'm okay with arithmetic, but I never really understood multiplication. | n.乘法 |
| multitude | A multitude of people flocked to the concert. | n.众多 |
| mutual | The United States and the EU usually cooperate with each other and achieve mutual benefits. | adj.相互的 |
| mutter | The concept of mutter appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.嘟囔 |
| multiply | We frequently encounter multiply in everyday discussions. | adv.乘以 |
| multiple | multiple plays an important role in this field. | n.多重的 |
| muddy | Driving through this muddy path takes several hours. | n.泥泞的 |
| muscular | Learning about muscular provides valuable insights. | n.肌肉发达的 |
| hearty | The professor explained how hearty applies to real situations. | n.热情的 |
| heritage | heritage is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.遗产 |
| hearing | His hearing is not very good. | n.听力 |
| herb | The farmer carefully tended to that herb. | n.草药 |
| heir | The king's eldest son is the heir to the throne. | n.继承人 |
| heal | Students study heal as part of their curriculum. | n.治愈 |
| heel | Understanding heel is essential for grasping this concept. | n.脚跟 |
| heater | The room is heated by a heater during winter. | n.加热器 |
| heighten | The concept of heighten appears frequently in academic contexts. | v.提高 |
| heave | We frequently encounter heave in everyday discussions. | n.举起 |
| heap | My dream is to jump into a heap of money. | n.堆 |
| hesitate | hesitate plays an important role in this field. | n.犹豫 |
| helmet | Wear a helmet to protect your head. | n.头盔 |
| herald | Learning about herald provides valuable insights. | n.先驱 |
| hemisphere | A hemisphere is half of a sphere, or a globular shape. | n.半球 |
| routine | The professor explained how routine applies to real situations. | n.常规 |
| roundabout | The highway intersects at the roundabout's circle. | n.迂回的 |
| rot | rot is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.腐烂 |
| rotary | Students study rotary as part of their curriculum. | adj.旋转的 |
| romance | Our wonderful romance lasted for 5 years. | n.浪漫 |
| royalty | The crown is a symbol of royalty. | n.皇室 |
| robust | As robust as an ox, the mother came home carrying all sorts of things. | n.强健的 |
| roam | I don't know where we're going, I just want to roam around the city. | n.漫游 |
| crew | The entire crew is enjoying their sea voyage in search of a great treasure. | n.船员 |
| crumble | Understanding crumble is essential for grasping this concept. | n.鎹忕 |
| critical | The concept of critical appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.关键的 |
| criminal | The criminal was imprisoned for killing two people. | adj.罪犯 |
| crime | We frequently encounter crime in everyday discussions. | n.罪行 |
| creation | No, I didn't copy anyone's design; this is all my own creation. | n.创造 |
| cruelty | The pigs were treated with cruelty. | n.残酷 |
| crisis | The employment crisis has affected many families. | n.危机 |
| critic | As a strict food critic, I think this pizza is okay. | adj.评论家 |
| criticize | criticize plays an important role in this field. | v.批评 |
| crisp | I eat them because they're nice and crisp. | n.脆的 |
| crash | Learning about crash provides valuable insights. | n.碰撞 |
| crowd | The professor explained how crowd applies to real situations. | n.人群 |
| crooked | My teeth are crooked. I have to wear braces to straighten them. | n.歪斜的 |
| criticism | When you start a new job, you should expect to receive a lot of criticism. | n.批评 |
| crush | crush is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.压碎 |
| criterion | My brother's only criterion for buying a car is that it must be expensive! | n.标准 |
| credit | Using a credit card is better than paying with cash. | n.信用 |
| crab | Students study crab as part of their curriculum. | n.螃蟹 |
| cripple | Understanding cripple is essential for grasping this concept. | n.跛子 |
| crank | Turn the crank, tighten the rope, and then raise the sail. | n.曲柄 |
| cradle | The baby sleeps soundly in the cradle at night. | n.摇篮 |
| crucial | The red cog is crucial, all other cogs depend on it for operation. | adj.关键的 |
| cruise | cruise on a yacht is wonderful! | n.巡航 |
| jerk | The concept of jerk appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.急动 |
| jelly | My favorite dessert is cake with jelly. | adv.果冻 |
| jeopardize | Overwork can jeopardize your health. | v.危害 |
| jewelry | My husband gave me a box of jewelry as a wedding gift. | n.珠宝 |
| Jesus | There is a portrait of Jesus in the church. | n.耶稣 |
| jean | We frequently encounter jean in everyday discussions. | n.牛仔布 |
| jealousy | Her jealousy was obvious when she hit him with a frying pan. | n.嫉妒 |
| wrath | wrath plays an important role in this field. | n.愤怒 |
| wrench | The worker is fixing the sink with a wrench. | n.扳手 |
| wrestle | Learning about wrestle provides valuable insights. | n.摔跤 |
| wreck | The professor explained how wreck applies to real situations. | n.撞毁 |
| wring | wring is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.拧 |
| wretched | Students study wretched as part of their curriculum. | n.可怜的 |
| wrinkle | Understanding wrinkle is essential for grasping this concept. | n.皱纹 |
| squash | The concept of squash appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.压扁 |
| squat | We frequently encounter squat in everyday discussions. | n.蹲下 |
| squad | Our squad has started searching for the enemy. | n.小队 |
| generosity | The little boy gave his pear to his brother, showing his generosity. | n.慷慨 |
| gear | gear plays an important role in this field. | n.齿轮 |
| genuine | Which one is the genuine painting by the famous artist? | n.真正的 |
| genetic | Some diseases are genetic, which means there's nothing we can do about it. | adj.遗传的 |
| generous | This generous man gives us red envelopes every Chinese New Year.\(^o^)/~ | adj.慷慨的 |
| geographical | One of the geographical features of this place is the abundance of rocky mountains. | adj.地理的 |
| geology | Learning about geology provides valuable insights. | n.地质学 |
| geometrical | The professor explained how geometrical applies to real situations. | adj.几何的 |
| generate | This person rides a bicycle to generate electricity. | n.生成 |
| gene | gene is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.基因 |
| drainage | The drainage pipe is where the Ninja Turtles play. | n.排水 |
| drain | Students study drain as part of their curriculum. | n.排水 |
| dread | Understanding dread is essential for grasping this concept. | n.恐惧 |
| drastically | The concept of drastically appears frequently in academic contexts. | adv.剧烈地 |
| drastic | We frequently encounter drastic in everyday discussions. | adj.剧烈的 |
| dreadful | After living in the forest for 10 years, her appearance had become dreadful. | adj.可怕的 |
| draft | This is just a draft design of the building. | n.草案 |
| dramatically | dramatically plays an important role in this field. | adv.戏剧性地 |
| drill | Learning about drill provides valuable insights. | n.钻 |
| drag | Noooooo~~~ Don't drag me into it. You can't do this to me! | n.拖 |
| dramatic | She is very dramatic in her behavior, always acting like an actress on stage. | adj.戏剧性的 |
| drought | During the drought, hardly any rain fell. | n.干旱 |
| drawback | The professor explained how drawback applies to real situations. | n.缺点 |
| domain | domain is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.领域 |
| doctrine | Buddhist doctrine says that people go to another world after death. | n.教义 |
| documentary | This documentary about Chinese cuisine is very popular. | adj.纪录片 |
| dolphin | This dolphin family considers the caretaker as one of their own. | n.海豚 |
| dome | The color of the dome is like the sea. | n.圆顶 |
| donate | Students study donate as part of their curriculum. | n.捐赠 |
| donation | Understanding donation is essential for grasping this concept. | n.捐赠 |
| dodge | The concept of dodge appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.躲避 |
| dominant | Sherlock Holmes is dominant in their relationship. | adj.占主导地位的 |
| dove | The dove represents peace all over the world. | n.鸽子 |
| dominate | We frequently encounter dominate in everyday discussions. | n.支配 |
| doubtless | doubtless plays an important role in this field. | adj.无疑的 |
| doom | Learning about doom provides valuable insights. | n.命运 |
| domestic | I'm a die-hard fan of domestic products. | adj.国内的 |
| dock | The professor explained how dock applies to real situations. | n.码头 |
| notorious | Hitler is notorious for his atrocities during World War II. | adj.臭名昭著的 |
| northward(s) | northward(s) is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.向北的 |
| nominate | Students study nominate as part of their curriculum. | n.提名 |
| nominal | The emperor is only a nominal ruler. | adj.名义上的 |
| nourish | Understanding nourish is essential for grasping this concept. | n.养育 |
| notation | Music has a special system of notation. | n.符号 |
| nourishment | The concept of nourishment appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.营养 |
| notion | We frequently encounter notion in everyday discussions. | n.观念 |
| notable | notable plays an important role in this field. | adj.值得注意的 |
| notwithstandingDespitethe | Learning about notwithstandingDespitethe provides valuable insights. | n.尽管 |
| nought | The professor explained how nought applies to real situations. | n.无 |
| noted | noted is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.著名的 |
| novelty | Students study novelty as part of their curriculum. | n.新奇 |
| normalization | The market was very volatile at the start of this week. But now there are signs of normalization. | n.标准化 |
| norm | Understanding norm is essential for grasping this concept. | n.标准 |
| notify | The concept of notify appears frequently in academic contexts. | v.通知 |
| syndrome | Many people may catch the 'post-holiday' syndrome at the end of a long holiday. | n.综合症 |
| symposium | We held a symposium to discuss how to improve government decision-making. | n.研讨会 |
| synthesis | We frequently encounter synthesis in everyday discussions. | n.合成 |
| symmetry | This door has a kind of symmetry beauty. | n.对称 |
| symmetrical | This photo with two swans is perfectly symmetrical. | adj.对称的 |
| symptom | Sneezing is a common symptom of a cold. | n.症状 |
| sympathetic | The lady was sympathetic to the beggar and gave him some money. | adj.同情心 |
| systematically | You should systematically record names to make it easier to look them up. | adv.系统地 |
| symphony | This symphony orchestra is composed of five people who look exactly alike. | n.交响乐 |
| symbol | The dove is a symbol of peace. | n.符号 |
| sympathy | He had sympathy for the little dog and gave it a bone. | n.同情 |
| orchestra | I enjoy the moment when the entire orchestra plays music together. | n.管弦乐队 |
| ore | ore plays an important role in this field. | n.矿石 |
| orient | I use a compass to help me orient myself. | adj.定位 |
| ornamental | Learning about ornamental provides valuable insights. | adj.装饰性的 |
| orbit | In the solar system, all planets orbit around the sun. | n.轨道 |
| original | He is a very original thinker, always coming up with new ideas. | adj.原始的 |
| orientation | The professor explained how orientation applies to real situations. | n.定位 |
| ordinarily | ordinarily is commonly used in professional terminology. | adv.通常 |
| origin | The origin of humanity remains a mystery, but we believe our ancestors lived in trees. | n.起源 |
| originate | Students study originate as part of their curriculum. | n.起源 |
| ornament | Understanding ornament is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.装饰品 |
| originality | A great artist's work will have a lot of originality. | n.原创性 |
| Orthodox | I am a very Orthodox believer, I firmly believe in traditional methods. | n.正统的 |
| oriental | I like wearing traditional oriental clothing, the kimono is my favorite. | adj.东方的 |
| bizarre | Her hairstyle is very bizarre. | n.奇异的 |
| bid | The winning bid at the auction was $5. | n.出价 |
| bibliography | She listed all the books used in the paper in her bibliography. | n.书目 |
| bitterness | My heart is filled with bitterness, but I try not to show it. | n.苦涩 |
| bishop | The bishop is in charge of our church. | n.主教 |
| biography | He likes to read biography of celebrities. | n.传记 |
| bias | The concept of bias appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.偏见 |
| database | The police are entering the suspect's information into the database. | n.数据库 |
| damn | damn, that hurts! | n.该死 |
| dart | We frequently encounter dart in everyday discussions. | n.飞镖 |
| datum | datum plays an important role in this field. | n.数据 |
| dazzle | Learning about dazzle provides valuable insights. | n.耀眼 |
| snap | The professor explained how snap applies to real situations. | n.啪声 |
| sniff | sniff is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.嗅探 |
| sneeze | I've been sneeze constantly; I must be sick. | n.打喷嚏 |
| snatch | Students study snatch as part of their curriculum. | n.抓取 |
| sneer | Pig, don't sneer at me, let's see who laughs last when I eat you tomorrow! | n.嘲笑 |
| snack | Understanding snack is essential for grasping this concept. | n.零食 |
| sneak | The concept of sneak appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.潜行 |
| snail | Ugh! I almost stepped on a snail. | n.蜗牛 |
| snobbish | He is really snobbish because he only befriends the rich. | n.势利的 |
| snore | We frequently encounter snore in everyday discussions. | n.打鼾 |
| snob | This snob is demonstrating the right way to brown-nose. | n.势利小人 |
| negotiate | negotiate plays an important role in this field. | n.谈判 |
| negligence | It was entirely his negligence because he didn't see the pedestrian on the road. | n.疏忽 |
| neighbouring | China and Russia are neighbouring countries. | n.邻近的 |
| neutron | Learning about neutron provides valuable insights. | n.中子 |
| neglect | The professor explained how neglect applies to real situations. | n.忽视 |
| negative | I don't like being around negative people. | adj.负面的 |
| neutral | She remained neutral in the argument because she didn't care. | adj.中立的 |
| negligible | Compared to his pocket money, this amount is negligible. | adj.微不足道的 |
| irrespective | irrespective is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.不顾 |
| irregularity | Students study irregularity as part of their curriculum. | n.不规则性 |
| irony | Understanding irony is essential for grasping this concept. | n.讽刺 |
| ironically | ironically, there is a sign on this road that tells you there are no signs on the road. | adv.讽刺地 |
| irritate | The concept of irritate appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.激怒 |
| irreversible | Unless we act quickly, global warming will become irreversible. | adj.不可逆的 |
| irrigation | Farmers have a new irrigation system to water their fields. | n.灌溉 |
| quiver | We frequently encounter quiver in everyday discussions. | n.颤抖 |
| quantitative | Our quantitative analysis shows that profits are indeed increasing. | adj.定量的 |
| qualitative | qualitative plays an important role in this field. | adj.定性的 |
| queer | Learning about queer provides valuable insights. | n.奇怪的 |
| quantify | The professor explained how quantify applies to real situations. | v.量化 |
| quartz | The quartz crystal looks so beautiful under the light! | n.石英 |
| quota | Some companies have a quota for the number of female employees. | n.配额 |
| quart | Our family drinks a quart of milk every day (about one liter). | n.夸脱 |
| questionable | He says he loves me, but the sincerity of it is questionable. | adj.可疑的 |
| quench | quench is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.熄灭 |
| quaint | Students study quaint as part of their curriculum. | n.古怪的 |
| qualification | Understanding qualification is essential for grasping this concept. | n.资格 |
| quest | Sun Wukong went on a quest for ancient Buddhist scriptures. | n.探索 |
| questionnaire | Please fill out this survey questionnaire to help us improve our services. | n.问卷 |
| nightmare | The concept of nightmare appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.噩梦 |
| nil | We frequently encounter nil in everyday discussions. | n.无 |
| nickel | The 5-cent coin in the United States is called a nickel because it is made of nickel. | n.镍 |
| nickname | Xiao Ming happily accepted the nickname 'Er Que'. | n.昵称 |
| hybrid | The ancestors of this hybrid must have had a strange history. | n.混合 |
| hymn | We sang a hymn in church today. | n.赞美诗 |
| hysterical | Mr. Ma is known for his hysterical expressions. | adj.歇斯底里的 |
| hypothesis | There is a hypothesis that all land was once part of a single continent. | n.假设 |
| hydraulic | hydraulic plays an important role in this field. | adj.液压的 |
| hydrocarbon | Learning about hydrocarbon provides valuable insights. | n.烃 |
| icy | Please keep my drink icy cold. | n.冰冷的 |
| iceberg | The Titanic hit an iceberg, which was very unfortunate. | n.冰山 |
| butt | Who left a cigarette butt here? That's annoying! | n.屁股 |
| buck | A buck must compete with many rivals to find a mate. | n.公羊 |
| bulk | The professor explained how bulk applies to real situations. | n.大量 |
| bushel | How much is a bushel of apples? | n.蒲式耳 |
| burial | burial is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.埋葬 |
| budget | The total of the shopping list exceeded my budget. | n.预算 |
| burner | There should be a burner in the kitchen for cooking. | n.燃烧器 |
| burden | Students study burden as part of their curriculum. | v.负担 |
| bug | Understanding bug is essential for grasping this concept. | n.虫子 |
| bud | Although the flower hasn't bloomed yet, I can see the bud. | n.芽 |
| Buddhism | The person sitting there practices Buddhism. | n.佛教 |
| bull | The concept of bull appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.公牛 |
| bust | The bust of Pythagoras commemorates this great ancient Greek mathematician. | n.破产 |
| bully | The bully in school always make other children's lives miserable. | adv.欺凌者 |
| buffer | We frequently encounter buffer in everyday discussions. | n.缓冲器 |
| bugle | This man is blowing a bugle at the concert. | n.号角 |
| burglar | Officer, I think there's a burglar in my house. | n.窃贼 |
| bureaucracy | bureaucracy always makes people go through unnecessary procedures. | n.官僚主义 |
| buzz | buzz plays an important role in this field. | n.嗡嗡声 |
| budge | Learning about budge provides valuable insights. | n.移动 |
| bunch | I gave her a bunch of flowers on Valentine's Day. | n.束 |
| bump | The professor explained how bump applies to real situations. | n.撞击 |
| bulletin | Everyone should be wary of the pervert on the bulletin board! | n.公告 |
| obstacle | obstacle is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.障碍 |
| obtain | Students study obtain as part of their curriculum. | n.获得 |
| objective | Understanding objective is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.目标 |
| obscure | The concept of obscure appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.模糊的 |
| objection | He wrote a big 'No' on his hand to indicate his objection. | n.异议 |
| obedient | The dog is very obedient, doing whatever the little boy tells it to. | adj.服从的 |
| obscene | That girl's actions are obscene, she should learn to be more polite. | n.淫秽的 |
| obsolete | Grandfather's old radio is now obsolete. | n.过时的 |
| object | We frequently encounter object in everyday discussions. | n.物体 |
| obstinate | obstinate plays an important role in this field. | n.顽固的 |
| obligation | Learning about obligation provides valuable insights. | n.义务 |
| cylinder | Do you know how to calculate the volume of a cylinder? | n.圆筒 |
| cyber | The professor explained how cyber applies to real situations. | n.网络的 |
| cynical | Holding that cynical view, he is very disappointed with society. | adj.愤世嫉俗的 |
| cycle | This diagram shows the water cycle process. | n.循环 |
| satisfactorily | satisfactorily is commonly used in professional terminology. | adv.令人满意地 |
| saturation | Students study saturation as part of their curriculum. | n.饱和 |
| savage | Understanding savage is essential for grasping this concept. | n.野蛮的 |
| sample | I need your blood sample to determine if you are sick. | n.样本 |
| saint | This saint will be remembered by the world for his generosity. | n.圣人 |
| sanction | The concept of sanction appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.制裁 |
| sacrifice | This warrior is prepared to sacrifice himself in war to save others. | n.牺牲 |
| salmon | We frequently encounter salmon in everyday discussions. | n.鲑鱼 |
| salute | Kim Jong-un's salute to the crowd was not at all standard. | n.敬礼 |
| sauce | sauce plays an important role in this field. | n.酱汁 |
| safeguard | Police should safeguard the public. | n.保护措施 |
| sacred | This temple is sacred to millions of people. | n.神圣的 |
| sardine | Learning about sardine provides valuable insights. | n.沙丁鱼 |
| saturate | The professor explained how saturate applies to real situations. | n.饱和 |
| Saturn | Saturn is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.土星 |
| salvation | Christians believe that if you believe in Jesus, you can achieve salvation. | n.救赎 |
| latitude | Students study latitude as part of their curriculum. | n.纬度 |
| label | The label shows the detailed information of the clothes. | n.标签 |
| lame | I became lame after the accident and need my hands to help me walk. | n.跛的 |
| lane | Understanding lane is essential for grasping this concept. | n.小路 |
| landscape | The concept of landscape appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.风景 |
| latent | We frequently encounter latent in everyday discussions. | adj.潜在的 |
| lace | lace plays an important role in this field. | n.蕾丝 |
| layman | That player is a layman; he kicks the ball with his hands. | n.门外汉 |
| lash | Learning about lash provides valuable insights. | n.鞭打 |
| layer | Each layer of the cake has a different color. | n.层次 |
| lattice | This lattice would look great in our garden. | n.格子 |
| lathe | These parts were made on a lathe. | n.车床 |
| ignorance | The professor explained how ignorance applies to real situations. | n.无知 |
| ignite | I used a match to ignite the rest of the matches. | n.点燃 |
| ignore | ignore is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.忽视 |
| aviation | Students study aviation as part of their curriculum. | n.航空 |
| availability | Understanding availability is essential for grasping this concept. | n.可用性 |
| available | The white seats are all available. | adj.可获得的 |
| avoid | The concept of avoid appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.避免 |
| avert | We frequently encounter avert in everyday discussions. | n.转移 |
| senseless | senseless plays an important role in this field. | adj.无意义的 |
| semester | I have ten classes this semester. | n.学期 |
| sentiment | Learning about sentiment provides valuable insights. | adj.情感 |
| sediment | There's a lot of sediment deposited in this river. | adj.沉积物 |
| seaside | I hope we can go on vacation to the seaside. | n.海滨 |
| senator | The professor explained how senator applies to real situations. | n.参议员 |
| seaport | seaport is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.海港 |
| sensible | It's sensible to avoid drinking too much alcohol and smoking too much. | adj.明智的 |
| severe | Students study severe as part of their curriculum. | n.严重的 |
| sergeant | Because I was a good soldier, they promoted me to sergeant. | adj.中士 |
| sequence | The moon phases change every month in a predictable sequence. | n.序列 |
| seemingly | Understanding seemingly is essential for grasping this concept. | adv.似乎 |
| sensation | The concept of sensation appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.感觉 |
| serpent | We frequently encounter serpent in everyday discussions. | adj.蛇 |
| settlement | settlement plays an important role in this field. | adj.定居点 |
| security | You must go through security checks to enter the airport. | n.安全 |
| sexual | Learning about sexual provides valuable insights. | adj.性的 |
| sermon | The professor explained how sermon applies to real situations. | n.布道 |
| segment | Our company occupies a small segment of the market. | adj.段 |
| sensitivity | sensitivity is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.敏感性 |
| sensor | Students study sensor as part of their curriculum. | n.传感器 |
| series | Understanding series is essential for grasping this concept. | n.系列 |
| seam | The seam of this book has been sewn up. | n.接缝 |
| settle | College students are settle into their new dormitories. | n.定居 |
| segregate | The concept of segregate appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.隔离 |
| sensitive | He is very sensitive; even a very ordinary question might hurt him. (I'm such a fragile heart~) | adj.敏感的 |
| sector | We frequently encounter sector in everyday discussions. | n.部门 |
| setback | The foot injury was a major setback in his athletic career. | n.挫折 |
| seminar | People who attended the seminar learned a lot. | n.研讨会 |
| attract | attract plays an important role in this field. | n.吸引 |
| atlas | The atlas contains information about all countries in the world. | n.地图集 |
| attachment | I sent my resume as an attachment. | adj.附件 |
| attitude | This service person has a really bad attitude! | n.态度 |
| attain | Learning about attain provides valuable insights. | n.达到 |
| attendance | attendance at this meeting is mandatory for everyone. | n.出席 |
| attack | The professor explained how attack applies to real situations. | n.攻击 |
| attendant | attendant is commonly used in professional terminology. | adj.出席者 |
| attempt | Students study attempt as part of their curriculum. | n.尝试 |
| attach | You should attach your name to your luggage. | n.附加 |
| attorney | Understanding attorney is essential for grasping this concept. | n.律师 |
| atmosphere | We should protect the atmosphere and curb global warming. | n.大气 |
| athlete | He used to be an excellent athlete, very fast. | n.运动员 |
| attractive | The concept of attractive appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.吸引人的 |
| tactics | The coach devised different tactics before the soccer match. | n.策略 |
| tan | People lie down in the sun to tan their bodies. | n.晒黑 |
| tanker | I use this blue tanker to deliver oil to customers. | n.油轮 |
| tackle | We frequently encounter tackle in everyday discussions. | n.处理 |
| tack | tack plays an important role in this field. | n.大头针 |
| tact | That little monk is famous for his tact in dealing with problems. | n.机智 |
| tangle | Learning about tangle provides valuable insights. | n.纠缠 |
| tame | Don't worry, this lion is tame and won't hurt you. | n.驯服 |
| tar | They use tar to pave the road, making it smoother and more durable. | n.焦油 |
| tabulate | The professor explained how tabulate applies to real situations. | n.列表 |
| target | Great! I hit the target, right in the bull's eye! | n.目标 |
| tablet | This ancient tablet dates back to the Roman era. | n.药片 |
| taper | taper is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.变细 |
| pharmacy | You can find any medication you need at the local pharmacy. | n.药房 |
| photoelectric | Students study photoelectric as part of their curriculum. | adj.光电 |
| phenomenon | The Northern Lights are a wonderful natural phenomenon. | n.现象 |
| physiological | The teacher was giving a lesson on physiological knowledge. | adj.生理学的 |
| photography | He has an office job, but his interest is photography. | n.摄影 |
| phase | Understanding phase is essential for grasping this concept. | n.阶段 |
| windmill | The concept of windmill appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.风车 |
| wield | We frequently encounter wield in everyday discussions. | n.挥舞 |
| withdraw | I want to withdraw $500 from this ATM. | n.撤回 |
| willingness | They have a strong willingness to help others. | n.愿意 |
| wink | wink plays an important role in this field. | n.眨眼 |
| willow | The long branches of the willow tree hang over the river. | n.柳树 |
| withhold | Learning about withhold provides valuable insights. | n.扣留 |
| witness | The little girl was the only witness to the accident. | n.目击者 |
| winding | Such a winding road, you need to drive carefully. | n.缠绕 |
| wither | The professor explained how wither applies to real situations. | n.枯萎 |
| lure | lure is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.诱饵 |
| lunar | Students study lunar as part of their curriculum. | n.月球的 |
| luxury | Paris is a great place to buy luxury items. | n.奢侈 |
| lubricate | I lubricate the parts of my car to make them work better. | n.润滑 |
| luminous | Understanding luminous is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.发光的 |
| luxurious | My apartment cost me a lot of money - I hope you think it's luxurious enough. | adj.豪华的 |
| luncheon | The luncheon offered a variety of dishes. | n.午餐会 |
| luggage | I put my cat on the luggage. | n.行李 |
| junk | I don't need any of this junk here. | n.废品 |
| judicial | The government's judicial department is responsible for interpreting the law. | adj.司法的 |
| jury | In court, the evidence of the crime was shown to the jury. | n.陪审团 |
| junction | The concept of junction appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.连接点 |
| jug | I like to drink a jug of milk every day. | n.壶 |
| Jupiter | We frequently encounter Jupiter in everyday discussions. | n.木星 |
| juggle | He's so good, how does he juggle so many balls at once? | n.耍杂技 |
| juvenile | juvenile plays an important role in this field. | n.青少年的 |
| vocational | I learned how to drive this at a vocational school. | adj.职业的 |
| voluntary | Blood donation is completely voluntary, no one will force you to do it. | adj.自愿的 |
| vocal | Learning about vocal provides valuable insights. | adj.声音的 |
| volunteer | 'Is there anyone willing to volunteer to clean the park?' 'I am.' | n.志愿者 |
| vow | The professor explained how vow applies to real situations. | n.誓言 |
| vowel | vowel is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.元音 |
| volume | I turned up the radio volume to listen to the broadcast. | n.体积 |
| vocation | Students study vocation as part of their curriculum. | n.职业 |
| dynamo | Understanding dynamo is essential for grasping this concept. | n.发电机 |
| aesthetic | The concept of aesthetic appears frequently in academic contexts. | adj.美学的 |
| aerospace | I work in the aerospace field—I've been interested in space exploration since I was a child. | n.航空航天 |
| aerial | This is an aerial view of our city. (It really is a bird's eye view!) | adj.航空的 |
| twist | The correct way to eat this biscuit is to twist, lick, and then dunk. | n.扭曲 |
| twilight | As the sun set, the countryside looked very beautiful in the twilight. | n.黄昏 |
| twinkle | We frequently encounter twinkle in everyday discussions. | n.闪烁 |
| equator | The equator divides the Earth into the Southern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere. | n.赤道 |
| equality | equality plays an important role in this field. | n.平等 |
| equivalent | Learning about equivalent provides valuable insights. | adj.等价物 |
| equilibrium | The professor explained how equilibrium applies to real situations. | n.平衡 |
| equip | equip is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.装备 |
| ivory | Students study ivory as part of their curriculum. | n.象牙 |
| naive | Don't be naive, he doesn't really love you. | n.天真的 |
| napkin | Oh dear, you've got something on your face. Here, take a napkin and wipe it off. | n.餐巾 |
| narrative | The narrative of this novel is captivating; I can't wait to know the ending. | adj.叙述 |
| nasty | Understanding nasty is essential for grasping this concept. | n.恶劣的 |
| navigation | The concept of navigation appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.导航 |
| narration | Her narration of the story makes the characters come alive. | n.叙述 |
| hike | Let's go hike in the mountains today, what great weather! | n.徒步旅行 |
| highlight | You should highlight all the most important parts of the text. | n.突出 |
| historian | We frequently encounter historian in everyday discussions. | n.历史学家 |
| historic | historic plays an important role in this field. | adj.历史的 |
| hierarchy | In the hierarchy, I am at the top, everyone has to obey my commands. | n.等级制度 |
| hinder | Learning about hinder provides valuable insights. | n.阻碍 |
| hindrance | The blocked sidewalk became a hindrance for the blind monk Li Qing. | n.障碍 |
| hinge | The door opens with the hinge as the pivot. | n.铰链 |
| hitherto | The professor explained how hitherto applies to real situations. | n.迄今为止 |
| hiss | hiss is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.嘶嘶声 |
| episode | The first episode of the TV series is now playing. | n.插曲 |
| epidemic | Students study epidemic as part of their curriculum. | adj.流行病 |
| epilogue | The epilogue of this book helped me understand some of my questions about it. | n.尾声 |
| epoch | Understanding epoch is essential for grasping this concept. | n.时代 |
| affirm | The concept of affirm appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.肯定 |
| affection | This couple expresses affection with hugs and kisses. | n.感情 |
| afford | We frequently encounter afford in everyday discussions. | n.负担得起 |
| afflict | Headaches afflict her. | n.折磨 |
| affluent | My husband is very affluent and always buys me expensive gifts. | adj.富裕的 |
| illiterate | An illiterate person cannot read. | n.文盲的 |
| illegal | It is illegal to occupy the bus lane! | adj.非法的 |
| illuminate | At night, streetlights illuminate the entire street. | n.照亮 |
| illustrate | illustrate plays an important role in this field. | n.说明 |
| illusion | Learning about illusion provides valuable insights. | n.幻觉 |
| illegible | The professor explained how illegible applies to real situations. | adj.难以辨认的 |
| goddess | She is my dream lady, my goddess. | n.女神 |
| gown | The bride wore a beautiful white wedding gown. | n.长袍 |
| gorgeous | The costumes in this TV series are very gorgeous. (Unfortunately, most of the time we only see the big head\>.\<) | adj.华丽的 |
| gossip | Girls like to share the latest gossip with each other. | n.闲言碎语 |
| amusement | We had a lot of fun at the amusement park. | adj.娱乐 |
| ambition | As a powerful man, his political ambition was to unify the Three Kingdoms. | n.雄心 |
| amends | amends is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.赔偿 |
| amend | Students study amend as part of their curriculum. | n.修改 |
| amateur | This office worker is also an amateur player. | n.业余爱好者 |
| ambitious | Although no longer young, this businessman still has ambitious plans. | adj.有抱负的 |
| ambassador | The Chinese ambassador gave a speech in the United States. | n.大使 |
| amplitude | This machine shows the change in amplitude. | n.振幅 |
| amplify | You can use a loudspeaker to amplify the sound. | v.放大 |
| ammunition | Without ammunition, this gun is useless. | n.弹药 |
| ample | Understanding ample is essential for grasping this concept. | n.充足的 |
| utilization | The concept of utilization appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.利用 |
| utmost | I drove my car to the utmost speed—it was too fast. | n.极度的 |
| utensil | We frequently encounter utensil in everyday discussions. | n.器具 |
| utilize | It's better to utilize waste than to throw it away as garbage. | v.使用 |
| upgrade | The Peashooter needs to absorb enough sunlight to upgrade. | n.升级 |
| update | update this software to use new features. | n.更新 |
| uproar | uproar plays an important role in this field. | n.喧嚣 |
| upright | Besides humans, only a few animals can stand upright. | n.正直的 |
| aisle | There was an aisle in the middle of the church. | n.过道 |
| aid | I cut myself, I need someone to help me, do you know first aid? | n.援助 |
| guy | Learning about guy provides valuable insights. | n.家伙 |
| guilt | The professor explained how guilt applies to real situations. | n.内疚 |
| guardian | guardian is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.监护人 |
| guideline | Students study guideline as part of their curriculum. | n.指导方针 |
| gust | A gust of wind almost blew up her skirt. | n.阵风 |
| gutter | Clean the gutter so that water can flow smoothly. | n.沟渠 |
| guarantee | A hundred words斩 will guarantee you to ace all English exams! | n.保证 |
| jingle | jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way~ | n.叮当声 |
| aggressive | She is very aggressive, always starting fights. | adj.好斗的 |
| agony | My back hurts so much, I'm in agony. | n.极度痛苦 |
| agreeable | Understanding agreeable is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.令人愉快的 |
| agitation | The concept of agitation appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.激动 |
| aggravate | We frequently encounter aggravate in everyday discussions. | n.加剧 |
| aggregate | aggregate plays an important role in this field. | n.集合 |
| agent | The agent helped us buy a new house. | n.代理人 |
| agenda | What items should we put on the agenda for the afternoon meeting? | n.议程 |
| yacht | Let's take the yacht out to sea today. | n.游艇 |
| eject | Learning about eject provides valuable insights. | n.弹出 |
| Egyptian | The professor explained how Egyptian applies to real situations. | n.埃及的 |
| ego | ego is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.自我 |
| erupt | Students study erupt as part of their curriculum. | n.爆发 |
| erect | Understanding erect is essential for grasping this concept. | n.竖立 |
| eruption | The scientist is observing the volcanic eruption with a telescope. | n.爆发 |
| erase | I wrote something wrong, let me erase it. | n.擦除 |
| erosion | This rock was carved by erosion over millions of years. | n.侵蚀 |
| errand | The concept of errand appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.差事 |
| erroneous | Sorry, the answer is erroneous. | adj.错误的 |
| occupation | We frequently encounter occupation in everyday discussions. | n.职业 |
| occur | occur plays an important role in this field. | n.发生 |
| occupy | This is how Chinese university students occupy seats. | n.占据 |
| occasional | Learning about occasional provides valuable insights. | adj.偶尔的 |
| edible | The professor explained how edible applies to real situations. | n.可食用的 |
| edit | I edit stories with a pencil. | n.编辑 |
| editorial | Have you read the editorial in the newspaper? | adj.社论 |
| circus | We saw many animals at the circus. | n.马戏团 |
| cite | cite is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.引用 |
| civilian | Students study civilian as part of their curriculum. | n.平民 |
| circumstance | Understanding circumstance is essential for grasping this concept. | n.环境 |
| circulation | The concept of circulation appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.循环 |
| ultrasonic | Bats can emit ultrasonic waves. | adj.超声波的 |
| ultimate | We frequently encounter ultimate in everyday discussions. | n.最终的 |
| ultraviolet | Western ladies like to use ultraviolet to get a sun-kissed complexion. | n.紫外线的 |
| axis | Each axis line in the chart represents a different dimension: X, Y, Z. | n.轴 |
| skeleton | Everyone has a skeleton inside their body. | n.骨架 |
| skull | The skull protects the brain from injury. | n.头骨 |
| skeptical | He told me he could fly, but of course, I was skeptical. | adj.怀疑的 |
| skip | skip plays an important role in this field. | n.跳过 |
| skyscraper | Learning about skyscraper provides valuable insights. | n.摩天大楼 |
| eternal | Humanity is on the eternal path of exploring the universe. | adj.永恒的 |
| ethical | His behavior raised ethical issues. | adj.伦理的 |
| ethnic | Many ethnic groups have their own traditional clothing. | adj.种族的 |
| ethics | The professor explained how ethics applies to real situations. | n.伦理学 |
| urban | I love the urban atmosphere, especially the night scenery. | n.城市的 |
| urine | urine is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.尿液 |
| urge | Students study urge as part of their curriculum. | n.冲动 |
| efficiency | Providing workers with wheelbarrows greatly increased work efficiency; now their efficiency is double what it was before. | n.效率 |
| effective | Makeup is very effective at hiding our physical flaws. | adj.有效的 |
| efficient | Understanding efficient is essential for grasping this concept. | adj.效率高的 |
| jail | I cheated the government, so they put me in jail. | n.监狱 |
| jack | I have a jack so I can lift the car when I need to repair it. | n.千斤顶 |
| yoke | The yoke around their necks connected the two cows together. | n.轭 |
| yolk | The recipe calls for separating the egg yolk from the egg white. | n.蛋黄 |
| youngster | The concept of youngster appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.年轻人 |
| knight | The knight protects our village from invasion. | n.骑士 |
| knit | We frequently encounter knit in everyday discussions. | n.编织 |
| knob | knob plays an important role in this field. | n.旋钮 |
| rhythm | I really like this rhythm, especially the drum part. | n.节奏 |
| oath | They swore an oath of loyalty to the party. | n.誓言 |
| oar | Learning about oar provides valuable insights. | n.桨 |
| dwarf | The professor explained how dwarf applies to real situations. | n.矮人 |
| dwell | dwell is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.居住 |
| olive | Students study olive as part of their curriculum. | n.橄榄 |
| xerox | Understanding xerox is essential for grasping this concept. | n.静电复印 |
| offense | Calling a young woman a 'leftover lady' is an offense. | n.进攻 |
| offspring | The concept of offspring appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.后代 |
| offset | The good and the bad offset each other. | n.抵消 |
| offensive | We frequently encounter offensive in everyday discussions. | adj.攻击性的 |
| eclipse | An eclipse occurs when the moon covers the sun. | n.日蚀 |
| economy | The economy is improving, and people have more money. | n.经济 |
| economic | China has achieved economic success in recent years. | adj.经济的 |
| economical | This small vehicle is very economical on gasoline. | adj.经济的 |
| economics | These books helped me understand economics better. | n.经济学 |
| ecology | We should protect the native ecology. | n.生态学 |
| psychiatrist | My psychiatrist introduced me to the dangers of depression. | n.精神科医生 |
| psychological | Heavy pressure has given that poor man psychological problems. | adj.心理学的 |
| psychology | I study psychology to understand how people think. | n.心理学 |
| yield | yield plays an important role in this field. | n.产量 |
| myth | Learning about myth provides valuable insights. | n.神话 |
| oxidize | The professor explained how oxidize applies to real situations. | v.氧化 |
| oxygen | The doctor put an oxygen mask on the patient to provide oxygen. | v.氧气 |
| item | item is commonly used in professional terminology. | n.项目 |
| itinerary | This is our itinerary for our trip to Europe. | adj.行程 |
| pneumatic | Students study pneumatic as part of their curriculum. | adj.气动的 |
| gnaw | Understanding gnaw is essential for grasping this concept. | n.啃 |
| ohm | The concept of ohm appears frequently in academic contexts. | n.欧姆 |
| awkward | Receiving a sheaf of barley, he felt a bit awkward. | n.尴尬的 |
| aware | We frequently encounter aware in everyday discussions. | n.意识到 |
| award | I can't believe I won the Best Actress award. | n.奖励 |
| owe | You dare to owe me a hundred!? I'll strip you bare! | n.欠 |
| owl | I hear an owl calling from the tree outside my room every night. | n.猫头鹰 |
| journalist | She finally realized her dream and became a journalist. | n.记者 |
| jog | Every morning, I jog for health. | n.慢跑 |
| tyrant | He likes to order everyone around闅忔剰ly, so we call him the little tyrant! | adj.暴君 |
| odor | odor plays an important role in this field. | n.气味 |
| oyster | Learning about oyster provides valuable insights. | n.牡蛎 |
| ion | Na+ is an ion because it has a different number of protons and electrons. | n.离子 |
英语语法:since 的用法与过去完成时
由《六级英语每日一练》2026-08-30 阅读精读(美国梦主题短文)提炼而来。原始记录见
10-项目/!六级英语每日一练/2026-08-30.md。
一句话本质
- since 作时间状语:锚定"自某时刻/动作起",主句动作从该时刻延续至今 -> 配现在完成时。
- 过去完成时:表达"过去的过去"已完成的动作,必须有一个过去的参照点托住。
核心内容(用自己的话)
一、since 作时间(自某时刻/动作以来)—— 三种时态搭配
- 主句(现在完成时)+ since + 从句(一般过去时)
- They have lived here since they got married.
- 主句(现在完成时)+ since + 过去的时间点/时间名词
- I have known him since 2018 / since childhood.
- It is/has been + 时间段 + since + 从句(一般过去时)
- It has been three years since I left school.
阅读原句(美国梦主题):
The dream of individual opportunity has been at home in America since Europeans discovered a "new world" in the Western Hemisphere.
- 主句
has been at home(现在完成时)+ since +discovered(一般过去时)-> 套用搭配 1 - 词组:
individual opportunity个人机会;be at home根植于/深入人心;Western Hemisphere西半球
二、since 表原因("由于""既然")
- Since everyone is here, let's begin the meeting.
三、过去完成时(had + 过去分词)—— 四种用法
- 过去某时间/动作之前已完成的动作("过去的过去")
- When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.
- 与时间状语(by / by the time / before / until)连用
- By the end of last year, he had ~~wrote~~ written three books.
- (
write三态:write -> wrote -> written,过去分词用 written 不是 wrote)
- 宾语从句 / 间接引语中表过去(主句过去,从句动作在其之前)
- She said that she had seen the movie before.
- 虚拟语气中与过去事实相反(条件状语从句)
- If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.
坑与最佳实践
- since 从句用一般过去时,不用完成时(易错:
since they have got married[错误] ->got[正确]) - 过去完成时必须有过去参照点:单独
had done不交代时间参照会突兀,要配when/by/before等 - write 的过去分词是 written 不是 wrote(原句踩坑 ~~wrote~~ -> written)
- since 一词两义(时间 / 原因),看上下文判断;句首时更常见表原因
相关与复习
- 来源:2026-08-30 每日记录
- 同项目:六级英语每日一练 项目说明
- 复习日期:2026-09-06
AI 对话防断连方案(tmux 自动包裹 + 终端调优)
目标
在远程服务器上运行 AI 对话类 CLI(pi / claude / opencode)时,同时满足三点:
- 防中断 —— SSH 掉线、VS Code 窗口关闭、本地网络抖动,都不打断正在进行的 AI 对话。
- 不卡顿 —— 对话界面颜色正常、无花屏;按
ESC、Ctrl+Enter、Shift+Enter无延迟、不被吞键。 - 鼠标滚轮翻历史 + 选择复制粘贴 —— 用 pi 的 fullscreen TUI 模式:滚轮滚动对话记录、拖选即复制;tmux 不劫持鼠标。
原理
把交互式 AI 命令自动包进一个「每项目一个」的持久 tmux 会话:
- 命令在 tmux 会话里运行,SSH 断了只是「离开」会话,进程继续跑;
- 重新登录后,在同一目录再敲一次命令(如
pi),会自动 attach 回原会话,续上刚才的对话; - 会话名按项目目录推导(
<工具>-<目录名>-<cksum4>),不同项目互不干扰; - 已存在同名会话时只 attach、绝不重复启动,避免一个项目跑出多个进程。
终端体验由 .tmux.conf 统一调优(真彩色、escape-time、extended-keys、OSC52 剪贴板):鼠标由 tmux-scroll-toggle 管理(固定滚动模式滚轮翻历史)——pi 的 fullscreen 模式用自己的滚轮滚动对话记录、拖选复制,tmux 透传不拦截(见下文「浏览上下文」)。
组成
| 文件 | 作用 |
|---|---|
.tmux.conf | tmux 终端调优:真彩色、回滚缓冲、按键延迟、鼠标由 tmux-scroll-toggle 管理(滚轮翻历史+拖选复制+右键不弹菜单)、键盘翻历史、OSC52 剪贴板、崩溃恢复 |
pi-tmux.sh | 包裹 pi:自动进持久 tmux 会话 + 数字槽位 + 实例数上限守卫 |
claude-tmux.sh | 包裹 claude:自动进持久 tmux 会话 + 数字槽位 + 内存/OOM 守卫 |
opencode-tmux.sh | 包裹 opencode:自动进持久 tmux 会话 + 数字槽位 + 实例数上限守卫 + Ctrl+C 后一键续会话 |
tmux-cleanup.sh | 定时回收「已 detach 且空闲超时」的会话,释放内存(cron 运行) |
wheel-scroll-speed.sh | pi 滚轮速度补丁:每格滚动行数 1→3(PI_WHEEL_SCROLL_LINES 可调),修复 tmux 容器内滚轮翻阅上下文卡顿 |
配套系统层(可选,推荐):
- 加 swap(防内存不足触发 OOM 杀掉会话进程);
- sshd 保活(
ClientAliveInterval降低掉线频率); - 客户端 SSH 心跳(
ServerAliveInterval)。
配套脚本与配置已移至
50-资源/工具/AI对话防断连/(部署前先进入该目录再执行下面的复制命令)。本文档为方案说明保留在本容器的20-知识/。
部署
1. 安装 tmux 与插件
sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y tmux
# TPM + resurrect + continuum(用于「重启后恢复会话」)
git clone https://github.com/tmux-plugins/tpm ~/.tmux/plugins/tpm首次进入 tmux 后按 prefix + I(默认 Ctrl+b 然后 I)安装 .tmux.conf 里声明的插件。
2. 放置配置文件
cp .tmux.conf ~/.tmux.conf
cp pi-tmux.sh ~/.pi-tmux.sh
cp claude-tmux.sh ~/.claude-tmux.sh
cp opencode-tmux.sh ~/.opencode-tmux.sh
mkdir -p ~/claude-anti-drop
cp tmux-cleanup.sh ~/claude-anti-drop/tmux-cleanup.sh3. 让包裹脚本生效(~/.bashrc 末尾追加)
[ -f ~/.claude-tmux.sh ] && . ~/.claude-tmux.sh
[ -f ~/.opencode-tmux.sh ] && . ~/.opencode-tmux.sh
[ -f ~/.pi-tmux.sh ] && . ~/.pi-tmux.sh重新开一个 shell(或 source ~/.bashrc)后生效。
4. 定时清理空闲会话(可选)
crontab -e
# 每小时运行一次
0 * * * * /bin/bash /home/$USER/claude-anti-drop/tmux-cleanup.sh5. 系统层加固(可选)
# swap(防 OOM)
sudo fallocate -l 8G /swapfile && sudo chmod 600 /swapfile \
&& sudo mkswap /swapfile && sudo swapon /swapfile \
&& echo '/swapfile none swap sw 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
# sshd 保活
echo -e 'ClientAliveInterval 30\nClientAliveCountMax 3' \
| sudo tee /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/99-keepalive.conf
sudo systemctl reload ssh6. 修复 pi 全屏滚轮卡顿(每格只滚 1 行问题)
pi 全屏模式默认每个滚轮事件只滚 1 行,远程终端往返多时翻阅上下文明显卡顿。打补丁把默认提到 3 行,并支持环境变量调节:
# 补丁脚本需放在 ~/.pi/agent/patches/ 下运行(改的是 pi 内置 pi-tui 包)
mkdir -p ~/.pi/agent/patches
cp wheel-scroll-speed.sh ~/.pi/agent/patches/
bash ~/.pi/agent/patches/wheel-scroll-speed.sh # 需 sudo,幂等可重跑
# 可选:调节每格行数(默认 3;触控板可试 2,滚轮鼠标可试 5)
# export PI_WHEEL_SCROLL_LINES=3 # 写进 ~/.bashrc注意: pi update / pi update self 会覆盖系统文件,升级后需重跑补丁脚本(脚本幂等;模式不匹配时会报错提示手动检查)。同类的还有 ~/.pi/agent/patches/sort-models-by-model.sh(模型菜单按模型名排序)。
验证
# 1) 脚本语法
bash -n ~/.pi-tmux.sh ~/.claude-tmux.sh ~/.opencode-tmux.sh
# 2) 在项目目录敲 pi / claude,应进入 tmux(echo $TMUX 非空);
# 另一个终端再敲一次同一命令,应 attach 回同一会话,而非新开进程。
# 3) 鼠标:固定滚动模式(mouse on)下拖拽选中文字即复制、松开不跳输入行。
# 3b) 键盘翻历史:Ctrl+b [ 进入 copy 模式,PageUp/PageDown 翻页,q 退出回实时画面。
# 4) 按键:在 TUI 里按 ESC / Ctrl+Enter,应无延迟、不吞键。
# 5) 崩溃恢复(可选):重启 tmux 服务后,resurrect/continuum 恢复会话。浏览上下文(滚轮 + 键盘)
首选:pi 的 fullscreen TUI 模式。在 pi 里输入 /settings,把 TUI mode 设为 fullscreen(立即生效,并作为默认),或设置 tuiMode: "fullscreen"。此模式下 pi 自己接管视口:
| 操作 | 方式 |
|---|---|
| 滚轮滚动对话记录 | 鼠标滚轮 / 触控板 |
| 选择文本并复制 | 鼠标拖选(自动复制到剪贴板) |
| 翻页 | PageUp / PageDown |
| 到顶部 / 到底部 | Home / End |
| 搜索记录 | Ctrl+Shift+F |
| 上/下一条消息 | Ctrl+Shift+↑ / Ctrl+Shift+↓ |
fullscreen 模式下滚轮事件直达 pi(tmux 不拦截),拖选由 pi 处理。每格滚动行数由补丁控制(默认 3 行,
PI_WHEEL_SCROLL_LINES可调,见部署第 6 步)。
claude / opencode 等无自带滚轮的 TUI:用 tmux-scroll-toggle 插件(本地插件 ~/.tmux/plugins/tmux-scroll-toggle/)。固定 mouse on(滚动模式):滚轮翻历史、拖拽选中文字并复制、松开不跳输入框。
| 操作 | 方式 |
|---|---|
| 滚轮翻历史 | 滚轮 → copy-mode,滚到底自动退出 |
| 拖拽选中 | 选中文字高亮并复制,松开不跳输入行 |
| 右键 | 不弹菜单(应用请求鼠标时透传,否则仅聚焦 pane) |
| 退出选中状态回输入 | q / Esc |
| 兜底:tmux copy 模式 | Ctrl+b [,vim 键位 j/k/g/G/?//,q 退出 |
回滚
# 注释 ~/.bashrc 里的 3 行 source,重新开 shell 即回到裸命令。
# 删掉配置文件:
rm -f ~/.tmux.conf ~/.pi-tmux.sh ~/.claude-tmux.sh ~/.opencode-tmux.sh说明
- 三个包裹脚本只拦截「交互式」入口;
pi -p、claude -p、opencode run等非交互子命令原样透传,不影响脚本化/流水线调用。 - 三个包裹脚本都支持「数字槽位并行」:
pi 2/claude 2/opencode 2在同一目录开第 2 个独立会话(会话名追加-2)。 claude-tmux.sh内含内存守卫:并行实例数 ≥ 上限、或可用内存(RAM+swap)低于阈值时拒绝新开实例,防止 OOM 断连;可用CLAUDE_FORCE=1单次绕过。pi-tmux.sh/opencode-tmux.sh同样有「实例数上限」守卫(PI_FORCE=1/OPENCODE_FORCE=1绕过)。- 该方案保证的是「进程不因掉线而死」,恢复后靠工具自带的续会话能力(如
--resume/--continue)接上历史,不是内存级进程快照。 - 坑:tmux
-t前缀匹配致槽位串台(2026-08-19 已修)。tmux 对 target-session 找不到精确匹配时按前缀解析:slot1 会话名pi-<目录>-<cksum>恰是 slot2/3(…-2/…-3)的前缀,于是pi/pi 1会误判「会话已存在」直接 attach 进-2会话——表现为pi 1/pi 2/pi 3打开的是同一个容器。修复:三个包裹脚本的has-session/attach目标统一加=前缀(tmux has-session -t "=$sname"/tmux attach -t "=$sname")强制精确匹配(tmux 语法,见 man tmux COMMANDS)。自检:tmux has-session -t pi-X-2399(不带=)在仅有-2会话时误报存在、带=正确报不存在,即为命中此坑。 - 上下文回看首选 pi fullscreen 模式(滚轮翻记录 + 拖选复制);claude/opencode 等无自带滚轮的 TUI 用
tmux-scroll-toggle插件(固定滚动模式滚轮翻历史 + 拖选复制);两者都不满足时用 tmux copy 模式(Ctrl+b [)回看。
CI/CD 与 GitHub Actions 实战
目标:先用比喻讲透 CI/CD 到底在解决什么,再从零给一个 Node.js 项目配上 GitHub Actions 自动化流水线,最后把 YAML 语法 / 触发器 / Jobs 与 Steps / 环境变量这四块细节拆开讲清。 本文的固定写法:每个概念按「为解决什么痛点而生 / 一句话定义 / 大白话注解」三段给出,再展开细节。关联阅读:课 0005 测试夹具(流水线里跑的"验收清单")、课 0004 Node.js / npm / pnpm(
npm ci/ lockfile)、课 0001 CLI / TUI / GUI(三者混淆时的分界)。
一句话速览
| 名称 | 一句话定义 | 为解决什么痛点而生 |
|---|---|---|
| CI(持续集成) | 每次提交都把代码合并进主干,并自动跑构建与测试来验证 | 多人各写各的分支,临发布才合并 → "合并地狱"与最后一刻爆炸 |
| 持续交付(CD,Delivery) | 在 CI 基础上,自动把通过验证的产物打包成随时可发布的状态 | 发布要人工打包、手工填一堆参数,流程不可重复 |
| 持续部署(CD,Deployment) | 在持续交付基础上,自动把产物部署到线上,无需人工点确认 | 每次上线都靠人守着点按钮,慢且易错 |
| 流水线(pipeline) | 一串"拉代码 → 装依赖 → 检查 → 测试 → 打包 → 部署"的自动化阶段 | 这些步骤原本靠人按文档手动敲,漏一步就出事 |
| Workflow(工作流) | GitHub Actions 里的一个自动化流程定义(.github/workflows/*.yml) | 需要有个地方把"何时触发、做什么"写下来 |
| Job(作业) | 工作流里的一段任务,跑在一台独立机器上 | 任务要隔离:一个挂了不该影响另一个,还要能并行 |
| Step(步骤) | Job 里的一步操作(跑命令 or 调用现成 Action) | 任务要拆成可读、可定位的原子操作 |
| Action(动作) | 别人写好、可复用的"一块功能"(如检出代码、装 Node) | 每个仓库都重写一遍检出/缓存逻辑纯属浪费 |
| Runner(运行器) | 真正执行 Job 的那台机器(GitHub 托管或自建) | 需要有人提供干净、可随时重建的执行环境 |
一、概念解析:用比喻讲透 CI 与 CD
1.1 先看"没有 CI/CD 的世界"
假设三个人协作写一个项目,传统做法是:
- 各人在自己的分支上写几天;
- 发布前,分别往主干合并 —— 冲突集中爆发,谁也不确定合完还能不能跑;
- 手工跑测试、手工打包、手工上传服务器;
- 上线后发现 bug,却说不清"是哪次改动引入的"。
问题不在"人不够勤奋",而在于:反馈太晚、动作靠人、过程不可复现。
1.2 CI(持续集成)
为解决什么痛点而生:多人各自开发,代码越攒越久才合并 —— 冲突越攒越大、集成问题挤在发布前集中爆发;而且"合完能不能用"没人自动告诉你,只能靠人记得测。 一句话定义:持续集成是要求开发者频繁地把代码合入主干,并且每次合入都由机器自动完成构建与测试的工程实践。 大白话注解:别攒着,写完一点就交一点,而且每次交作业都有人当场批改,错了立刻知道。
用做菜来类比:
| 传统方式 | 持续集成 |
|---|---|
| 每个人在家把整道菜做完,端到宴席才拼盘 | 每人只负责一道小菜,每做好一样就尝一口 |
| 拼盘时才发现咸淡不搭、有人买了同样的菜 | 味道不对当场发现,立刻调整 |
| 靠厨师长记性保证质量 | 有一套固定口味的品控流程,自动执行 |
CI 的核心动作只有三步:拉最新代码 → 装依赖 → 跑检查(构建 + 测试)。它的价值在于把反馈时间从"几天"压到"几分钟"。
三条让 CI 真正生效的前提:
- 提交要小要频繁(一天多次,而不是一周一次);
- 测试要快(慢测试跑不完,人就会绕开它);
- 坏了要立刻修(主干长期是红的,CI 就失去意义)。
1.3 CD 之一:持续交付(Delivery)
为解决什么痛点而生:代码验证通过了,但"上线"仍是手工活儿 —— 手动打包、手动传文件、手动改配置。步骤一多必然出错,且"上次是怎么发的"没人能完整复述。 一句话定义:持续交付是在 CI 通过后,自动把产物打包并准备好随时可发布,但最终发布由人决定的实践。 大白话注解:菜已经装盘、摆好、随时能上桌 —— 但什么时候端出去,还是你说了算。
1.4 CD 之二:持续部署(Deployment)
为解决什么痛点而生:即便打包自动化了,每次上线还要人守着点确认 —— 发布变成"少数人敢做的仪式",频率上不去、节奏跟不上市场。 一句话定义:持续部署是在持续交付基础上,让通过全部验证的产物自动进入生产环境,不需要人工确认的实践。 大白话注解:装好盘就自动端上桌,不需要谁再说一句"上菜"。 两个 CD 只差一步 —— 那一步叫"人工确认"。 团队先做到持续交付,等测试覆盖率、监控、回滚手段足够硬,再考虑把最后一步也自动化。
1.5 三者关系一张图
写代码 ──提交──> [CI] 构建 + 测试 ──通过──> [CD-交付] 打包 + 预备发布
│ │
失败就拦下 ┌────┴────┐
(别让坏代码往下走) 人工确认 自动发布
(持续交付) (持续部署)一句话总结:CI 管"合得进、跑得通",持续交付管"随时能发",持续部署管"自动去发"。三者是递进关系,不是三件互不相干的事。
1.6 收益要落到具体数字上
| 维度 | 没有流水线 | 有流水线 |
|---|---|---|
| 发现问题的时机 | 发布前集中爆发(数天~数周) | 提交后几分钟 |
| 回归测试耗时 | 人工点一遍,漏测靠运气 | 机器全跑,时间固定 |
| 发布动作 | 靠文档 + 记忆,步骤易漏 | 一条命令或自动触发 |
| 定位责任变更 | 翻提交记录猜 | 直接指向红掉的那次提交 |
| 新人上手 | 得找人带一遍发布流程 | 流水线就是可执行的流程文档 |
1.7 三个常见误区
- "跑个测试就叫 CI 了" —— CI 的前提是频繁合并;一天提交一次、一月合并一次,再多的测试也只是"批量验收"。
- "CD 就是每次提交都直接上生产" —— 那是持续部署,而且是团队成熟后的选项;多数团队需要的是持续交付。
- "流水线越快越好,所以跳过测试" —— 跳过之后,流水线就从"安全网"变成"心理安慰";正确做法是把慢测试分层(提交跑快的一层,合并/夜间跑全量)。
二、实战:从零给 Node.js 项目配上 GitHub Actions
2.1 认识 GitHub Actions 的骨架
| 概念 | 在文件里的位置 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| Workflow | .github/workflows/<名字>.yml 一个文件 | 顶层容器 |
| 触发器 | on: | 什么事件让它跑 |
| Job | jobs.<id>: | 跑在一台独立机器上的任务 |
| Step | jobs.<id>.steps[] | Job 内的一步 |
| Action | steps[].uses: | 复用别人写好的功能 |
新手最容易懵的一点:每个 Job 都是一台全新的、空的机器 —— 上一步 Job 拉下来的代码,下一个 Job 里不存在;想传文件得用 artifact,想传值得用 outputs。
2.2 前置:示例项目长什么样
my-app/
├─ src/
├─ test/
├─ package.json
├─ package-lock.json
└─ .github/
└─ workflows/
└─ ci.yml <-- 接下来要写的文件package.json 里准备好脚本(本地能跑,CI 才能跑):
{
"scripts": {
"lint": "eslint .",
"test": "vitest run",
"build": "tsc -p tsconfig.json"
}
}关键原则:CI 只调你本地也在用的同一条命令。若 CI 里另写一套参数,就变成了两个真相。
2.3 第一版:最小可用的 ci.yml
新建 .github/workflows/ci.yml:
name: CI
on:
push:
branches: [main]
pull_request:
branches: [main]
jobs:
test:
name: 构建与测试
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: 检出代码
uses: actions/checkout@v4
- name: 安装 Node.js
uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: 22
- name: 安装依赖
run: npm ci
- name: 代码检查
run: npm run lint
- name: 运行测试
run: npm test
- name: 构建
run: npm run build推上去之后:push 到 main、或有针对 main 的 PR 时,GitHub 会自动开一台 Ubuntu 机器把这几步跑一遍;结果出现在 PR 页面的 Checks 区域。
2.4 第二版:加缓存,把时间压下来
每次重新下载依赖是最常见的浪费。setup-node 自带缓存开关:
- name: 安装 Node.js
uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: 22
cache: npm缓存键默认按 package-lock.json 的哈希计算 —— 锁文件一改,缓存自动失效,不必手工操心。
为什么用 npm ci 而不是 npm install:
npm install | npm ci | |
|---|---|---|
| 依赖来源 | 按 package.json 求解,可能更新 lockfile | 严格按 lockfile 安装 |
| 结果确定性 | 可能装出与本地不同的版本 | 与 lockfile 完全一致 |
| 速度 | 较慢 | 较快(先删 node_modules) |
| 适用 | 本地开发(加新包) | CI 专用(要求 lockfile 存在) |
推理很直白:CI 的职责是"验证这份代码在锁定的依赖下能不能过",不是"顺便升个版本"。
2.5 第三版:矩阵测试(多 Node 版本 × 多系统)
库要给外部用,就得知道"哪些环境能跑":
jobs:
test:
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
strategy:
fail-fast: false # 一个组合挂了,别取消其他组合
matrix:
os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
node: [18, 20, 22]
exclude:
- os: macos-latest # 举例:macOS 上只测最新 Node
node: 18
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: ${{ matrix.node }}
cache: npm
- run: npm ci
- run: npm test一个 3×3 的矩阵会被展开成多个 Job 并行跑,matrix.os / matrix.node 用 ${{ }} 取值。
2.6 第四版:加一个"只在 main 上跑"的部署 Job
deploy:
name: 部署到生产
needs: test # 等 test 全部通过才跑
if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.event_name == 'push'
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
environment: production # 关联 GitHub 的 Environment(可设人工审批)
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: 22
cache: npm
- run: npm ci
- run: npm run build
- name: 部署
env:
DEPLOY_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.DEPLOY_TOKEN }}
run: ./scripts/deploy.sh三个关键点:
needs: test—— Job 之间有顺序;不加就并行,可能"坏代码也部署"。if:—— 只在 main 分支的 push 上部署,PR 不部署。environment: production—— 可在仓库设置里给这个环境配必须人工批准,于是"持续交付"与"持续部署"的差别就落在这一个选项上。
2.7 第五版:让 Job 之间传文件(artifact)
- name: 上传构建产物
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: dist
path: dist/
smoke:
needs: test
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
with:
name: dist
- run: ls -la dist注意:artifact 是用来"在 Job 之间搬运文件"和"留证给人事后下载查看"的,不是部署通道。
2.8 第六版:并发控制与超时(容易忽略的稳定性细节)
concurrency:
group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
cancel-in-progress: true
jobs:
test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
timeout-minutes: 15concurrency:同一分支连续推两次,取消上一次还在跑的 —— 省额度、也避免旧结果覆盖新结果。timeout-minutes:防止某个步骤卡死把默认 6 小时额度烧光。
2.9 看结果与徽章
- PR 页面底部 Checks:绿勾/红叉,点进去能看每个 Step 的日志。
- Actions 标签页:历史运行记录、重跑、下载 artifact。
- README 加个状态徽章:
2.10 本地先跑一遍(可选但强烈建议)
用 act 可以在本地用 Docker 模拟 GitHub Actions:
act -j test # 只跑 test 这个 job
act -l # 列出会被触发的工作流也可退而求其次:在本地把 CI 里的命令原样敲一遍。凡是"本地没跑过就推上去试"的调试,都是在用 CI 当编辑器。
三、细节拆解
3.1 YAML 语法速成
YAML 的目标是"人能读的结构化数据",而它在 GitHub Actions 里最常出错的地方只有一个:缩进。
| 概念 | 写法 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 键值 | name: CI | 冒号后必须有空格 |
| 映射(对象) | 缩进比父级深 2 空格 | 表示"属于上一级" |
| 列表 | - 条目 | 短横线后必须有空格 |
| 字符串 | "双引号" / '单引号' / 裸写 | 含 :、#、{} 时务必加引号 |
| 多行文本 | \| 保留换行,> 折叠为空格 | 写多行 shell 脚本常用 \| |
| 注释 | # 到行尾 | 只能整行或行尾,不能行中乱插 |
| 布尔与空 | true / false / null | 注意裸写的 on、y、no 在某些解析器里会被当成布尔 |
三条铁律:
- 只用空格,不用 Tab —— 用 Tab 会直接解析失败。
- 同级元素缩进必须完全一致 —— 差一个空格就是"层级不同",报错往往指向别处。
- 别靠肉眼对齐 —— 提交前让编辑器(VS Code 的 YAML 插件)或
act -l校验一次。
多行脚本的两种写法:
- name: 多行命令(保留换行)
run: |
npm ci
npm test
- name: 折行书写(合成一行)
run: >
npm run build &&
echo 构建完成3.2 触发器设置(on)
最常用的四类:
| 触发器 | 何时跑 | 典型用途 |
|---|---|---|
push | 向分支/标签推送 | 主干验证、打标签发版 |
pull_request | PR 被打开/更新 | 合并前的门禁(最该配的一个) |
schedule | 定时(cron,UTC 时区) | 每日回归、依赖安全扫描 |
workflow_dispatch | 手动点按钮触发,可带输入参数 | 手动发布、运维任务 |
完整示例:
on:
push:
branches: [main, 'release/**'] # 分支过滤,支持通配
tags: ['v*'] # 只在版本标签上触发
paths: # 只有这些路径变了才跑
- 'src/**'
- 'package.json'
- '.github/workflows/ci.yml'
paths-ignore:
- '**/*.md' # 纯文档改动不跑测试
pull_request:
branches: [main]
types: [opened, synchronize, reopened]
schedule:
- cron: '0 18 * * *' # 每天 UTC 18:00(北京 02:00)
workflow_dispatch:
inputs:
environment:
description: 部署到哪个环境
required: true
default: staging
type: choice
options: [staging, production]几个必须记住的点:
schedule用 UTC,写 cron 时要自己换算时区。paths与paths-ignore不能同时用在同一触发器的同一层级。pull_request来自 fork 时拿不到 secrets(这是安全设计,不是 bug),所以"PR 里部署"这种设计本身就不成立。workflow_dispatch的输入用${{ inputs.environment }}取。
3.3 Jobs 与 Steps 配置
Job 级常用键:
| 键 | 作用 |
|---|---|
runs-on | 跑在哪种机器:ubuntu-latest / windows-latest / macos-latest / 自建 |
needs | 依赖哪些 Job 先成功 |
if | 条件不满足就跳过整个 Job |
strategy.matrix | 参数矩阵展开成多个并行 Job |
strategy.fail-fast | 某组合失败时是否取消其他(false = 全部跑完) |
env | 该 Job 内所有 Step 可用的环境变量 |
outputs | 暴露给下游 Job 的值 |
timeout-minutes | 超时上限 |
continue-on-error | 失败了也继续(如"允许失败的实验性检查") |
environment | 关联部署环境(可加人工审批与环境保护规则) |
permissions | 该 Job 的 GITHUB_TOKEN 权限(最小化原则) |
Step 级常用键:
| 键 | 作用 |
|---|---|
name | 显示在日志里的名字(写好它能省掉大量排错时间) |
id | 供后续用 steps.<id>.outputs.x 取值 |
uses | 用现成 Action,如 actions/checkout@v4 |
run | 执行 shell 命令 |
with | 传给 Action 的参数(如 node-version) |
env | 仅该 Step 生效的环境变量 |
if | 条件执行 |
shell | 指定 shell(跨系统时有用,如 bash) |
working-directory | 工作目录(monorepo 常见) |
continue-on-error | 该步失败不算整个 Job 失败 |
进阶但很实用:
- name: 只有当上一步输出满足条件时才跑
if: steps.check.outputs.changed == 'true'
run: echo 有变更
- name: 无论前面成功失败都跑(清理/上传日志)
if: always()
run: ./scripts/cleanup.sh
- name: 上一步失败时才跑
if: failure()
run: ./scripts/report-failure.shneeds 与 if 一起用,就能表达"测试全过 且 是 main 分支 且 是 push 事件"这类门禁。
3.4 环境变量的使用
三个层级(就近者优先):workflow.env < job.env < step.env。
env: # ① 全工作流
NODE_ENV: test
jobs:
test:
env: # ② 该 Job 全部 Step
CI: true
steps:
- name: 只这一步生效
env: # ③ 只这个 Step
API_BASE: https://example.test
run: echo "$API_BASE / $NODE_ENV / $CI"几种"变量"要分清:
| 类型 | 取值写法 | 特点 |
|---|---|---|
| 普通环境变量 | ${{ env.NAME }} 或 shell 的 $NAME | 明文,写进文件里,别放敏感值 |
| 密钥 | ${{ secrets.NAME }} | 仓库/组织/环境级配置,日志自动打码 |
| 配置变量 | ${{ vars.NAME }} | 仓库级非敏感配置,可在设置界面改 |
| 上下文 | ${{ github.sha }} 等 | GitHub 提供的只读信息 |
| 矩阵值 | ${{ matrix.node }} | 由 strategy.matrix 展开 |
| 上游 Job 输出 | ${{ needs.build.outputs.version }} | 跨 Job 传值 |
常用内置上下文:
| 变量 | 含义 |
|---|---|
github.sha | 本次运行的提交 SHA |
github.ref / github.ref_name | 完整引用 / 短名(如 main) |
github.event_name | 触发事件名(push / pull_request …) |
github.repository | owner/repo |
github.workspace | 工作目录 |
runner.os | Linux / Windows / macOS |
GITHUB_TOKEN | 自动注入的临时令牌(权限由 permissions 控制) |
两个高频坑:
${{ }}是"运行前替换",$VAR是"shell 里读"。写run: echo ${{ env.FOO }}会在脚本生成阶段就被替换掉;写run: echo $FOO才是运行时读取。含敏感值是后者更安全(不会出现在生成的脚本里)。- shell 里
export的变量不会跨 Step 存在。run: export FOO=bar只对这条命令有效;要让后面的 Step 用到,得写进$GITHUB_ENV:
- name: 设置一个供后续 Step 使用的变量
run: echo "VERSION=$(node -p "require('./package.json').version")" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
- name: 后续 Step 直接可用
run: echo "版本是 $VERSION"同理,>> $GITHUB_OUTPUT 给同 Job 的后续 Step(用 steps.<id>.outputs),>> $GITHUB_PATH 追加可执行目录。
3.5 权限与安全(起码别踩雷)
permissions:
contents: read # 默认只给读,需要什么再开什么- 最小权限原则:不写
permissions时,GITHUB_TOKEN的默认权限由仓库设置决定,可能偏大;显式声明更安全。 - 别在日志里打印 secret:
echo ${{ secrets.X }}会被打码,但拼进 URL/命令里绕过打码的情况仍可能泄漏 —— 尽量用env注入而不是内联。 pull_request_target很危险:它以"目标仓库的权限"运行且能读到 secrets,若在其中checkout了 PR 的代码并执行,等于把钥匙交给陌生人的代码。除非你非常清楚在做什么,否则用pull_request。- 第三方 Action 固定版本:
uses: foo/bar@v1是标签(可被移动),更严格的做法是固定到 commit SHA;至少不要用@master。 - 部署用 OIDC 代替长期密钥(云厂商场景):
permissions: id-token: write,让云平台按身份临时授权,省掉长期 token。
四、一套可直接抄的完整示例
.github/workflows/ci.yml:
name: CI
on:
push:
branches: [main]
pull_request:
branches: [main]
permissions:
contents: read
concurrency:
group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
cancel-in-progress: true
env:
NODE_ENV: test
jobs:
test:
name: 测试(Node ${{ matrix.node }} / ${{ matrix.os }})
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
timeout-minutes: 15
strategy:
fail-fast: false
matrix:
os: [ubuntu-latest]
node: [18, 20, 22]
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: ${{ matrix.node }}
cache: npm
- name: 安装依赖(严格按 lockfile)
run: npm ci
- name: 代码检查
run: npm run lint
- name: 单元测试
run: npm test
- name: 构建
run: npm run build
- name: 失败时上传日志
if: failure()
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: logs-node${{ matrix.node }}
path: |
npm-debug.log*
coverage/
deploy:
name: 部署到生产
needs: test
if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && github.event_name == 'push'
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
environment: production
timeout-minutes: 20
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: 22
cache: npm
- run: npm ci
- run: npm run build
- name: 部署
env:
DEPLOY_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.DEPLOY_TOKEN }}
run: ./scripts/deploy.sh五、排错速查表
| 现象 | 常见原因 | 修法 |
|---|---|---|
| 工作流根本没触发 | on 条件不匹配;文件不在 .github/workflows/;YAML 语法错 | 看 Actions 页有无该工作流;用编辑器校验;确认分支/路径过滤 |
Unexpected value / 解析失败 | Tab 缩进、同级缩进不一致、: 后漏空格 | 全改空格;对齐同级 |
npm ci 报 lockfile 不匹配 | package.json 改了但没更新 package-lock.json | 本地 npm install 后提交 lockfile |
| 找不到某个文件 | 忘了 actions/checkout;另一个 Job 里的文件不存在 | 每个 Job 都要 checkout;跨 Job 用 artifact |
| 缓存没生效 | 缓存键变化(lockfile 改动);路径不对 | 检查 lockfile 是否提交;用 setup-node 的 cache: npm |
| Windows runner 上脚本报错 | 行尾 CRLF;bash 特有语法 | 指定 shell: bash;用 .gitattributes 规范行尾 |
| PR 里 secrets 为空 | fork 的 PR 不注入 secrets(安全设计) | 改为合并后触发,或使用无需 secrets 的检查 |
| 部署 Job 没跑 | needs 上游失败;if 条件不满足 | 看上游为什么会红;核对 github.ref / github.event_name |
| 任务卡住跑满 6 小时 | 某步在等输入或死循环 | 加 timeout-minutes;检查是否有交互式命令需要加 --yes |
| 日志刷屏看不出重点 | Step 没有 name | 给每个 Step 起名,便于定位 |
六、落地建议(按此顺序推进最省力)
- 先只配一件事:
pull_request触发 +npm ci+npm test。能跑绿就是胜利。 - 再加缓存与超时,把单次时长压到 5 分钟以内(超过 10 分钟,人就开始绕开它)。
- 再加 lint 与构建,把"能跑"升级为"能交付"。
- 再加矩阵,确定支持的环境边界。
- 最后才加部署:先做到"一键可发"(持续交付),等回滚与监控到位,再考虑自动发布(持续部署)。
- 配
concurrency,避免同分支重复排队烧额度。
一句话:流水线的价值不在"配置得多全",而在"红了一定有人管、绿了真敢发"。
快捷键
Ctrl + T:打开新标签页
Ctrl + W:关闭当前标签页
Ctrl + L:光标移动到搜索栏
Ctrl + F:查找当前页面内容
Ctrl + Tab:切换至下个标签页
Ctrl + Shift +Tab:切换至上个标签页
Ctrl + R:刷新当前页面
Ctrl + Shift + T:重新打开刚才关闭的标签页
Ctrl + Shift + E:侧边栏搜索选中行
Ctrl + Shift + A:搜索已打开标签页和标签页组
插件
设置
UAC:让"需要管理员"的软件启动不再弹"是否允许更改"
适用:某软件必须以管理员权限运行,但每次双击/开机自启都弹 UAC "你要允许此应用对你的设备进行更改吗?"——想让它静默提权。动手前先读「二」判断它是否真的需要管理员,再选方案。 红线:以下所有方法只对来源可信、确实需要的软件操作(见「八」)。
一、为什么会弹(30 秒原理)
- UAC 下,Administrators 组成员日常也以标准令牌运行(Admin Approval Mode,管理员批准模式)。
- 程序要管理员权限时,启动方(资源管理器等)向系统请求提权 → 系统弹 consent UI → 用户点"是"才拿到高完整性令牌。
- 程序"要不要管理员"由其内置 manifest 的
requestedExecutionLevel决定: asInvoker:跟调用者一样跑,不弹requireAdministrator/highestAvailable:强制提权 → 弹- 为什么"以管理员身份运行"每次还弹:因为每次都是从普通进程发起提权,系统无法区分"人主动点的"和"程序申明的"。
唯一能免弹的路:由本就在高权限的进程直接代启动——Windows 上现成的是任务计划程序服务(SYSTEM),见方案 A。
二、先判断:它真的需要管理员吗?(决定走哪条路)
| 方法 | 做法 | 结论 |
|---|---|---|
| 看 manifest | sigcheck -m "C:\path\app.exe"(Sysinternals,首次加 -accepteula)查看 requestedExecutionLevel | requireAdministrator = 它自己要的 |
| 行为测试 | 直接普通双击运行,功能是否完好 | 完好 = 声明过高,用方案 B 即可 |
判断结果:
- 真需要(装驱动/服务、写 HKLM/Program Files 等)→ 方案 A;这类软件一两个就够用。
- 只是声明过高(国产工具通病:早期要写 Program Files 后来改了)→ 方案 B 最干净,还顺带最小权限。
- 自编译/无签名的内部小工具 → 方案 C。
- 被一堆这类软件烦到、且机器完全自己掌控 → 才考虑 D1/D2(接受整体安全下降)。
三、四条路速览
| 方案 | 原理 | 程序实际权限 | 弹窗 | 适用 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A 计划任务最高权限 | 注册时提权一次,之后 SYSTEM 服务直接铸造高令牌启动 | 管理员(高完整性) | 永不 | 真需要管理员的 |
| B RunAsInvoker | 兼容层把 manifest 强制当 asInvoker | 普通(标准令牌) | 永不 | 声明过高但实际不需要的 |
| C 改 manifest | 重打包 exe,把要求改成 asInvoker | 普通 | 永不 | 自编译/无签名工具 |
| D 全局策略 | 改 UAC 策略 | 管理员(自动)或全令牌 | 全局消失 | 接受整体安全下降 |
四、方案 A:计划任务"使用最高权限运行"(真管理员程序 · 推荐)
原理:任务计划程序服务以 SYSTEM 运行(权限高于 UAC)。注册任务时勾"使用最高权限运行"(RunLevel=Highest), 触发时由该服务直接用高令牌创建进程——绕过了"普通进程请求提权→consent"这条必经之路,所以永不弹。 代价:注册这一次需要管理员操作(会弹一次 UAC),之后每次启动都静默。
A-1 开机/登录自启
图形界面:
- Win+R →
taskschd.msc,右键 → 以管理员身份运行打开(这是最后一次 UAC)。 - 创建任务…:
- 常规:勾选 使用最高权限运行;
- 触发器:新建 → 开始任务"登录时"(可加延迟 30 秒,等桌面就绪,防启动竞争);
- 操作:新建 → 程序指向目标 exe;
- 条件:按需取消"只有在使用交流电源时才启动"。
- 确定。之后登录自动静默启动,不再弹。
PowerShell 等价(须在已提权的 PS 里执行一次):
$action = New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute 'C:\path\app.exe'
$trigger = New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -AtLogOn -User $env:USERNAME
$principal = New-ScheduledTaskPrincipal -UserId $env:USERNAME -LogonType Interactive -RunLevel Highest
Register-ScheduledTask -TaskName 'App-Elevated' -Action $action -Trigger $trigger -Principal $principal -Forceschtasks 一行(管理员 cmd):
schtasks /create /tn App-Elevated /tr "C:\path\app.exe" /sc onlogon /rl highest /f注意:
/rl highest必须在提权环境创建,否则报"拒绝访问";普通权限创建的任务即使勾了也会按受限跑。
A-2 手动启动:把"以管理员身份运行"换成快捷方式
不设触发器(或保留登录触发),任务只当"静默提权启动器"。桌面快捷方式指向它:
:: run-app.vbs —— 隐藏启动,避免 schtasks 的黑窗一闪
:: (与本机 CrossDeviceGuard 的 runner.vbs 同一手法)
Set sh = CreateObject("WScript.Shell")
sh.Run "schtasks /run /tn App-Elevated", 0, False快捷方式属性:目标 = wscript.exe "C:\...\run-app.vbs",图标 = app.exe(更改图标 → 浏览到目标程序)。之后双击 = 直接以管理员静默启动,无 UAC、无黑窗。
A-3 坑
- 任务要"仅当用户登录时运行" + 最高权限;别用
/ru SYSTEM——GUI 会跑进 Session 0,桌面看不见。 - 创建时任务计划程序没提权 → 任务实际按普通权限保存,启动仍受限;删掉在提权环境重建。
- 软件自己又用 runas/提权器拉起另一个 exe(常见:主程序 → 服务端/更新器):对最终那个 exe 也要同样建任务,否则换个壳继续弹。
- 换安装路径/重装后任务路径失效 → 同步修改任务。
五、方案 B:RunAsInvoker(它其实不需要管理员)
原理:AppCompatFlags 兼容层覆盖 manifest,把 requestedExecutionLevel 强制当成 asInvoker, 进程以当前(标准)令牌运行 → 不提权、不弹窗。 适用:manifest 声明过高但功能在普通权限下完好的程序(务必先用「二」验证)。
reg add "HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\AppCompatFlags\Layers" ^
/v "C:\完整路径\app.exe" /t REG_SZ /d RunAsInvoker /f- 值数据大小写不限;恢复 = 删该值,或改回
RUNASADMIN。 - 若之前在"兼容性"里勾过以管理员身份运行此程序,同 key 下已有同名
RUNASADMIN值 → 直接改成RunAsInvoker。 - 临时试用(不写注册表):先
set __COMPAT_LAYER=RunAsInvoker再启动该 exe。
限制:
- 真需要管理员的软件(写 Program Files/HKLM、装驱动/服务)会静默失败或功能缺失——这类别用 B。
HKCU只对当前用户生效;要对所有用户写HKLM\...\AppCompatFlags\Layers同结构(写 HKLM 需要管理员,略讽刺但属实)。- 个别带自校验/反调试的程序会无视兼容层,无效就回方案 A。
六、方案 C:改 exe 的 manifest(进阶)
把内置 manifest 的 requestedExecutionLevel 从 requireAdministrator 改成 asInvoker,用 Resource Hacker 等重打包。 不适用:带数字签名的(改后签名校验失效、被杀软/SmartScreen 拦)、系统组件、UWP。结论:只有自编译/无签名的内部工具值得这么干;有来源的软件不如催作者修 manifest。
七、方案 D:全局策略(接受整体安全下降才用)
D-1 管理员程序自动提权、不再询问
- 效果:UAC 机制仍开启(标准令牌隔离还在),但管理员组成员运行
requireAdministrator程序时自动静默提权,不再弹框。 - 做法 a:UAC 滑块拉到从不通知。
- 做法 b(注册表):
reg add "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System" /v ConsentPromptBehaviorAdmin /t REG_DWORD /d 0 /f- 注销/重启后生效。
- 代价:声明
requireAdministrator的木马也会直接拿管理员——从"逐个同意"退化成"零同意"。比 D-2 安全些,但已偏离 UAC 设计初衷。
D-2 彻底关闭 UAC(最后手段)
reg add "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System" /v EnableLUA /t REG_DWORD /d 0 /f- 重启后一切进程全令牌、永不弹;UWP/商店应用可能失效;微软明确不建议;安全软件可能报警。
- 恢复:改回
1重启。 - 结论:个人建议最多用到 D-1,D 系只在你完全掌控的机器上用。
八、安全提醒(红线)
- 管理员令牌 ≈ 系统全部权限。把软件变成"静默提权"= 发一张免签通行证;它一旦被攻破或夹带,直接全权沦陷。
- 只对:官网下载、知名厂商、确实需要、且你清楚它在干嘛的软件做。
- 不要对:浏览器、下载器/破解工具、来路不明小软件、杀毒/系统类工具做。
- 治本:现代软件应默认
asInvoker,把需权限的操作收敛到最小的提权服务/计划任务里——让作者修 manifest 才是正路。
参考
- User Account Control settings and configuration - Microsoft Learn
- Principal.RunLevel - Microsoft Learn
- schtasks create - Microsoft Learn
- Sigcheck - Sysinternals
- Application manifests - Microsoft Learn
- How to Run Programs as Administrator without UAC Prompt - winhelponline
- Create Administrator Mode Shortcuts Without UAC Prompts - How-To Geek
- 关闭指定程序的 UAC 通知(fournoas)
- Windows10 指定某一程序单独不弹 UAC 的注册表方法(博客园)
- Set a Win32 application to RUNASINVOKER for all users - Server Fault
UniGetUI:三套包管理器的职责划分与配置(教程)
适用:机器上同时装了 scoop / Chocolatey / winget,想让它们各管一摊、由一个 GUI 统一管应用。实测背景:2026-09-28/29,Win11 25H2 build 26200.9168;UniGetUI 2026.3.0(build 107)、scoop、Chocolatey 2.7.0、winget 1.29.380。一句话本质:应用走 Chocolatey(经 UniGetUI 的 GUI),SDK 走 scoop CLI,winget 弃用(保留在系统里但不使用)。
一、职责划分(最终形态)
| 管理器 | 管什么 | 怎么用 | 本例条目 |
|---|---|---|---|
| scoop | 仅 SDK 与开发 CLI | 命令行(scoop install / scoop-search) | python、make、cacert、temurin21-jdk、bat、fd、jq、ripgrep、gh、helix、dark、shellcheck、wget、7zip、pwsh、scoop-search、latex |
| Chocolatey | 普通应用 | 只经 UniGetUI 的界面(不直接敲 choco) | Cmder、pandoc、wireshark |
| winget | 不使用 | —— | 保留在系统(App Installer 不可卸),后端已在 UniGetUI 中关闭 |
判据:语言运行时/编译器/构建工具/命令行开发工具 → scoop;GUI 应用与文档类软件 → choco。这样两棵安装树彻底分开:scoop 在 ~\scoop,choco 把应用装到各自的标准位置(C:\tools\...、C:\Program Files\...、%LOCALAPPDATA%\...)。
二、UniGetUI 的配置机制(重要)
设置就是文件:%LOCALAPPDATA%\UniGetUI\Configuration\ 下,一个设置一个文件,名字就是设置键名。
| 类型 | 磁盘表示 |
|---|---|
| 布尔 | 文件存在 = true(内容被忽略);删除文件 = false |
| 数值/字符串 | 文件内容即值(纯文本) |
| 字典/列表 | 文件内容为 JSON(字典是对象,列表是数组) |
所以可以离线预置设置,不必进 GUI 点(改前先整目录备份)。
关闭 winget 后端
文件:%LOCALAPPDATA%\UniGetUI\Configuration\DisabledManagers
内容:{"Winget": true}键名 DisabledManagers 与语义(取管理器 Name 做键、布尔做值)来自源码 PackageManager.cs 的 IsEnabled();键名在本机已安装的 UniGetUI.exe 字符串里逐个核对过存在,所以不怕版本差异。
本次写入的优化项
| 键名 | 值 | 作用 |
|---|---|---|
DisabledManagers | {"Winget": true} | 关闭 winget 后端 |
DisableTelemetry | 启用 | 关闭遥测上报 |
DisableLangAutoUpdater | 启用 | 不再后台自动更新语言包 |
IgnoreUpdatesNotApplicable | 启用 | 更新列表不再显示"不适用"条目 |
RedactUsernameInLog | 启用 | 日志中隐去用户名 |
ParallelOperationCount | 4 | 并行操作数(批量装/升更快) |
UpdatesCheckInterval | 21600 | 更新检查间隔 6 小时(单位是秒) |
配置目录备份:%LOCALAPPDATA%\UniGetUI\Configuration.bak-<时间戳>(整目录复制即可回滚)。
choco 后端不依赖 PATH:UniGetUI 源码里内置了 C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\bin\choco.exe 这个默认路径,所以即使 choco 不在 PATH 里,它也能发现 Chocolatey 后端。
三、日常操作方式
| 想做什么 | 怎么做 |
|---|---|
| 装 / 升级 / 卸载普通应用 | 打开 UniGetUI(它走 choco 后端) |
| 装 / 升级语言运行时、编译器、CLI 工具 | scoop install <名字> / scoop update *(搜索用 scoop-search <关键词>) |
| 需要 winget 清单里的东西 | 先想清楚是否真需要;当前策略是不用 |
四、实测踩过的坑
1. choco 走代理时下载极慢,而且不打印进度
实测 ~50 KB/s,一个 94MB 的包要 20 分钟;界面上只停在 Downloading package from source 'https://community.chocolatey.org/api/v2/' 一动不动,看起来像死锁,其实在下载。
定位方法(卡住时先证明它在动,而不是猜):
- 采样下载暂存目录的大小:
%TEMP%\chocolatey(ChocolateyScratch\<包名>) - 把子命令的输出重定向到文件再
tail:& choco install <包> -y --no-progress *>&1 | Out-File x.log
2. .chocolateyPending 文件锁 → "安装失败"但应用其实装好了
现象:choco 报 wireshark not installed. An error occurred during installation: 文件 .chocolateyPending 正由另一进程使用,但 C:\Program Files\Wireshark\Wireshark.exe 已存在、注册表也有卸载项。
原因:上一次 choco 进程残留(未退出)占着包目录锁;真正失败的是记录阶段,不是厂商安装器。
修法(从缓存重注册,不重跑厂商安装器):
choco install <包> --force --skip-automation-scripts -y --no-progress3. 先清残留进程再做任何 choco 操作
Get-Process choco | Stop-Process -Force —— 否则新命令会卡住或被锁。
4. choco 的安装位置是固定的,不跟自定义盘目录规则走
例:Cmder 装在 C:\tools\Cmder,pandoc 在 %LOCALAPPDATA%\Pandoc。这是包脚本决定的,不要指望它落到 D:/E: 的自定义目录。因此替换后要重新核对依赖路径的东西(例如右键菜单、编辑器 PATH)。
5. 同一软件被两个管理器装上 = PATH 打架
scoop 与 choco 都会往 PATH 写自己的 shim/目录。同一软件装两份(miktex/latex 各一份)时,Get-Command <命令> 指向谁取决于 PATH 顺序。迁移时务必先装新的、验证可用,再卸旧的;装完用下面的清单核验落点。
五、验证清单(命令)
# 三套管理器各自的状态
scoop list # SDK 与开发 CLI
choco list # 普通应用
Get-Command cmder, pandoc, miktex, latex # 关键可执行文件当前解析到哪(防 PATH 打架)
Get-Service *docker* | Select Name,StartType # 顺带确认 Docker 仍为手动启动
# UniGetUI 侧
Get-Content "$env:LOCALAPPDATA\UniGetUI\Configuration\DisabledManagers" # 应为 {"Winget": true}六、本次迁移记录(2026-09-28/29)
- 移出 scoop → choco:cmder(→
C:\tools\Cmder)、pandoc(→%LOCALAPPDATA%\Pandoc)、wireshark(→C:\Program Files\Wireshark),装好验证后已scoop uninstall旧的 - MiKTeX 去重:choco 的
miktex/miktex.install是装 wireshark 时的依赖,与 scoop 的latex(MiKTeX 25.12,更新)重复 → 已choco uninstall掉 choco 那份,命令统一解析到 scoop 版 - 顺带修复:
temurin21-jdk(JDK 21)之前被移除,导致 VS Code 的java.import.gradle.java.home指向失效路径(即 记录-VS Code-Java与Gradle版本兼容修复 的修复失效)→ 已scoop install temurin21-jdk恢复 - 产物清理:choco 下载暂存 477MB 已删;scoop 缓存 683MB 保留(重装时能秒装,不急着回收)
七、回滚方式
| 改动 | 回滚 |
|---|---|
| UniGetUI 设置 | 用 Configuration.bak-<时间戳> 覆盖回 Configuration\ |
| 关掉的 winget 后端 | 删掉 Configuration\DisabledManagers 文件(或改成 {"Winget": false}) |
| 移出的 3 个应用 | scoop install cmder pandoc wireshark(choco 那份可用 UniGetUI 卸载) |
Windows 右键菜单:Cmder 与终端(紧靠,终端下跑 cmder 环境)
适用:想让资源管理器右键(文件夹空白处 / 文件夹图标上)出现"在 Cmder 中打开"与"在终端中打开"两项、彼此紧靠;其中"在 Cmder 中打开"实际打开的是 Windows Terminal 里的 cmder 环境(git bash 加载 cmder 初始化),而非独立 cmder(ConEmu)窗口。实测背景:2026-09-05,Win11 25H2 build 26200.9168;cmder 1.3.25(scoop 安装);Windows Terminal 1.24(系统自带)。一句话本质:注册表 shell 扩展(Win11 只出现在"显示更多选项"旧菜单)+ 复用 Windows Terminal 已有 profile(
wt -p <guid> -d "%V\.")。
一、最终效果
右键文件夹空白处(或文件夹图标)->"显示更多选项"(或 Shift+F10)-> 菜单底部两项紧靠:
| 菜单项 | 打开内容 | 命令 |
|---|---|---|
| 在 Cmder 中打开 | Windows Terminal 的 Cmder profile(git bash + cmder 初始化),落在当前目录 | wt.exe -p "{Cmder profile 的 guid}" -d "%V\." |
| 在终端中打开 | Windows Terminal 默认 profile(Windows PowerShell),落在当前目录 | wt.exe -d "%V\." |
两个都是 Windows Terminal 窗口,外观统一,目录跟随右键位置。
二、原理与关键认知
- Win11 有两套右键菜单:默认现代菜单 + "显示更多选项"旧菜单。注册表 shell 扩展只进旧菜单(现代一级菜单要第三方 IExplorerCommand 扩展,注册表做不到)。想常用就按 Shift+F10,或习惯多点一下"显示更多选项"。
- 两个注册点(视需求都加):
HKCU\Software\Classes\Directory\shell—— 右键文件夹图标时显示HKCU\Software\Classes\Directory\Background\shell—— 右键文件夹空白处时显示- 用 HKCU:免提权、只影响当前用户、可逆(ContextMenuManager 等工具也能管理)。
- 排序:同一注册点下的项按键名二进制排序(大写字母在小写前)。要让两项"紧靠",键名用共同前缀即可,本例用
zzOpenInCmder/zzOpenInTerminal,排在该区段末尾且相邻。 - 显示名:键的"(默认)"值即菜单显示文本,直接用中文。
- 不新建 WT profile:直接
-p <guid>引用 settings.json 里已有的 profile(%LOCALAPPDATA%\Packages\Microsoft.WindowsTerminal_8wekyb3d8bbwe\LocalState\settings.json的profiles.list中的 guid);-d目录参数会覆盖 profile 自带的 startingDirectory。
三、配置步骤
1. 准备:查 cmder 路径与 WT profile guid
# cmder(本例 scoop 安装)
Get-Command cmder.exe | Select-Object Source # -> C:\Users\23652\scoop\apps\cmder\current\Cmder.exe
# 若 cmder 走 Windows Terminal:找到要复用的 profile 的 guid
# 记事本打开 %LOCALAPPDATA%\Packages\Microsoft.WindowsTerminal_8wekyb3d8bbwe\LocalState\settings.json
# profiles.list 里 name 为 "Cmder · Claude" 之类的那项的 guid,如 {8ac0556a-dfaa-4100-bf4d-b80dea441451}2. 写入注册表(PowerShell 交互窗口直接粘贴运行)
按需改三处:$wt(wt.exe 路径)、$profileGuid(你的 Cmder profile guid)、$cmderIcon。
$wt = 'C:\Users\23652\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps\wt.exe'
$profileGuid = '{8ac0556a-dfaa-4100-bf4d-b80dea441451}' # 你的 Cmder profile
$cmderIcon = 'C:\Users\23652\scoop\apps\cmder\current\Cmder.exe'
$targets = 'Directory\shell','Directory\Background\shell'
foreach ($t in $targets) {
$b = "HKCU:\Software\Classes\$t"
# 在 Cmder 中打开
New-Item -Path "$b\zzOpenInCmder\command" -Force | Out-Null
Set-ItemProperty -Path "$b\zzOpenInCmder" -Name '(default)' -Value '在 Cmder 中打开'
Set-ItemProperty -Path "$b\zzOpenInCmder" -Name 'Icon' -Value $cmderIcon
Set-ItemProperty -Path "$b\zzOpenInCmder\command" -Name '(default)' -Value ('"{0}" -p "{1}" -d "%V\."' -f $wt, $profileGuid)
# 在终端中打开
New-Item -Path "$b\zzOpenInTerminal\command" -Force | Out-Null
Set-ItemProperty -Path "$b\zzOpenInTerminal" -Name '(default)' -Value '在终端中打开'
Set-ItemProperty -Path "$b\zzOpenInTerminal\command" -Name '(default)' -Value ('"{0}" -d "%V\."' -f $wt)
}提示:把上面存成 .ps1 文件再跑的话,含中文需存 UTF-8 带 BOM,否则 PS5.1 会按 GBK 读导致乱码;直接粘贴到 PowerShell 窗口无此问题。
3. 验证
reg query "HKCU\Software\Classes\Directory\Background\shell\zzOpenInCmder\command" /ve应看到命令以%V\.结尾- 打开任意文件夹右键:普通目录、盘根目录(F:\)、含空格目录都点一遍两项,确认能开且目录正确
四、坑(实测)
"%V"尾部反斜杠转义 bug:目录以\结尾(如盘根F:\)时,命令-d "F:\"末尾的\会转义闭合引号,wt 收到畸形路径,报0x8007010b(无法访问启动目录 "F:\"")。解法:写成"%V\."(F:\.语义等同 F:\,反斜杠不再贴引号)。非根目录不触发,所以只在盘根右键时才暴露。- Win11 现代菜单看不到这些项:它们是经典注册表项,只出现在"显示更多选项"/Shift+F10。想进现代一级菜单需额外扩展(如 Nilesoft Shell),本方案不引入。
- 改完右键没出现:explorer 缓存,重启资源管理器(或注销)即可。
- 顺序跑偏:其他工具也会往同一父键写项;想让两项保持紧靠,键名公共前缀别动;若想整体置顶/置底,改前缀字母段即可(二进制序,大写在前)。
- wt 已开着的窗口:从右键调 wt 默认在当前 WT 窗口新开标签;要独立窗口,WT 设置 -> 启动 -> "新实例行为" 改"新窗口"。
五、撤销
foreach ($t in 'Directory\shell','Directory\Background\shell') {
Remove-Item -Recurse -Force "HKCU:\Software\Classes\$t\zzOpenInCmder"
Remove-Item -Recurse -Force "HKCU:\Software\Classes\$t\zzOpenInTerminal"
}相关与复习
- cmder —— cmder 的安装/环境变量/注册说明(命令行工具目录)
- Windows禁用小组件 —— 同类资源管理器/系统定制主题
- 记录-Windows内存与磁盘优化 —— 同批机器维护;注意别让优化把 wt/cmder 的启动项误伤
Windows 时间同步修复(w32time)
适用:系统时间与真实时间偏差(本机实测曾慢 21 分钟,根因 w32time 服务停止)。时间源建议用国内 NTP(aliyun/tencent),
time.windows.com在中国大陆常不可达。
一、诊断
# 1) 本地时间 vs 网络真实时间(HTTP Date 头是权威 UTC)
date # 本地
curl -sSI https://registry.npmjs.org/ | findstr /i date # 真实时间(GMT)
# 2) 时间服务状态(Stopped = 根因)
Get-Service w32time
w32tm /query /status- 偏差量化:本地时间与 Date 头的 UTC+8 换算后对比
w32tm /query /status显示Leap 指示符: 3(未同步)= 从未同步成功
二、修复(管理员 PowerShell)
普通进程无法配置时间服务(即使账户在 Administrators 组也受 UAC 令牌过滤)。必须:开始菜单搜 PowerShell -> 右键 -> 以管理员身份运行 -> UAC 弹窗点"是"。验证已提权:
net session(报错=未提权)。
# 1) 启动时间服务
net start w32time
# 2) 配置国内 NTP 源(逐条粘贴,长命令易被 PSReadLine 折行断成两截)
w32tm /config /manualpeerlist:"ntp.aliyun.com,0x1"
w32tm /config /syncfromflags:manual /update
# 3) 立即同步
w32tm /resync
# 4) 设开机自启(注意 start= 后有空格)
sc config w32time start= auto三、验证
w32tm /query /status同步成功标志:
源: ntp.aliyun.com,0x1层次: 3(或 2),Leap 指示符: 0(无警告)- 偏差 < 1 秒
四、踩坑记录
| 坑 | 现象 | 原因 |
|---|---|---|
| 提权无效 | Set-Service 报拒绝访问 | 账户在管理员组但进程未过 UAC(需右键以管理员运行 + 弹窗点"是") |
| 长命令断行 | config 命令折成两截各自报错 | PowerShell 粘贴长行被 PSReadLine 换行;拆短命令逐条贴 |
| resync 无数据 | "没有可用的时间数据" | NTP 源未配置成功,先完成 config 两步再 resync |
| 多行粘贴混乱 | 把错误信息文本也贴进去当命令执行 | 一次只贴一条命令,不贴任何非命令文本 |
Windows 11 禁用小组件(Widgets)教程
适用:Win11 任务栏小组件后台常驻(Widgets.exe + 一堆 msedgewebview2 子进程),想彻底禁用腾资源。实测背景:2026-09-04,Windows 11 build 26200(ELEVEN237038),小组件及其 webview2 共约 6~7 个进程;进程清理优化时一并处理。
一、为什么禁
小组件不只是任务栏一个图标:它常驻 Widgets.exe,并拉起多个 msedgewebview2.exe 渲染进程(实测本机 12 个 webview2 里 6 个属于小组件 + 搜索 UI)。对不需要小组件新闻/天气/股票的人,纯属白耗内存和进程数。
二、方案对比
| 方案 | 做法 | 效果 | 局限 |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. 常规 | 设置关闭按钮 + HKLM 策略键 | 隐藏按钮、禁 Win+W | Windows 26200 构建对 TaskbarDa / Dsh 键有写保护——即使管理员提权 + FullControl ACL,reg.exe / .NET 一律"拒绝访问"(见下) |
| B. 卸载应用包(推荐) | 移除 Web Experience Pack | 组件整个消失,进程无法再拉起 | 大版本功能更新可能自动重装 |
结论:直接走方案 B,绕开注册表写保护,且更彻底。
三、方案 B 执行(需要管理员)
- 管理员 PowerShell:开始菜单搜 PowerShell -> 右键 -> 以管理员身份运行 -> UAC 点"是"
- 卸载小组件应用包:
Get-AppxPackage *WebExperience* | ForEach-Object { Remove-AppxPackage $_.PackageFullName }- 立即清掉现存进程(可选,卸载后 Widgets 通常已退出):
Stop-Process -Name Widgets -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue四、验证
(Get-AppxPackage *WebExperience*).Count # 0 = 已卸载
Get-Process Widgets -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue # 无输出 = 未运行实测:webview2 进程 12 -> 6(余下的属于 Windows 搜索 SearchHost 等,正常)。
五、恢复
- 去 Microsoft Store 搜索并安装 "Windows Web Experience Pack" 即恢复
- 若某次大版本更新后又出现,重复方案 B 即可
六、踩坑记录:26200 注册表写保护
初版想用常规注册表方案,发现 HKCU\...\Explorer\Advanced 的 TaskbarDa 与 HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Dsh 的 AllowNewsAndInterests 写不进去:
- 进程确已提权(
whoami /groups显示 High Mandatory Level S-1-16-12288) - ACL 正常(当前用户 FullControl Allow)
- 但
Set-ItemProperty、.NETRegistryKey.SetValue、reg.exe add全部报"拒绝访问"(UnauthorizedAccessException) - 该键甚至被写保护到值读出来已是目标值(TaskbarDa 本就是 0),但策略键 Dsh 无法创建
判断:新 Windows 构建对任务栏相关策略键有系统级写保护(类似受管注册表),普通提权也不放行。别在这上面耗时间,卸载应用包才是正解。
Cmder
Cmder 是一款 Windows 平台的增强型命令行终端模拟器,基于 ConEmu,集成了 Clink(增强版 cmd),Full 版还内置 Git for Windows。便携式设计,解压即用,支持多标签页、丰富的颜色主题以及 Linux 常用命令(ls、grep、curl、vim、ssh 等)。
版本选择
| 版本 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| Mini | 不含 Git,体积小;已安装 Git 时可选 |
| Full | 内置 Git for Windows,自带大量 Unix/Linux 命令(git、cat、vim、tar、ssh 等),开箱即用 |
- 最新稳定版:
v1.3.25(2024-05-31) - 下载地址:<https://cmder.app/> 或 <https://github.com/cmderdev/cmder/releases>
安装
- 下载压缩包(
.zip/.7z)。 - 解压到全英文、无空格、无需管理员权限的目录(避免
C:\Program Files等)。 - 运行
Cmder.exe启动。
环境变量(可选)
- 新建系统变量
CMDER_ROOT,值为 Cmder 解压目录(如D:\tools\cmder)。 - 将
%CMDER_ROOT%加入系统PATH,即可在任意位置执行cmder命令。 - 放入
%CMDER_ROOT%\bin目录的可执行文件会自动注入系统 PATH。
注册右键菜单(可选)
以管理员身份运行:
Cmder.exe /REGISTER ALL取消注册:
Cmder.exe /UNREGISTER ALL使用
启动
- 双击
Cmder.exe,或命令行输入cmder启动。 - 可在
设置 → 启动指定默认启动的终端(cmd / PowerShell / Git Bash 等)。
新建标签页 / 切换 Shell
Ctrl + T:新建标签页(可选终端类型)。- 一个窗口内可同时运行 cmd、PowerShell、Git Bash、WSL 等多个 Shell。
别名 alias
- 配置文件:
%CMDER_ROOT%\config\user_aliases.cmd - 在终端输入
alias可查看已有别名。 - 添加别名后立即生效并持久保存。
快捷键
| 快捷键 | 功能 |
|---|---|
Ctrl + T | 新建标签页 |
Ctrl + W | 关闭当前标签页 |
Ctrl + Tab | 切换标签页 |
Ctrl + 数字 | 切换到第 N 个标签页 |
Ctrl + R | 历史命令搜索 |
Alt + Enter | 全屏切换 |
Alt + Shift + 1 | 启动 cmd |
Alt + Shift + 2 | 启动 PowerShell |
Alt + Shift + 3 | 启动管理员权限 PowerShell |
| 鼠标选中文本 | 自动复制 |
右键 / Ctrl + V | 粘贴 |
Ctrl + 鼠标滚轮 | 缩放文字 |
集成 IDE / 终端
VSCode
在 settings.json 中添加:
"terminal.integrated.profiles.windows": {
"Cmder": {
"path": "${env:windir}\\System32\\cmd.exe",
"args": ["/k", "${env:CMDER_ROOT}\\vendor\\init.bat"]
}
},
"terminal.integrated.defaultProfile.windows": "Cmder"Windows Terminal
在 Windows Terminal 设置中添加新配置文件,将命令行可执行文件指向 Cmder.exe。
常见问题
- 中文乱码:终端中执行
set LC_ALL=zh-CN.UTF8,或在设置中调整编码。 - 快捷键冲突:部分快捷键可能与 VSCode 等应用冲突,在 Cmder 设置中调整。
pandoc
转换指令
pandoc -s 输入文件 -o 输出文件
pi-config 模块拆解(config-pi 仓库)
注:config-pi 已于 2026-09-03 更名 config-ai(GitHub 旧链接自动重定向) 真源:私有仓库
github.com/Zzz210s/config-pi(本地~/config-pi),部署目标~/.pi/agent/。核心链路:改真源 ->setup.sh部署 ->git push;pi 升级后:pi update -> setup.sh -> verify.sh。相关笔记:pi会话机制与电脑重启后恢复
一、总体架构
~/config-pi(单一真源,git 管理)
├── setup.sh 一键部署到 ~/.pi/agent(幂等)
├── verify.sh 部署体检(7 组 31 项,pi update 后自愈验证)
├── config/ 全局指令 + 设置 + 密钥模板
├── extensions/ pi 扩展(目录型 5 个 + 散装 12 个)
├── patches/ 对 pi 本体 dist 的二进制补丁
├── prompts/ subagent 任务模板
├── agents/ subagent 角色定义
├── skills/ 技能库(17 个)
└── specs/ 设计文档与实现计划pi update 只替换 pi npm 包,不动 ~/.pi/agent 用户内容;真正会失效的是 dist 补丁与扩展依赖,由 setup.sh 重跑自愈(verify.sh 全绿即链路完好;实测该体检抓出过补丁静默空转、依赖重装失败两个真实隐患)。
二、config/ —— 配置与全局指令
| 文件 | 作用 | 使用 | 效果 |
|---|---|---|---|
AGENTS.md | pi 全局指令(所有会话自动注入) | 内含 Git 规则、自动调用规则(gh/chrome-dev/code_find/github-readme)、pi 配置同步规则、禁 emoji、代码文件 <=200 行等永久规则 | 每条规则都在对应场景自动生效,无需人工提醒 |
settings.json | pi 启动设置 | 默认 provider/model(ark-coding / glm-5.2)、theme、tuiMode、npm 包清单 | 换模型改这里或用 /model;包清单驱动 pi 启动时装载 npm 扩展 |
auth.json.template / model-hub.json.template | 密钥占位模板 | setup.sh 仅在目标缺失时从模板生成,真实密钥文件永不入库 | 新设备 clone 后填 key 即用;仓库泄露不泄密 |
trust.json.example | 项目信任示例 | trust.json 由 setup.sh 按 $HOME 生成 | 决定哪些目录免信任弹窗 |
三、extensions/ —— 扩展(核心模块)
3.1 codegraph/(目录型,本地代码检索)
tree-sitter 符号/调用图索引 + SQLite,零模型零网络。五语言:Python / TypeScript / TSX / Go / Java。
| 工具/命令 | 作用 | 使用 |
|---|---|---|
code_find | 找函数/类/方法定义,file:line + 签名;同层按 PageRank 排序(泛化词优先出枢纽文件) | 传符号名(精确/前缀/子串),替代多轮 rg |
code_trace | 调用链追溯(谁调用 X / X 调用什么,含同文件边) | symbol + direction=callers/callees,depth 1-5 |
code_impact | 变更影响面(受影响文件/符号/测试清单) | target 传文件路径或符号名 |
code_map | 整仓浓缩地图(PageRank 排序 + token 预算填充) | token_budget 200..8000,默认 1500;陌生仓库一次看结构 |
/reindex | 建库/增量更新(文件哈希对比只重解析改动) | 首次进仓库或改码后;库在 .codegraph/(建议 gitignore) |
/code doctor | 体检:依赖加载/索引完整性/语言分布/陈旧度/.gitignore 建议 | 索引异常时 |
效果(实测):aider 151 文件冷索引 952ms、hono 355 文件 2.2s、cobra 36 文件 0.4s;83/83 单测绿;库损坏自动提示删除重建。依赖 6 个 npm 包,重装需 .npmrc 的 legacy-peer-deps(随仓库分发)。
3.2 chrome-dev/(目录型,网页调试)
连接 9222 调试端口的 Chrome,19 个 chrome_* 工具。典型链路:chrome_list_pages -> chrome_navigate -> chrome_take_snapshot(文本快照拿 uid)-> chrome_list_console_messages / chrome_list_network_requests / chrome_evaluate_script;交互用 chrome_click / chrome_fill。
效果:控制台报错、网络 4xx/5xx、部署后冒烟验证等场景实测浏览器真实状态而非凭代码推测;无截图能力(省 token);Chrome 空闲 15 分钟自动退出,不常驻。启动:bash ~/.pi/agent/extensions/chrome-dev-launch.sh。
3.3 model-hub/(目录型,provider 治理)
三职责:① 多 key provider 注册 #2/#3 实例轮换;② after_provider_response 捕 429 并记录 reset 时间(state.ts);③ provider/模型名归一化。配置在 ~/.pi/agent/model-hub.json(多 key/端点)。
效果:同套餐多 key 自动轮换、429 后按重置时间避让;/model 菜单已回归 pi 原生(model-hub 不再接管)。
3.4 providers.ts(散装,中国套餐接入)
注册 ark-coding / ark-plan(火山方舟,Anthropic Messages)、qwen-token-plan(阿里)、commandcode(双端点:Claude 走 Anthropic,其余走 OpenAI Chat Completions)。鉴权:环境变量(写 ~/.bashrc)优先,缺失则 pi 交互输入存 auth.json;commandcode 模型目录 24h 本地缓存。
效果:新增模型只需编辑对应数组;三个套餐的 key 存 auth.json。
3.5 plan-mode/(目录型,只读规划模式)
/plan 或 Ctrl+Alt+P 切换:禁用内置写工具,bash 限制为只读白名单;从「Plan:」段抽编号步骤,执行期用 [DONE:n] 勾选,带进度组件。
效果:探索/分析阶段防误改;计划->执行两阶段工作流。
3.6 subagent/(目录型,子代理委派)
subagent 工具:为每次调用 spawn 独立 pi 进程(隔离上下文窗口),不污染主对话。模式 single / parallel / chain({previous} 占位传前序输出)。角色定义在 agents/。
效果:并行跑多任务(如「检测未完成任务」时 3 会话互不干扰);主会话只收结论。
3.7 其余散装扩展(行为守护类)
| 扩展 | 作用 | 效果 |
|---|---|---|
permission-gate.ts | 危险 bash 命令(rm -rf/sudo/chmod 777)前弹确认 | 防误删 |
confirm-destructive.ts | 会话破坏性操作(clear/switch/branch)前确认 | 防丢上下文 |
dirty-repo-guard.ts | 有未提交改动时阻止会话切换 | 逼先 commit 再换上下文 |
protected-paths.ts | 拦截对敏感路径的 write/edit | 防误改关键文件 |
git-checkpoint.ts | 每轮 git stash 快照;/fork 时可选还原代码状态 | 分叉实验可回滚 |
git-merge-and-resolve.ts | 每轮后 fetch+merge 上游;干净合并静默,冲突留现场 | 工作分支保持最新 |
auto-commit-on-exit.ts | 退出时用最后一条助手消息生成 commit | 离场即有存档 |
handoff.ts | 替代有损 compact:抽取关键上下文生成新会话首提示 | 长任务无压无损交接 |
usage-dashboard.ts | /usage:各套餐吞吐量口径用量(网页面板是计费量口径,订阅请求计 0 费故永远显示很低) | 真实限流预警 |
timed-confirm.ts | 带倒计时的确认/选择对话框示例 | 超时自动取消 |
3.8 tab-status(外部仓库部署)
来自 ~/pi-tab-status(github.com/Zzz210s/pi-tab-status),setup.sh 末尾单独部署(必须在 extensions 重建之后),自带 29 个单测。作用:标签页状态展示。
四、patches/ —— pi 本体补丁
| 补丁 | 作用 | 效果 |
|---|---|---|
wheel-scroll-speed.sh | 改 pi TUI 滚轮速度 | 每格 1 -> 3 行(PI_WHEEL_SCROLL_LINES 可调),修 tmux 内滚轮卡顿;自动探测 WSL/Windows 安装路径与两种打包形态;打不上时非零退出告警 |
pi update 会覆盖 dist,更新后必须重跑(setup.sh 自动做;曾因 heredoc 传参 bug 静默空转,已修复并由 verify.sh 兜底)。
五、prompts/ 与 agents/ —— 子代理配套
agents/:planner(规划)/ reviewer(评审)/ scout(侦察)/ worker(通用执行)四个角色定义,供 subagent 按名调用。prompts/:implement.md(纯执行)、implement-and-review.md(执行+评审)、scout-and-plan.md(侦察+规划)三类任务模板。
六、skills/ —— 技能库(17 个)
brainstorming、dispatching-parallel-agents、executing-plans、finishing-a-development-branch、github-readme、receiving-code-review、requesting-code-review、subagent-driven-development、systematic-debugging、test-driven-development、ui-ux-pro-max、using-git-worktrees、using-superpowers、verification-before-completion、writing-plans、writing-skills。
机制:任务描述命中技能名时自动加载其 SKILL.md 指令。策略:skills/ 是唯一真源,外部散装技能包一律屏蔽(移入 ~/.pi/agent/skills-disabled/)。
七、specs/ —— 设计文档
model-hub(design+plan)、codegraph(design+plan+mvp1-plan+mvp2-plan)。每个功能先 spec 后实现,实测结论回写 spec(如 codegraph 三期实测数据均在 design 第 6 节)。
八、setup.sh / verify.sh —— 部署与体检
setup.sh(幂等,顺序敏感):装 pi/gh -> 覆盖式部署 config/extensions/patches/prompts/agents/specs/skills(rm+cp 重建,故扩展依赖须重装,原生模块不可跨机复制)-> 密钥模板仅缺失时生成 -> pi update --extensions(npm 扩展包)-> 按架构下载 fd/rg -> 跑 patches -> 部署 config-cli(其内部链式克隆并部署 ai-route)-> 部署 pi-tab-status(必须在 extensions 重建后)。
verify.sh(8 组 33 项):pi 本体 / wheel 补丁标记 / 扩展依赖逐个 require / 扩展单测 / settings 合法性与密钥在位 / 仓库-部署一致性(忽略 pi 自管的 lastChangelogVersion 与 tab-status 合法差异)/ pi list / ai-route 链(仓库在位 + detect 同源 + 命令在位)。全绿 = 更新后链路完好。
九、外部配套仓库与 npm 包
| 来源 | 内容 | 效果 |
|---|---|---|
ai-route(~/ai-route,独立仓库) | 本地 AI API 中央路由:ai-route status/json/env/proxy;lib/detect.js 会话感知端点探测 | 所有 CLI 共享同一套路由;hook 的 detect 部署件与其同源 |
config-cli(~/cli-config) | OpenCommit git hook(AI 自动生成中文 conventional commit,失败静默降级;引用 ai-route 的 detect.js) | 任何仓库 commit 信息自动生成;OCO_HOOK_DISABLE=1 逃生舱 |
pi-tab-status | 标签页状态扩展 | 见 3.8 |
| npm:pi-mcp-adapter | MCP 网关(mcp/mcpScript 工具) | 批量 MCP 调用与脚本编排 |
| npm:pi-web-access | 网页访问(检测到 gh 时 GitHub 请求自动走 gh api) | 免匿名限流 |
| npm:pi-cache-optimizer | 缓存统计与 /cache-optimizer doctor/stats/fix | 配合 pi 0.84+ 原生 footer 缓存命中率 |
十、全局约束(写入 AGENTS.md 的永久规则)
- 所有代码文件(含测试)<= 200 行,超出必须拆模块
- 所有 AI 输出禁止 emoji
- AI 文件不入业务仓库(gitignore + rm --cached)
- 密钥文件永不入库,仓库存 *.template
- pi 配置变更必须:改 config-pi -> setup.sh -> commit/push
- pi update 后必须:setup.sh + verify.sh 全绿
pi 会话机制与电脑重启后的恢复
核心结论:数据零丢失,进程不复活。pi 会话自动落盘为文件,重启电脑后随时接回完整对话;但中断时正在执行的子进程/命令不会复活,需要重新触发。
一、会话存储机制
pi 的对话自动保存,不依赖任何手动操作:
- 保存位置:
~/.pi/agent/sessions/(Windows 即C:\Users\<用户名>\.pi\agent\sessions\) - 存储形式:每个会话一个 JSONL 文件,消息逐条追加写入——重启/断电最多丢掉最后未写完的一轮
- 按工作目录分组:目录名做转义,如
--C--Users-23652--对应C:\Users\23652,--F--0-code--对应F:\0-code - 内部是树结构:每条记录带
id和parentId,同一文件内可分叉出多条对话路径(/tree可回跳任意节点)
正因如此,重启电脑丢的只是终端窗口本身,对话状态一直躺在磁盘上。
二、重启后的恢复操作
启动参数(命令行)
| 命令 | 作用 |
|---|---|
pi -c | 直接继续最近一个会话 |
pi -r | 打开会话选择器,浏览搜索历史会话 |
pi --session <id> | 恢复指定会话,id 支持前缀部分匹配 |
pi --fork <id> | 从历史会话分叉出新会话,不改动原文件 |
pi --name "任务名" | 启动时就给会话命名 |
交互内命令(pi 已运行时)
| 命令 | 作用 |
|---|---|
/resume | 同款会话选择器 |
/session | 显示当前会话 ID、文件路径、消息数、token 消耗 |
/tree | 在会话树内回跳任意历史节点继续(不建新文件) |
/name <名字> | 给会话命名,重启后好找 |
/fork | 从当前分支某条消息分叉出新会话文件 |
/clone | 复制当前活动分支为新会话 |
选择器快捷键(pi -r / /resume 内)
- 搜索:直接输入关键词
Ctrl+P显示完整路径 |Ctrl+S切换排序 |Ctrl+N只看已命名会话Ctrl+R重命名 |Ctrl+D删除(有确认)
三、多并行会话的恢复实操
场景:同时开 3 个终端窗口跑 3 个 pi 任务(如代码修复、配置同步、调研),重启后全部丢失。还原步骤:
- 重新开 3 个终端窗口
- 每个窗口先
cd到原工作目录(选择器只显示当前目录下的会话,目录不对就找不到) - 各自执行
pi -r挑对应会话,或用pi --session <id前缀>精确恢复 - 恢复后直接说"继续",模型读入全部历史接着干
日常习惯(让恢复更省事):
- 任务开始就
/name ember修复命名,重启后pi -r里一眼可辨 - 关键任务可用
/session记下会话 ID,之后pi --session 01a06183-4b67这样的前缀即可召回
四、边界:恢复的是对话,不是进程
- 恢复 = 把历史消息重新喂给模型,重建上下文;不是恢复操作系统进程
- 会话中断时正在执行的东西不会复活:进行中的 subagent worker、跑了一半的命令、内存里的状态全部消失,恢复后需要重新触发
- 若上次中断在"助手回答到一半",历史里会有半截消息,补一句指令让它继续即可
- 典型案例:任务因 API 429 限流中断,重启后
pi -r恢复原会话,说"继续之前的任务"即可从中断点续做
五、与 tmux 的分工(互补关系)
| 工具 | 防什么 | 场景 |
|---|---|---|
| tmux | 防连接断(SSH 掉线、窗口关闭) | Linux/远程服务器,进程在 tmux 里继续跑 |
| pi session | 防进程死/电脑重启 | 任何平台,对话历史落盘随时召回 |
Windows 本机跑 pi 时没有 tmux,靠的就是 pi 自身的会话机制;Linux 远程跑则两者叠加最稳。tmux 方案详见 AI对话防断连。
相关链接
- AI对话防断连(tmux 方案)
- 根索引
- !系统与工具 索引
pi 删除已存储的第三方 API(密钥)
注:config-pi 已于 2026-09-03 更名 config-ai(GitHub 旧链接自动重定向) 适用:需要清除 pi 中已存储的第三方(provider)API Key,例如套餐到期、账号弃用、或某 provider 不再使用。相关笔记:pi-config模块拆解、 pi会话机制与电脑重启后恢复。
一、密钥存哪里
pi 的 provider 密钥全部是明文 JSON 文件,不存在数据库/凭据管理器(model-hub 扩展及其 model-hub.json 已弃用移除,2026-09-03):
| 文件 | 作用 | 结构 |
|---|---|---|
~/.pi/agent/auth.json | 各 provider 的 API Key(主存储) | 顶层键 = provider 名,每个值是 { "type": ..., "key": ... } |
两个文件永不入库(config-pi 只存 *.template 占位);setup.sh 部署时发现它们已存在会保留不覆盖。
注意:pi auth 命令只有 print-api-key / print-bearer-token / check,没有删除/登出子命令——清除必须手动编辑文件。
二、删除单个 provider(如删除 ark-coding)
1. 从 auth.json 移除
# 预览将删的键(确认拼写)
node -e "const a=require(process.env.HOME+'/.pi/agent/auth.json'); console.log(Object.keys(a).join('\n'))"
# 备份后删除(以 ark-coding 为例)
cp ~/.pi/agent/auth.json ~/.pi/agent/auth.json.bak
node -e "const fs=require('fs'),h=process.env.HOME,p=h+'/.pi/agent/auth.json'; const a=JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(p,'utf8')); delete a['ark-coding']; fs.writeFileSync(p, JSON.stringify(a,null,2))"2. 检查引用并修正
- defaultProvider:若被删的是默认 provider,先改
~/.pi/agent/settings.json的defaultProvider指向现存 provider,否则 pi 启动报无默认 provider:
grep -o '"defaultProvider": "[^"]*"' ~/.pi/agent/settings.json- 环境变量注入的 key(如
ARK_CODING_API_KEY)若已设,文件删除不影响——环境变量优先级存在时,删除文件可能无效,需同时 unset:
env | grep -i "ARK_CODING\|ark-coding"三、彻底清理全部第三方 API(重置状态)
# 1) 备份(可随时回滚)
cp ~/.pi/agent/auth.json ~/.pi/agent/auth.json.bak.$(date +%Y%m%d)
# 2) 把 auth.json 重置为仅含空占位(而非删除文件——删除后 setup.sh 会用模板重建,行为一致)
echo '{}' > ~/.pi/agent/auth.json
# 3) settings.json 的 defaultProvider 改回可用项或 'google'(pi 内置)四、副作用与注意事项
| 事项 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| setup.sh 是否恢复 | 不会。部署时若 auth.json 已存在则保留原样;若被删除,则从 template 重建为占位(<YOUR_TOKEN>),需重填才能用 |
| 已加载会话 | 运行中的 pi 在内存里仍持有旧 key 直到重启;/reload 或重启后生效 |
| 受影响功能 | 该 provider 的模型在 /model 消失、provider 调用报缺凭据错误 |
| 环境变量注入 | ARK_CODING_API_KEY 等 env key 不走文件;要彻底清除需在启动环境里 unset |
| 网页/账号侧 | 这只是本地凭据;若目的是停用账号,还需到 provider 官网删除/停用 API Key |
五、验证删除生效
pi auth check --provider ark-coding # 应报无凭据/不可用
pi auth check --json # 全量凭据状态,确认无残留
ls ~/.pi/agent/auth.json.bak* # 确认备份存在(可回滚)验证无误后删除备份:rm ~/.pi/agent/auth.json.bak*
pi 如何设置与更新会话名
来源:pi 官方文档 docs/sessions.md、docs/session-format.md(pi 0.84)。
会话名是什么
每个 pi 会话默认没有名字,在 /resume(或 pi -r)的会话选择器里只显示首条消息作预览。设置"会话显示名"后:
/resume/pi -r列表里直接显示这个名字,不再只靠首条消息辨认;- 底部状态栏(footer)也会展示当前会话名;
- 底层是 JSONL 会话文件里的
session_info记录(name字段)。
方法一:会话内命令 /name(最常用)
正在会话里时,直接输入斜杠命令改名:
/name 重构 auth 模块
/name CI 审计回车即生效,无需重启。用 /session 可查看当前会话文件、ID、消息数与 name 等元信息。
方法二:启动时指定 --name / -n
pi --name "重构 auth 模块"
pi -n "CI 审计" -p "Review this build failure" # -p 为起始提示词适合开启一个新任务会话时顺手命名。
方法三:在恢复选择器里改(改历史会话的名字)
/resume 或启动时 pi -r 打开会话选择器:
- 输入即搜索;
Ctrl+R:重命名选中的会话(只改显示名,不改文件名);Ctrl+N:只看已命名的会话;Ctrl+D:删除(需确认,优先走 trash);Ctrl+P:切换显示完整路径;Ctrl+S:切换排序方式。
在会话外也能给任何历史会话补名字,不需要先进那个会话。
底层存储(一般不手动改)
会话按工作目录分文件夹保存在:
~/.pi/agent/sessions/
--C--Users-23652--/ <- 目录路径转义后的文件夹
2026-09-02T09-46-29-607Z_<id>.jsonl <- 时间戳_会话ID.jsonl每个会话是一个 JSONL 树文件,显示名存在其中一条记录里:
{"type":"session_info","id":"...","parentId":"...","timestamp":"...","name":"重构 auth 模块"}正常改名走上面的 /name 或 Ctrl+R 即可,不建议直接编辑 JSONL(会破坏树结构,且需重开 pi 才重读)。
相关命令速查
| 命令/参数 | 作用 |
|---|---|
/name <名字> | 给当前会话设置/更新显示名 |
pi --name <名字> / pi -n | 启动时命名 |
/session | 查看当前会话信息(文件、ID、name、tokens、cost) |
/resume、pi -r | 打开历史会话选择器(内可用 Ctrl+R 改名) |
/tree | 会话树内跳转(不影响名字) |
/new | 开新会话 |
小结
更新当前会话名就用 /name;补改历史会话名就用 /resume 里 Ctrl+R;自动化/脚本场景可用启动参数 pi --name。三者写的是同一处 session_info.name,优先级为最近一次设置覆盖。
包管理方案:全网调研与本机选型(2026-09)
前提:本机(ELEVEN237038 / Win11 25H2)同时存在 5 个软件来源,且此前"禁用 winget、scoop 只留 SDK"的规则本次全部作废重来,重新评估。结论先行:没有一个现成方案能同时解决"统一真源 + 漂移检测 + PATH 治理";建议自建一个薄编排层(复用现有管理器,不重造安装器),MVP 只做只读盘点与漂移检测。调研方法:全部结论回溯到一手来源(官方文档 / 源码 / 仓库实时数据),仓库数据用
gh api现取(2026-09-30)。
一、本机软件全景(实测)
| 来源 | 数量 | 安装位置/作用域 | 是否需要 UAC | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| scoop | 17 | ~\scoop,用户级 | 否 | 7zip、bat、cacert、dark、fd、gh、helix、jq、latex、make、pwsh、python、ripgrep、scoop-search、shellcheck、temurin21-jdk、wget |
| Chocolatey | 3 | 各自标准位置,机器级 | 是 | Cmder、pandoc、wireshark |
| winget 可见 | 78 | 混合(机器级为主) | 视包而定 | 含大量系统运行库(VCRedist/.NET/VCLibs/ODBC/OLEDB)与真应用(Git、Docker Desktop、IDEA、JDK 26、VS Code、Edge、Ditto、Bandizip、PDF24、OBS、PotPlayer、Zed、QQ、微信、网盘、输入法…) |
| Microsoft Store(Appx) | 65 | 系统管理 | 否 | 含系统组件与 OEM(Dell/Dolby/Intel/Kaspersky ShellEx) |
| 手工安装(仅注册表) | ~40 | 混合 | 是 | Chrome、Office 2021、Dell 全家、卡巴斯基、Android Studio、SSMS、VS Build Tools、Node.js、Xshell、游戏等 |
| 语言工具链 | — | — | — | node(手工 MSI)、python(scoop)、pip(scoop python 自带)、pnpm/npm 全局包、rustup(手工)、cargo、JDK 21(scoop)+ JDK 26(Oracle 手工) |
由此暴露的五个真实问题(均有本机实证)
- 同一软件多份安装 → 命令解析不确定。实证:MiKTeX 曾被 scoop 与 choco 各装一份(已删其一);Node.js 是手工 MSI 而 scoop 侧也能装
nodejs-lts。 - 更新来源碎片化:UniGetUI 一处、应用自带更新器一处、手动一处。实证:winget 后端关闭后,78 个包瞬间失去统一更新入口。
- 没有可复现的清单真源:换机/重装无法一键还原(scoop/choco/winget 各自能
export,但没有统一真源,也没有"谁负责哪个包"的声明)。 - 没有漂移检测:装了哪些、归谁管、是否落后,没有单一视图。实测
winget list里同时存在"已装版本 + 可用版本 + 来源",但这只是 winget 一家的视角。 - PATH 顺序无人治理。机制事实:Windows 的 PATH = Machine 优先 + User 追加;shim 与 MSI 安装混用时互相遮蔽。行业里已出现专门诊断工具(
whichway)与真实事故(某 agent 安装器把自带 node 强插到 User PATH 最前,持续覆盖用户选择)。
二、调研:四类候选方案
A. Windows 系统级包管理器
| 项目 | 解决的问题 | 架构 | 技术依赖 | 活跃度(2026-09-30 实测) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| winget(microsoft/winget-cli) | 官方、目录最大、系统自带 | YAML manifest + COM API + REST 源;winget export 可导出清单 | App Installer / Windows | 26467 stars C++ MIT,2026-09-30 推送 |
| Chocolatey(chocolatey/choco) | 企业级、脚本化、私有源 | nuspec + PowerShell 安装脚本(自由度高) | .NET + PowerShell | 11528 stars C# 许可 NOASSERTION(免费版受限),2026-09-25 |
| Scoop(ScoopInstaller/Scoop) | 用户级、无 UAC、便携 CLI | git 仓库 JSON manifest + shim,bucket 分治 | PowerShell + git | 24707 stars 许可 NOASSERTION,2026-09-30 |
| MSYS2/pacman | Unix 工具链与依赖解析 | pacman + 自有 POSIX 运行时 | MSYS2 运行时 | 976 stars(installer 仓),2026-09-27 |
| Nix(NixOS/nix + nix-community/NixOS-WSL) | 可复现、原子回滚 | 内容寻址存储 + 派生(derivation) | Windows 上依赖 WSL2(官方只支持 Linux/macOS);原生 Windows 仍是实验 | 17803 stars LGPL-2.1,2026-09-28 |
可复用:winget 的 manifest 模型与 export;Chocolatey 的包脚本生态;Scoop 的 manifest + shim(轻、可审、用户级);Nix 的 store + generation 回滚与声明式思路;MSYS2 的依赖解析。 要避开:Chocolatey 免费版的功能限制与"安装脚本即执行任意代码"的攻击面;Scoop 只管用户级且依赖 git;Nix 原生 Windows 尚未成熟(官方支持仍以 WSL2 为主),与 Windows 软件生态脱节。
B. 统一层与更新编排
| 项目 | 解决的问题 | 架构 | 技术依赖 | 活跃度 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UniGetUI(Devolutions/UniGetUI,原 WingetUI) | 一个界面管 10 个后端 | 后端抽象 IPackageManager + 操作队列/重试/状态机;PEInterface 注册 WinGet/Scoop/Chocolatey/Pip/Npm/DotNet/PowerShellGallery/Vcpkg/Cargo/PowerShell7 | .NET 10 + WinUI 3,约 40 个子项目 | 26338 stars C# MIT,2026-09-30 |
| Topgrade(topgrade-rs/topgrade) | 一条命令更新所有工具 | 检测已装工具 → 依次调用各管理器;支持自定义命令插槽 | Rust | 4609 stars Rust GPL-3.0,2026-09-29 |
| winget configure + DSC v3 | 声明式、幂等配置机器 | YAML 配置 + DSC v3 资源(Get/Set/Test 三段式,可重复执行)+ Assertions 前置断言 | winget ≥ 1.11 + Microsoft.DesiredStateConfiguration 包 | DSC 活跃;配套 GUI microsoft/winget-studio 仅 67 stars |
| chezmoi / Devbox | dotfiles / 环境即代码 | 状态库 + 差异预览;容器化环境 | Go | 21779 stars MIT / 12378 stars Apache-2.0 |
可复用:UniGetUI 的后端抽象与操作状态机(本机已在用,可直接读它的设置与操作历史);Topgrade 的"先检测再调用"编排;DSC 的Get/Set/Test 幂等三段式与断言;chezmoi 的差异预览工作流。 要避开:Topgrade 是 GPL-3.0(可用作外部命令,不可抄代码);UniGetUI 与 Topgrade 都没有声明式真源、没有漂移检测;winget configure 把真源绑死在 winget 上,且 DSC v3 资源生态还年轻。
C. 运行时/工具链版本管理(与系统包管理器的边界)
| 项目 | 解决的问题 | 架构 | 活跃度 |
|---|---|---|---|
| mise(jdx/mise) | 多语言运行时版本,按项目切换 | shim + .tool-versions/.nvmrc 解析;activate_aggressive 可把工具前置到 PATH 以压过竞争者 | 34464 stars Rust MIT,2026-09-30 |
| proto(moonrepo) | 同上,偏 monorepo | 工具链管理,声明式优先 | 1428 stars MIT |
| asdf | 同上(插件生态老牌) | Go 重写后为 0.16+ | 25589 stars MIT |
| uv(astral-sh/uv) | Python 环境/依赖 | Rust 单二进制 | 90315 stars Apache-2.0 |
| rustup | Rust 工具链 | 官方 | 7053 stars Apache-2.0 |
| pnpm / cargo-binstall | Node 依赖 / Rust 预编译二进制 | — | 36715 stars MIT / 2900 stars GPL-3.0 |
可复用:shim + 按项目声明版本;mise 对 PATH 遮蔽问题的显式处理(它专门有 activate_aggressive 与排障文档)。 要避开:同一运行时既由系统包管理器装、又由版本管理器装(本机正是这种状态:node 手工 MSI + scoop 也能装)→ 必然遮蔽与版本错乱。边界应显式声明:运行时由版本管理器负责,CLI 工具由系统包管理器负责。
D. 共性设计结论(所有方案都踩过的坑)
| 设计 | 为什么值得复用/避开 |
|---|---|
| 复用现成管理器的下载/校验/卸载 | 自己实现下载+校验+解压+卸载 = 重复劳动且安全面大 |
| Get/Set/Test 幂等三段式(DSC) | 让"应用配置"可重复执行,天然支持漂移检测 |
| 先检测再调用(Topgrade) | 未安装的管理器不应被调用;本机正好有 10 个后端 |
| 避开:无回滚的批量升级 | 一次 update all 失败无法定位与撤销 |
| 避开:混用用户级/机器级而不声明 | Windows PATH 是 Machine 优先 + User 追加,顺序必须显式治理 |
| 避开:GUI 作为唯一入口 | 不可脚本化、不可版本化、不可自动化验证 |
三、结合本机需求的选型
结论:自建薄编排层(不重造安装器)
理由:本机的三个核心痛点(统一真源、漂移检测、PATH 治理)没有任何现成工具覆盖;而"下载与安装"这件事已经有三套成熟管理器在做,自建不应重复。
| 层 | 选型 | 理由 |
|---|---|---|
| 语言 | Rust(单二进制、无运行时、Windows 友好) | 与本会话已验证可行的技术栈一致;whichway/mise/uv 都用 Rust 做同类工具 |
| 清单真源 | TOML(每包声明:期望来源 + 版本策略 + 作用域) | 可版本化、可审、易 diff |
| 状态采集 | 各管理器原生命令(scoop export/choco list/winget list/pnpm ls -g/pip list/注册表) | 不自建包索引 |
| 执行 | 调用各管理器原生命令 | 复用其下载/校验/卸载;失败可定位到具体管理器 |
| 呈现 | CLI + JSON(可选 TUI) | 可脚本化、可自动化验证 |
| 许可 | 自身 MIT/Apache-2.0;依赖只取宽松许可 | 避开 Topgrade(GPL-3.0)与 cargo-binstall(GPL-3.0)的代码 |
系统架构(五层,单向依赖)
- 采集层:后端适配器(scoop / choco / winget / pnpm / pip / Store / 注册表)→ 归一化为
PackageRecord { name, version, source, scope(user|machine), install_path, has_update } - 清单层:TOML 真源(
packages.toml),声明每个包的期望来源与版本策略;支持多机 profile - 决策层(纯函数):计算五类漂移 —— 缺失 / 多余 / 版本不符 / 来源不符 / PATH 被遮蔽 → 输出计划(plan)
- 执行层:按计划调用各管理器原生命令(幂等;每步可回滚记录);永不自己下载或安装
- 呈现层:人读报告 + JSON
MVP 范围(阶段一,只读)
采集 + 归一化 + 漂移检测 + PATH 遮蔽诊断 + 报告。明确不做:apply/update、GUI、跨机同步、自建包索引。
开发顺序(每步可独立验收)
- 采集层:7 个后端适配器 + 归一化模型(用本机真实数据做测试)
- 漂移引擎:五类差异计算(纯函数,合成数据全覆盖单测)
- PATH 诊断:解析 Machine/User PATH + 各 shim 目录,回答"
node/python/java实际解析到哪个二进制、被谁遮蔽" - 报告:人读 + JSON
- 清单真源:TOML 读写 +
plan输出(仍只读) - (阶段二) apply:按清单调用管理器,幂等 + 失败即停 + 变更记录
- (阶段二) update:编排各管理器升级(先检测已装工具再调用)
四、待确认的问题
- 是否自建这个薄编排层?还是先用「UniGetUI + Topgrade + 各自 export」的现成组合顶着(覆盖更新与清单,但没有统一真源与漂移视图)?
- 语言 Rust 是否认可?
- MVP 只做只读盘点是否可接受(不做任何安装/卸载/升级)?
- 边界规则是否按"运行时归版本管理器、CLI 工具归系统包管理器"来定?
- 落位:
F:\0-code\20-active\tool-<名字>?
五、来源
- winget vs Chocolatey vs Scoop:<https://winget.tech/blog/winget-vs-chocolatey-vs-scoop> ; <https://github.com/ScoopInstaller/Scoop/wiki/Chocolatey-and-Winget-Comparison>
- UniGetUI 架构:<https://deepwiki.com/marticliment/UniGetUI> ; <https://github.com/marticliment/UniGetUI/blob/c231213b/src/UniGetUI.PackageEngine.PackageEngine/PEInterface.cs>
- Topgrade:<https://github.com/topgrade-rs/topgrade> ; <https://docs.rs/topgrade/latest/topgrade/>
- winget configure / DSC v3:<https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/package-manager/configuration/> ; <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/package-manager/configuration/create-v3> ; <https://github.com/microsoft/winget-studio/blob/main/docs/concepts/understanding-resources.md>
- Nix on Windows:<https://novavero.ai/blog/first-native-windows-nix-build> ; <https://github.com/nix-community/NixOS-WSL> ; <https://docs.ropensci.org/rix/articles/setting-up-linux-windows.html>
- mise / proto / asdf:<https://mise.jdx.dev/dev-tools/comparison-to-asdf.html> ; <https://mise.jdx.dev/troubleshooting.html> ; <https://www.pkgpulse.com/guides/mise-vs-proto-vs-asdf-polyglot-version-managers-2026>
- 多 JDK 与 JAVA_HOME:<https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/dev-environment/java> ; <https://jvmaware.com/multiple-java-versions/>
- PATH 遮蔽实证:<https://github.com/NousResearch/hermes-agent/pull/95748> ; <https://crates.io/crates/whichway>
- 仓库活跃度:全部用
gh api repos/<owner>/<repo>于 2026-09-30 现取
[Windows] docs | 开机软件 0 延后启动设置
通过在注册表
Explorer下新建Serialize项、把两个 DWORD 值设为0,禁用 Windows 11 引入的"动态延迟启动"机制,让所有开机自启动软件在登录后立即加载,告别开机后干等 1~2 分钟才看到托盘程序出现的尴尬。 Microsoft Learn 问答 · win11 25H2 启动项启动很慢
@[toc]
背景
开机后软件"迟到"
开机登录后,自启动常驻程序迟迟不出现,干等 1~2 分钟才一个个冒出来,而这期间桌面壁纸还是默认的、任务栏还是没透明的。点开"启动"设置一看,这些程序明明都是"已启用"状态,可就是慢半拍。
Windows 11 的动态延迟启动
自 Windows 11 23H2 版本起(24H2、25H2 同样存在),微软引入了一套动态延迟启动机制:系统在用户登录后,会优先把资源让给 Explorer(桌面 / 任务栏)进程,确保"桌面先亮起来"的观感;至于其他自启动软件,则被刻意"压一压",等到系统相对空闲时再分批加载。于是出现了上面"桌面出来了、软件没出来"的割裂体验。
本文的方案不是"加速开机",而是关掉系统强加给启动项的延迟。
核心概念
什么是"启动延迟"?
启动延迟不是软件本身的慢,而是系统层面的"排队机制":登录后,系统不立刻把启动项一股脑全拉起来,而是先稳住 Explorer,再按自己的节奏逐步放行其他自启动程序。这个"逐步放行"的节奏,由注册表里两个键值控制。
两个关键注册表值
要关掉这个延迟,只需要在注册表里新建一个 Serialize 项,并在其下设置两个 DWORD(32 位) 值:
| 值名称 | 类型 | 作用 | 设为 0 的含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
WaitForIdleState | DWORD(32 位) | 是否等待系统进入"空闲状态"再放行启动项 | 0 = 跳过等待,登录后立即放行,不等系统空闲 |
StartupDelayInMSec | DWORD(32 位) | 启动项的延迟时间(毫秒) | 0 = 延迟为 0,启动项不再被"压"住 |
这两个值一唱一和:WaitForIdleState 管的是"要不要等",StartupDelayInMSec 管的是"等多久"。两个都设成 0,等于既不等、也不延迟——启动项在登录瞬间就开跑。
手动改注册表
第 1 步:打开注册表编辑器
按 Win + R 调出运行窗口,输入 regedit,回车。弹出用户账户控制(UAC)提示时点"是"。
第 2 步:导航到目标路径
在注册表编辑器左侧树状目录里依次展开,或直接把下面这行粘贴到顶部地址栏回车:
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer第 3 步:新建 Serialize 项
在左侧选中 Explorer 项,然后:
- 右键
Explorer->新建->项 - 把新建的项重命名为
Serialize
注意:是右键 Explorer 新建子项,不是在 Explorer 里新建值。
Serialize必须作为Explorer的子项存在,两个 DWORD 值要建在Serialize里面,而不是直接建在Explorer里。位置建错 = 无效。
第 4 步:在 Serialize 下新建两个 DWORD 值
选中刚建好的 Serialize 项,在右侧空白处:
- 右键 ->
新建->DWORD(32 位)值 - 命名为
WaitForIdleState,双击它,把"数值数据"改为0,确定 - 再重复一次,新建
DWORD(32 位)值,命名为StartupDelayInMSec,数值数据同样改0
两个值的最终状态应该长这样:
Explorer
└── Serialize
├── WaitForIdleState = 0x00000000 (0)
└── StartupDelayInMSec = 0x00000000 (0)第 5 步:重启生效
注册表修改即时写入,但启动延迟机制只在登录时触发,所以必须重启电脑(或注销再登录)才能看到效果。重启后留意任务栏右下角,你会发现那些常驻软件几乎是跟着桌面一起冒出来的。
这个方案不适合谁?
配置低的电脑不推荐
注意
这个注册表方案改的是全局延迟策略,作用于所有走注册表启动项通道的程序,无法单独针对某一个软件做"延迟 / 不延迟"的差异化设置。
本文方案整理自 Microsoft Learn 社区问答 及多个技术博客的实践,属于社区验证的偏方,无微软官方文档背书,操作风险自担。
用 Docker Compose 搭建网站(Nginx + MySQL)
在 Ubuntu 24.04 上使用 Docker 部署 Nginx 和 MySQL 来搭建网站,最优雅、最高效的方式是使用 Docker Compose。这种容器化的部署方式能让你的 VPS 环境保持绝对的整洁,非常适合后续扩展和管理各种自托管服务或开发环境。
下面为你整理了一份详细的实操指南。
第一步:连接 VPS 并更新系统
首先,通过 SSH 登录你的 VPS,运行以下命令确保系统软件包是最新的:
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
第二步:安装 Docker 和 Docker Compose
在 Ubuntu 24.04 上,推荐使用 Docker 官方的安装脚本,它会自动配置好最新的稳定版软件源并完成安装(包含 Docker Engine 和 Compose 插件)。
- 下载并运行官方安装脚本:
curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com -o get-docker.sh
sudo sh get-docker.sh
- 启动并设置 Docker 开机自启:
sudo systemctl enable --now docker
- 验证安装是否成功:
docker --version
docker compose version
如果能正常输出版本号,说明基础容器环境已经就绪。
第三步:规划项目目录结构
为了方便后期维护,建议把所有的配置文件、数据库数据和网站源码收拢在同一个目录下。在当前用户的家目录下创建一个 website-stack 文件夹:
mkdir -p ~/website-stack/{html,nginx,mysql-data}
cd ~/website-stack
此时的目录规划如下:
~/website-stack/:主工作目录~/website-stack/html/:存放网站静态文件(如index.html或前端打包文件)~/website-stack/nginx/:存放 Nginx 的自定义配置文件~/website-stack/mysql-data/:存放 MySQL 数据(实现数据持久化)
第四步:编写 Docker 编排配置文件
在 ~/website-stack 目录下,创建一个名为 docker-compose.yml 的文件:
nano docker-compose.yml
将以下内容复制进去(务必修改 MySQL 的强密码):
services:
# 数据库服务
mysql:
image: mysql:8.0
container_name: mysql_db
restart: always
environment:
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: your_secure_root_password # 替换为复杂的 root 密码
MYSQL_DATABASE: my_website_db # 自动创建的数据库名称
MYSQL_USER: web_user # 自动创建的普通用户名
MYSQL_PASSWORD: web_secure_password # 普通用户密码
volumes:
- ./mysql-data:/var/lib/mysql # 挂载本地目录以持久化数据
networks:
- web_net
# Web 服务器服务
nginx:
image: nginx:alpine
container_name: nginx_web
restart: always
ports:
- "80:80" # 映射 HTTP 端口
# - "443:443" # 预留给后续配置 SSL 证书
volumes:
- ./nginx/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro # 挂载 Nginx 主配置文件
- ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro # 挂载网站根目录
depends_on:
- mysql # 确保 MySQL 在 Nginx 之前启动
networks:
- web_net
# 定义内部网络
networks:
web_net:
driver: bridge
保存并退出(在 nano 中按 Ctrl + O 保存,Enter 确认,Ctrl + X 退出)。
第五步:编写 Nginx 配置与前端测试页面
1. 配置 Nginx
在 ~/website-stack/nginx/ 目录下创建 nginx.conf 文件:
nano nginx/nginx.conf
填入以下基础的 Web 服务器配置。这个配置足以作为静态文件服务,或者未来修改为反向代理你的后端服务(如 Java、C++ 或其他 Web3 应用接口):
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost; # 后续绑定域名后,将此处修改为你的域名
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
}
}
}
2. 创建测试网页
在 ~/website-stack/html/ 目录下创建一个简单的 index.html:
nano html/index.html
写入测试代码:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>网站运行状态</title>
<style>
body { font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 100px; background-color: #1e1e2e; color: #cdd6f4; }
h1 { color: #89b4fa; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>系统已上线</h1>
<p>Nginx 容器正在运行,MySQL 数据库已在后台就绪。</p>
</body>
</html>
第六步:一键启动并验证
一切准备就绪,回到主目录,执行启动命令:
cd ~/website-stack
sudo docker compose up -d
Docker 会自动拉取 Nginx 和 MySQL 的镜像并启动容器。-d 参数表示在后台运行。
检查运行状态
sudo docker compose ps
如果看到 mysql_db 和 nginx_web 的状态都是 Up,说明容器已全部正常启动。
访问测试
打开浏览器,在地址栏输入你 VPS 的公网 IP 地址。你将会看到刚才写好的测试网页。
后续运维常用命令集
在 ~/website-stack 目录下,你可以使用以下命令来管理你的技术栈:
- 查看实时日志(排查网络或启动问题):
sudo docker compose logs -f
- 重启 Nginx 服务(当你修改了
nginx.conf之后):
sudo docker compose restart nginx
- 进入 MySQL 容器执行 SQL:
sudo docker exec -it mysql_db mysql -u root -p
- 关闭并移除容器(数据因为挂载了本地目录,不会丢失):
sudo docker compose down
网络专线:IPLC与IEPL
- IPLC (International Private Leased Circuit) —— “国际私用出租线路”
IPLC 是传统的经典专线方案,通常指物理层(第一层)或数据链路层(第二层)的连接。
- 工作原理:通过点对点的光缆或卫星,在两个不同国家或地区间建立的一条“实体管道”。
- 核心特点:
- 低延迟:不经过公网,数据走直线,延迟极低且极其稳定。
- 不经过防火墙:因为它完全绕过了公网(骨干网),所以不会受到公网防火墙(如 GFW)的干扰。
- 比喻:在两个城市之间挖了一条专属的私家隧道,不受任何交通管制。
- IEPL (International Ethernet Private Line) —— “国际以太网内网专线”
IEPL 是基于以太网(二层)的增强型专线,可以看作是 IPLC 的现代升级版。
- 工作原理:利用以太网接口进行传输,配置更加灵活,可以根据需求轻松调整带宽。
- 核心特点:
- 高可扩展性:相比 IPLC,IEPL 的带宽调整更迅速。
- 管理简单:接口和局域网一样,企业部署起来非常方便。
- 同样不经公网:和 IPLC 一样拥有极高的安全性和稳定性。
- 比喻:在专属隧道里铺设了可以自由增减车道的电子高速公路。
IPLC vs IEPL 快速对比
| 特性 | IPLC | IEPL |
|---|---|---|
| 全称 | 国际私用出租线路 | 国际以太网内网专线 |
| 技术基础 | 物理层/TDM (电路交换) | 数据链路层/以太网 (分组交换) |
| 灵活性 | 较低(带宽调整较慢) | 较高(带宽调整非常灵活) |
| 安全性 | 极高(物理隔离) | 极高(逻辑隔离) |
| 网络层级 | Layer 1 / Layer 2 | Layer 2 |
| 共同点 | 低延迟、不丢包、不走公网防火墙 | 价格非常昂贵 |
为什么它们常被提到?在网络加速领域,由于这两种线路不经过公网网关,所以它们:
- 无视干扰:不会出现公网常见的断流、限速等问题。
- 极速访问:比如从深圳连接到香港,延迟通常能稳定在 5ms 以内。
- 价格昂贵:由于租金极高,通常只有企业用户或高端游戏加速服务才会使用。
Linux项目下载
直接拉取
操作
项目
docker:
3x-ui:
bash <(curl -Ls https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/master/install.sh)ngnix:
kejilion.sh:一键脚本工具箱
bash <(curl -sL kejilion.sh)excalidraw:
docker拉取
操作
项目
3x-ui:
nginx:
draw.io:
`
Markdown 锚点与 markdownlint:为何 !问题追踪 的写法才 0 报错
场景:待办/清单类文件(如
10-项目/!问题追踪/下的三份)常以---分成多个板块,想在文件开头放一行「板块速览」链接,点击跳到对应板块。本文回答:为什么只有「每板块一个真实标题 + 速览链接写标题 slug」的写法,在装了 VS Code markdownlint 后 0 报错;HTML 显式锚点为何在此环境不可用。前置:锚点通用做法见 Markdown-锚点跳转.md。
一、现象:同一种诉求,三种写法的报错差异
给三个带板块的文件做「开头速览 + 板块跳转」,三种写法在 VS Code markdownlint 下的实测结果:
| 写法 | 样子 | lint 结果 |
|---|---|---|
| A. HTML 显式锚点 | 每板块前 <a id="v1-0-0"></a>,速览写 [v1.0.0](#v1-0-0) | 报 MD033(no-inline-html) |
| B. 纯标题 + 手写自定义链接 | ## v1.0.0,速览写 [v1.0.0](#v1.0.0) | 报 MD051(link-fragments) |
| C. 纯标题 + 标题 slug 链接 | ## v1.0.0,速览写 [v1.0.0](#v100) | 0 报错 |
markdownlint 实测命令(markdownlint-cli2,规则集默认):
- A 报
MD033/no-inline-html Inline HTML [Element: a] - B 报
MD051/link-fragments Link fragments should be valid [Context: "[v1.0.0](#v1.0.0)"] - C 干净通过
二、为什么:两条 lint 规则决定了「唯一解」
1. MD033 / no-inline-html:禁内联 HTML
markdownlint 默认规则禁止在 Markdown 里写内联 HTML,<a id="..."> 属于内联 HTML,直接报错。 => 想在文件里"自己设一个跳转点"的 <a id> 方案(即 Markdown-锚点跳转.md 里的「HTML 显式锚点」),在默认 lint 环境下不可用。
2. MD051 / link-fragments:链接片段必须能解析
markdownlint 会校验 [x](#fragment) 里的 #fragment 是否指向文件里真实存在的锚点目标。它认的目标是:
- 标题自动生成的 slug(
## 标题→ 系统按规则转 slug); - 内联 HTML 里的
id(但 MD033 已先把它禁了)。
所以最稳的合法目标 = 标题的自动 slug;手写的、与标题 slug 不一致的 fragment(如 #v1.0.0)会被 MD051 判为"无效链接片段"。
3. 标题 slug 到底怎么生成(关键)
规则(GitHub / markdownlint / VS Code 同一套,叫 GitHub-style slug):
转小写、空格变
-、去掉标点符号(点.、括号()等)。
实测对照(可直接复验):
| 标题 | 自动 slug | 速览应写 |
|---|---|---|
## v1.0.0 | #v100(点被去掉) | [v1.0.0](#v100) |
## v1.1.1 | #v111 | [v1.1.1](#v111) |
## 1. 标签页名称显示会话名 | #1-标签页名称显示会话名(点去掉、空格变 -、中文保留) | [标签页名称显示会话名](#1-标签页名称显示会话名) |
## 待办 | #待办(纯中文无标点 → 原样) | [待办](#待办) |
注意:标题 slug 对中文标点/括号也会去掉(如 ## 标题带(括号)内容 → slug 不含括号),速览里别写标题原文,要写 slug 后的形态。
三、规范:待办清单做「板块速览跳转」的正确姿势
- 每个板块必须是一个真实标题:
## v1.0.0、## 1. todo 功能增强、## 待办等;不要只写裸文本再用<a id>去锚。 - 开头速览一行,链接直接写标题 slug:
> **板块速览**:[v1.0.0](#v100) | [v1.1.1](#v111) | [待办](#待办)- 写链接时心里过一遍 slug 转换:英文数字标题去点(
v1.0.0→#v100);编号标题去点、空格变-(1. 标签页...→#1-标签页...);纯中文标题原样。 - 不要用
<a id>:在装 markdownlint 的环境必然报 MD033;若某处实在要(非标题位置、中文精确锚点),需在.markdownlint.json显式关闭MD033才行:
{ "MD033": false }(关闭后 <a id> 与 #id 即可用——见 Markdown-锚点跳转.md 的 HTML 显式锚点一节。)
四、!问题追踪 文件夹现状对照
10-项目/!问题追踪/EmberTimer.md— 版本板块(## v1.0.0等)+「待办」板块,速览#v100…#待办✓10-项目/!问题追踪/pi-tab-status.md— 两个## 1./## 2.板块,速览#1-…、#2-…✓10-项目/!问题追踪/config-ai.md— 单板块编号清单,无多板块跳转需求(不开速览) ✓
三份均通过 markdownlint(除行宽 MD013 提示属另一规则,与锚点无关)。
相关
- Markdown-锚点跳转.md — 锚点通用做法(标题锚点 + HTML 显式锚点)
- Markdown语法.md — Markdown 全语法速查(15. 目录与锚点)
Markdown 锚点跳转(设跳转点 + 别处引用)
需求:在一个文件里设一个"点",在别处写一行链接,点击直接跳到那个点。 两种做法,按需选用: ① 标题自动锚点——零成本,靠标题自动生成(英文/数字标题最好用); ② HTML 显式锚点——可在任意位置设点,中文最稳,跨平台兼容性最好。
一、标题自动锚点(最简单)
作用: 让"某个标题"成为跳转点;跳转链接 = [文字](#标题锚点)(本文件内)或 [文字](其他文件.md#标题锚点)(跨文件)。
规则(GitHub/VS Code): 标题自动生成锚点 id = 标题转小写、空格变 -、去掉标点符号。例:## How to Jump → 锚点 #how-to-jump。
写法(字面):
- 本文件内:
[跳到 How to Jump](#how-to-jump) - 跨文件:
[跳到语法速查·锚点一节](<Markdown语法.md#15-目录与锚点>)
实测(点下面的链接真的会跳,可验证):
- 本文件内 → 跳到「How to Jump」(跳到下方标题)
- 跨文件 → 跳到 Markdown语法.md 的「15. 目录与锚点」
- 跨文件 → 跳到 Markdown语法.md 的「1. 标题 Heading」
How to Jump
这是一个英文标题,自动锚点是 #how-to-jump。上面第一条链接就是跳到这里的。
二、HTML 显式锚点(任意位置 · 中文最稳 · 推荐)
作用: 把 <a id="名字"></a> 插在任何位置(不一定是标题),这一处就成为跳转点;链接写法同上,id 直接用。 为什么推荐: 中文标题自动锚点很难猜(标点被删、是否转小写各平台不一),显式锚点 id 完全自己定,稳定可控。
写法(字面):
<a id="中文跳转点"></a>
[跳到中文跳转点](#中文跳转点) <!-- 本文件内引用 -->
[跳到中文跳转点](其他文件.md#中文跳转点) <!-- 跨文件引用 -->lint 警告: 若启用 VS Code markdownlint,
<a id>属内联 HTML,默认规则 MD033 会报错;请改用「标题自动锚点」写法或见 Markdown-锚点与markdownlint.md。
实测(本文件内):
- ↓ 下方第 1 行就放着一个
<a id="中文跳转点">空锚点,点这条能跳过去 →
<a id="中文跳转点"></a> 你到了。 这一行前面的 id="中文跳转点" 就是被跳到的"点"。显式锚点不依赖标题,放在段首、标题旁、表格前都行。
三、跨文件跳转完整示意
假设你要从「A.md」跳到「B.md」里某个位置:
<!-- B.md 中:在目标位置放显式锚点 -->
<a id="目标段"></a>
<!-- A.md 中:引用它,同一目录直接写文件名 -->
[跳转到 B 的目标段](B.md#目标段)要点:
- 路径跟普通文件链接一样:同目录写文件名,子目录写
文件夹/文件.md,上级写../。 - 锚点部分就是
#名字,紧跟文件路径之后;#号不能丢。 - 本仓库约定用相对路径,带空格或特殊字符的路径可用
<>包裹整条链接(如[文字](<目录/文件#锚点>))。
四、平台差异与坑
| 平台 | 标题自动锚点 | HTML 显式锚点 |
|---|---|---|
| GitHub / VS Code / Obsidian | 支持 | 支持 |
| CSDN 编辑器 | 部分支持(标题锚点不稳) | 相对更稳 |
| 简书 / 微信公众号 | 基本不支持 | 不支持 |
坑清单:
- 重复标题会自动加后缀
-1、-2等:## 总结、## 总结→#总结、#总结-1。 - 锚点大小写敏感(
#How-to-jump≠#how-to-jump)。 - 中文标题自动锚点:标点(、。:)会被删掉,空格变
-,很难手写——中文场景直接用 HTML 锚点最省心。 - 引用时
#必须紧跟在路径后,别留空格:(file.md#锚点)对,(file.md #锚点)错。 - 在 Obsidian 里也认
#锚点跳转;在 CSDN 发稿时,建议把关键跳转点都换成 HTML 锚点。
相关
- 完整语法速查见 Markdown语法.md(父目录);lint 环境下的锚点规范见 Markdown-锚点与markdownlint.md。
Markdown 语法全速查(语法 · 作用 · 示例)
本笔记由项目
10-项目/2026-10-掌握Markdown提炼,内容整理自菜鸟教程(runoob.com)。 用法:每个语法给「语法(字面写法)→ 作用 → 示例/效果」。想不起来时来这里查一条,复制即用。
一句话本质
用 #、*、| 等直观符号写纯文本,由解析器转成 HTML/PDF/Word。易读易写、纯文本可 diff、与版本控制友好。文件后缀 .md / .markdown。
1. 标题 Heading
- 语法:
#~######表示 1~6 级(#在行首、与文字间留空格);也可用下一行的=表示一级、-表示二级。 - 作用: 组织文档层级结构,生成目录、方便跳转。
- 示例/效果:
# 一级标题
## 二级标题
####### 不会生效(最多6级#)本文件所有大标题就是 #/## 的演示。守则:行首、留空格、不跳级(如 2 直接到 4)。
2. 段落与换行
- 语法: 空行分段;行尾两个空格再回车 = 换行;行尾一个回车 = 空格。
- 作用: 控制文本的段落与换行节奏。
- 示例/效果:
这是第一段。
这是第二段(中间有空行=新段落)。
本行前面没有空行,会接在上一行后面。3. 强调(粗体 / 斜体 / 删除线 / 下划线)
- 语法:
*斜体*/_斜体_、**粗体**/__粗体__、***粗斜***、~~删除线~~、<u>下划线</u>(HTML)。 - 作用: 给文字加视觉强调,最常用的排版手段。
- 示例/效果:
**粗体**→ 粗体;*斜体*→ 斜体;~~删除~~→ ~~删除~~;<u>下划线</u>→ <u>下划线</u>。
4. 列表(有序 / 无序 / 嵌套 / 任务)
- 语法: 无序
*、+、-+ 空格;有序1.、2.;嵌套靠缩进 2~4 空格;任务列表- [ ](未完成)/- [x](完成)。 - 作用: 罗列要点、步骤、待办。
- 示例/效果:
- 无序项 A
- 嵌套项(缩进)
1. 有序项一
2. 有序项二
- [x] 已完成任务
- [ ] 未完成任务注意:GMF 的任务列表并非所有平台支持,跨平台先确认。
5. 链接
- 语法: 行内
[文字](网址)、带标题[文字](网址 "悬停提示")、引用式[文字][id]+ 文末[id]: 网址、自动链接<https://x.com>。 - 作用: 跳转外链、站内互相引用。
- 示例/效果:
[菜鸟教程](https://www.runoob.com)→ 菜鸟教程;<https://www.runoob.com>→ <https://www.runoob.com>。
6. 图片
- 语法:
;想带链接就整张图包进[...](链接)。 - 作用: 插入截图/流程图(CSDN/Obsidian 可直接粘贴路径或拖入)。
- 示例/效果:
↓
示例图
7. 引用 Blockquote
- 语法: 行首
>;>>嵌套;引用里可放列表/代码。 - 作用: 引用原文、标注提示、给"引言"。
- 示例/效果:
> 我是引用。
>
> > 我是嵌套引用。效果即本文件各处">"开头的灰色引言块。
8. 代码(行内 / 围栏代码块)
- 语法: 行内代码用单个反引号包裹 `
code;多行代码块用 **3 个反引号**包裹并写明语言名开启高亮(如```python```)。 - 作用: 展示代码/命令,高亮可读。
- 示例(行内): `
print("hi")→print("hi")` - 示例(围栏,写的时候这样填):
这是围栏代码块的写法(复制时把下面的缩进去掉):
print("hello") ```text
渲染后即本文件里那些带语言的代码块(如本节上方)。语言名不写也可以,只是不高亮。
## 9. 表格
- **语法:** 表头行 + `---` 分隔行 + 数据行;`:---` 左对齐、`---:` 右对齐、`:---:` 居中。
- **作用:** 结构化对比数据。
- **示例/效果:**
| 左对齐 | 居中 | 右对齐 |
|---|---|---|
| a | b | c |
渲染后:
| 左对齐 | 居中 | 右对齐 |
|:------|:----:|-------:|
| a | b | c |
## 10. 分割线
- **语法:** 单独一行 `---`、`***` 或 `___`。
- **作用:** 内容分隔。
- **示例/效果:** 本文件每两大节之间的横线就是 `---`。
## 11. HTML 嵌入
- **语法:** 直接写 `<div>`、`<span>`、`<u>`、`<center>` 等 HTML 标签。
- **作用:** Markdown 不够用时补复杂格式(居中/颜色/布局)。
- **示例/效果:** `<center>居中文字</center>`(已废弃标签,不推荐在新文档里用);`<u>带下划线</u>` → <u>带下划线</u>。
## 12. 转义
- **语法:** 反斜杠 `\` 加在特殊字符前:`\*`、`\#`、\` 等。
- **作用:** 想显示字面符号(而不是触发语法)时用。
- **示例/效果:** `\*不是斜体\*` → \*不是斜体\*。
## 13. GFM 扩展(GitHub 风格,非原生标准)
- **语法:** 任务列表(`- [x]`)、删除线(`~~`)、自动链接、表格、脚注(`[^1]` + 文末 `[^1]: 内容`)。
- **作用:** GitHub/CSDN 等平台额外支持,写 README 常用。
- **示例/效果:** 脚注示例:这是脚注引用[^1]。
[^1]: 这是脚注内容(本文档末尾会显示)。
## 14. 数学公式(KaTeX/LaTeX,平台支持时)
- **语法:** 行内 `$公式$`;块级 `$$ 公式 $$`。
- **作用:** 数学/算法笔记写公式。
- **示例/效果:** `$E=mc^2$` → $E=mc^2$(不支持时显示为纯文本)。
## 15. 目录与锚点
- **语法:** GitHub 自动给标题生成锚点;可用 `[跳转](#标题锚点)` 手动跳。
- **作用:** 长文档导航。
- **示例/效果:** [回到第1节标题](#1-标题-heading)。可滚动验证跳转。
---
## 常见坑(用了立省)
- `#` 不在行首/不留空格 → 不解析为标题。
- 表格分隔线少于 3 个 `-` → 不渲染成表格。
- 行尾只敲一个回车 → 变空格不换行;要换行需两空格+回车。
- 删除线/任务列表/脚注是 GFM 扩展,跨平台(如简书)可能不显示。
- 数学公式/nav/Latex 依赖具体编辑器是否开启。
## 同类 / 相关
- `related: [[Markdown锚点跳转]]` — 文件内/跨文件跳转用法
- `related: [[10-项目/!名词解释/00-索引|名词解释]]` — 编辑器、编译器、解释器、IDE 的层级与选型
- 本笔记已在本项目 `00-索引.md` 登记;更多用法可回查菜鸟教程。git
git init:仓库初始化
git rm -r --cached 文件地址:移除本地仓库文件(保留本地文件)
SQLite 介绍
2026-09-05 联网调研撰写,作「2026-12-掌握SQLite」项目的入门材料。事实口径以 sqlite.org 官方为准,资料来源见文末。
一句话定位
SQLite 是一个嵌入式、无服务器、零配置、事务性(ACID)的 SQL 关系型数据库引擎。它不是独立运行的数据库服务,而是以库文件形式链接进应用程序,直接读写普通磁盘文件(或内存 :memory:)——一个完整数据库(表/索引/视图全在内)就是一个单文件,可随意复制、移动、跨平台使用。
它是世界上部署最广的数据库引擎(部署量超 1 万亿份):手机系统、浏览器、桌面应用、嵌入式设备的默认存储里到处是它。你几乎每天都在用,只是没意识到。
核心特性
| 特性 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 部署形态 | 嵌入式库,无独立服务进程、无网络端口;单文件跨平台(表/索引/视图都在一个文件里) |
| 配置成本 | 零配置、免安装、免运维;备份 = 复制文件 |
| 可靠性 | 遵循 ACID 事务,断电/崩溃后不损坏(官方以极端测试著称,常被引为"航空级"质量) |
| 体积 | 全功能 <400KiB,精简可 <250KiB |
| 容量 | 单库上限 281 TB(2^48 字节),单行上限约 1 GB |
| 并发模型 | 多读单写(整个库一把写锁);WAL 模式下读不阻塞写,官方量级约每秒千次写 |
| 类型系统 | 动态类型:五个存储类 NULL/INTEGER/REAL/TEXT/BLOB,列不强制类型(类型亲和性) |
| 语言绑定 | C 原生 + 各语言驱动:Python 标准库自带 sqlite3、Node 22+ 内置 node:sqlite、Go/Rust/Java…应有尽有 |
| 许可 | 公有领域(2014 年起),免费用于任何目的 |
它不是什么(边界)
- 不是 client-server 数据库:不通过网络监听、不需要账号密码,也没有远程访问——多人多机同时直连同一文件会踩写锁冲突;
- 不适合高并发写入与多用户在线场景:整库一把写锁,写多会
SQLITE_BUSY(大流量 Web 后端选 MySQL/PostgreSQL); - 非分布式:单机单文件,跨机同步靠文件本身(边缘分布式场景用 Cloudflare D1,见下);
- "281 TB"是理论上限,日常请按"几百 GB 以内、单机、低并发写"来规划才舒服。
何时用 / 何时不用
| 适合 | 不适合 |
|---|---|
| 个人学习与练 SQL(成本最低的入口) | 多用户高并发写(电商/社交后端) |
| 桌面 / 移动 / 嵌入式本地存储 | 需要网络访问与细粒度权限控制的库 |
| 本地工具缓存、配置库、索引库(如 pi codegraph / magic-context) | 数据量几十 TB 级、要分布式扩展 |
| 原型先行:先 SQLite 快速出活,量起来再迁 PostgreSQL | 已有成熟的 MySQL/Pg 运维环境,没必要引入第二种 |
判断口诀:"要不要跑独立服务、要不要多人并发写"——两个都不要,SQLite 基本就是最优解;要了,换 client-server。
来历与现状(截至 2026-09)
- 2000 年由 D. Richard Hipp 发布,设计目标是在嵌入式/内存受限环境提供完整 SQL;
- 2014 年宣布公有领域,彻底免除授权顾虑;因零依赖、极端测试与超高稳定性,成为 NASA/民航/汽车等安全敏感领域的常客;
- 最新版本 3.53.4(2026-07-24,维护版):修复一个 WAL 重置导致的数据库损坏漏洞,及大部分由 AI 发现的 bug;
- 3.53.x 系列新特性:新增查询结果格式化程序(QRF)库并默认用于 CLI 交互模式;TEMP triggers 现在可以修改/查询主模式表;增强
VACUUM INTO与ALTER TABLE(可增删 NOT NULL、CHECK 约束); - 路线预告:3.54.0 起放弃 Windows XP/CE 支持,要求 Windows Vista+。
你可能早就在用 SQLite
- 手机系统组件、浏览器(Chrome 书签/历史本地库)、桌面软件本地存储——日常无处不在;
- 本机(Windows):pi 的 codegraph 代码索引库就是 SQLite——任一被索引过的仓库目录下都有
.codegraph/index.sqlite(例如C:\Users\23652\config-ai\.test\.codegraph\index.sqlite);magic-context 的记忆库 context.db 同样是 SQLite。等学会了,sqlite3 <那个库> .schema一开,自己天天用的工具内部结构直接摊开在你面前——这就是最好的练习场。
延伸:SQLite 在边缘(与 2027 项目衔接)
Cloudflare D1 = 基于 SQLite 构建的无服务器数据库,与 Workers/Pages Functions 原生集成:全球 300+ 城市节点读、内置 JSON 与全文搜索、Time Travel 时间点恢复,免费额度约每天 500 万行读 / 10 万行写 + 5 GB 存储。它解决了"单文件难分布式、无内置容灾"的短板——"SQLite 只配单机"的旧印象在边缘场景已被改写。这也是「2027-掌握边缘函数原理」项目里数据侧的前置认知,本项目的学习为此直接铺路。
资料来源
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- 维基百科 · SQLite(历史与特性口径)
- 菜鸟教程 · SQLite(入门速查)
- InfoQ · SQLite vs MySQL vs PostgreSQL 比较(选型参考)
- Cloudflare D1 官方页(边缘 SQLite 口径)
现代西班牙语 第 1 册 · UNIDAD 7
怎么用这篇:先看下面的原文,原文里带下划线的词/短语都是可点击的链接,点一下直接跳到「笔记」里对应的句子解析;笔记区按 ① 单词 → ② 句子解析 排列,每句解析末尾的
原文可跳回原文。来源:以《现代西班牙语》第 1 册 UNIDAD 7 原文为骨架,整合 09-02 ~ 09-06 每日笔记。本单元两篇:I. Libros(借书)与 II. Comprar por Internet(网上购物)。
原文
I. Libros(书)
Alumno: Buenos días, profesora, ¿la molestar? Profesora: Buenos días. ¿Molestar? ¡En absoluto! Pase. Está usted en su casa. Alumno: Gracias. Profesora, pienso hacer un trabajo sobre América Latina y vengo a pedirle prestados algunos libros en español. Profesora: Tengo libros interesantes sobre el tema. Se los voy a prestar con mucho gusto, pero, ¿por qué no escribe en este papel los títulos que necesita? Alumno: Ya tengo la lista. Profesora: Ah, viene preparado. Entonces, vamos a mi estudio.
(En el estudio) Alumno: ¡Oh, qué maravilla! ¡Cuántas estanterías y todas llenas de libros! Tiene usted una biblioteca bien surtida. Profesora: No es para tanto. Siempre compro libros. Lo hago porque tengo el hábito de leer. Leo, sobre todo, obras literarias. Alumno: Yo también. Pero ¿cómo compras los libros? ¿Va a la librería? Profesora: Algunas veces. Ahora, lo hago por Internet. Alumno: Es un buen sistema. Así, ya no voy a la librería, y gano tiempo. Profesora: Es verdad. Comprar por Internet tiene esa ventaja. ¿Qué es eso? Perdón, llaman a la puerta. Voy a ver quién es.
(Luego) Profesora: ¡Qué casualidad! Hablamos de Internet y justo me traen los libros que acabo de encargar por este medio. ¿Puede esperarme un rato? Voy a pagar el servicio.
II. Comprar por Internet(网上购物)
Hoy en día, es común hacer compras por Internet. Casi todo el mundo lo hace, en especial, los jóvenes. Sin embargo, algunas personas mayores se resisten a usar este servicio porque temen no hacerlo bien o ser estafadas. En realidad, ahora, más y más gente compra por Internet porque es un servicio que ofrece muchas ventajas y sirve para muchas cosas, sobre todo, para ganar tiempo. ¿Acaso puedes hacer los trabajos de casa y al mismo tiempo ir a comprar a la tienda? ¿Acaso puedes preparar la comida y al mismo tiempo limpiar la casa? Con el Internet no necesitas ir a la tienda ni preparar la comida porque puedes pedir las cosas que quieres a la tienda y también comida a los restaurantes. ¿Quieres comprar una mesa, una silla, una botella de vino, una revista? Todo esto lo puedes adquirir con sólo teclear el ordenador (computadora). Nosotros, los jóvenes universitarios, solemos comprar muchas cosas por Internet, sobre todo, libros.
笔记
单词
| 词 | 词性 | 释义 | 所在句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| molestar | tr. | 打扰,妨碍 | 句1 |
| en absoluto | 词组 | 决不,一点也不 | 句1 |
| pensar | tr. | 想,打算 | 句2 |
| prestar | tr. | 借出 | 句2 |
| pedir prestado | 词组 | 借入 | 句2 |
| tema | m. | 题目,主题 | 句2 |
| papel | m. | 纸 | 句3 |
| título | m. | 题目,书名 | 句3 |
| necesitar | tr. | 需要 | 句3 |
| lista | f. | 名单,清单 | 句4 |
| estudio | m. | 书房;学习,研究 | 句4 |
| estantería | f. | 书架 | 句5 |
| lleno/a de | 词组 | 装满…的 | 句5 |
| biblioteca | f. | 图书馆,书房 | 句5 |
| surtido/a | adj. | 丰富的,种类齐全的 | 句5 |
| hábito | m. | 习惯 | 句7 |
| sobre todo | 词组 | 尤其,特别 | 句7 |
| obra | f. | 作品 | 句7 |
| ventaja | f. | 优势,好处 | 句9 |
| servicio | m. | 服务 | 句10 |
| rato | m. | 一会儿 | 句10 |
| casualidad | f. | 巧合,偶然 | 句10 |
| encargar | tr. | 订购,委托 | 句10 |
| temer | tr. | 害怕 | 句12 |
| resistir / resistirse | v. | 承受 / 抗拒 | 句12 |
| estafar | tr. | 欺骗,诈骗 | 句12 |
| ofrecer | tr. | 提供,给予 | 句13 |
| ahorrar | tr. | 节省 | 句13 |
| acaso | adv. | 难道,也许 | 句14 |
| adquirir | tr. | 获得,购买 | 句16 |
| teclear | tr. | 敲击(键盘) | 句16 |
| ordenador / computadora | m./f. | 电脑 | 句16 |
句子解析
句 1. Está usted en su casa
原文:Está usted en su casa.(您在您家 —— 请别客气,当自己家一样) 原文
- 惯用语 ≈ "Make yourself at home"。molestar 打扰;en absoluto 决不。
- 语序:陈述句中 usted 常置于动词后更自然(Está usted...,而非 Usted está...)。
句 2. Vengo a pedirle prestados algunos libros en español
原文:Vengo a pedirle prestados algunos libros en español.(我来向您借几本西语书) 原文
- pedir 请求;le 间宾"您";algunos ≈ some;prestados = prestar 的过去分词,修饰 libros 表"被借出的状态"。
- 借入 vs 借出:pedir prestado 借入;prestar 借出。
- 过去分词 -ar→-ado / -er-ir→-ido:完成时、被动、作形容词;与 pedir/querer/exigir 等意图动词连用,表期望达到的目标状态,与宾语性数一致。
- 副动词(对照)-ar→-ando / -er-ir→-iendo:进行时、伴随状态。pensar 想/打算;tema 题目。
句 3. Se los voy a prestar con mucho gusto
原文:Se los voy a prestar con mucho gusto.(我非常乐意把它们借给您) 原文
- les 变 se:间宾 le/les + 第三人称直宾 lo/la/los/las 相连时,间宾 le(s) 变 se。语序:间宾(人)前、直宾(物)后。
- que 关系代词,引定语从句:los títulos que necesita = 您需要的书名。necesitar 需要;título 题目,书名;papel 纸。
句 4. Viene preparado
原文:Viene preparado.(您有备而来) 原文
- venir + 过去分词,表"动作完成后的状态"。estudio 书房;lista 名单。
句 5. Cuántas estanterías y todas llenas de libros
原文:¡Cuántas estanterías y todas llenas de libros!(多少书架啊,全都摆满了书!) 原文
- cuántas/cuántos + 名词:对数量巨大的惊叹 ≈ How many!/So many!。estantería 书架;í 使 -ía 断为两音节。
- todas 不定代词指代前文名词;llenas de libros 无动词感叹结构(省动词),与 todas 性数一致;lleno/a de = full of。biblioteca 书房;bien surtido/a 种类齐全。
句 6. No es para tanto
原文:No es para tanto / Algunas veces.(不至于那样 / 有时候) 原文
- No es para tanto 不至于/没那么严重(para 达…程度;tanto 那么多)。
- algunos/as 用于肯定句(some);ninguno/as 用于否定句(no/none)。频度:muchas veces 很多次/pocas veces 很少/varias veces 好几次/algunas veces 有时。
句 7. Lo hago porque tengo el hábito de leer
原文:Lo hago porque tengo el hábito de leer. Leo, sobre todo, obras literarias.(我这样做因为有阅读习惯。我读书,尤其是文学作品) 原文
- Lo 直宾代词指代"做"这件事;tener el hábito de 有…习惯;porque(合写)= because;hábito 习惯;obra 作品;sobre todo 尤其。
- porque vs por qué:porque = because;por qué(分开+重音)= why。
句 8. Así ya no voy a la librería y gano tiempo
原文:Así, ya no voy a la librería, y gano tiempo.(这样,我就不再去书店,而且节省了时间) 原文
- Así 这样/如此(in this way);ganar 多义:赚得/赢/增加(ganar dinero 赚钱,ganarse la vida 谋生,ganar tiempo 省时,ganar confianza 赢得信任)。ya no 不再;sistema 系统。
句 9. Es verdad Comprar por Internet tiene esa ventaja
原文:Es verdad. Comprar por Internet tiene esa ventaja. Voy a ver quién es.(是啊,网上购物有这个优点。我去看看是谁。) 原文
- ventaja 优势,好处;llamar a la puerta 敲门;间接疑问句 quién es / qué es 充当动词宾语。Perdón 抱歉。
句 10. Qué casualidad acabo de encargar por este medio Puede esperarme un rato
原文:¡Qué casualidad! ... que acabo de encargar por este medio. ¿Puede esperarme un rato?(真巧!…我刚通过这个渠道订购的书。您能等我一会儿吗?) 原文
- casualidad 巧合;justo 正好;acabar de + 原形 刚做完;encargar 订购/委托;medio 渠道/方式;poder + 原形 能够;rato 一会儿(un rato/un ratito 一小会儿;pasar un buen rato 度过愉快时光);pagar 付款;servicio 服务。
句 11. Hoy en día es común hacer compras por Internet
原文:Hoy en día, es común hacer compras por Internet. Casi todo el mundo lo hace, en especial, los jóvenes.(如今,通过互联网购物很普遍。几乎人人都这么做,尤其是年轻人) 原文
- hoy en día 如今(nowadays);actualmente 目前;en la actualidad 当前。hacer compras 购物;Es + 形容词 + 原形/从句 评价句式。casi 几乎;todo el mundo 所有人;en especial 尤其。
句 12. Sin embargo algunas personas mayores se resisten a usar este servicio
原文:Sin embargo, algunas personas mayores se resisten a usar este servicio porque temen no hacerlo bien o ser estafadas.(然而,一些上了年纪的人抗拒使用这服务,怕做不好或被骗) 原文
- sin embargo 然而;se resisten(resistirse)主观上抗拒;resistir 客观上承受/忍受/抵御。usar 使用;servicio 服务;temer 害怕;ser estafadas(estafar)被欺骗。
- 形容词位置:后置=限制性修饰(una persona mayor 老人);前置=数量/限定词或强调主观情感/固有属性(un buen amigo 好朋友)。
句 13. En realidad más y más gente compra por Internet
原文:En realidad, ahora, más y más gente compra por Internet porque es un servicio que ofrece muchas ventajas y sirve para muchas cosas, sobre todo, para ganar tiempo.(事实上,现在越来越多人在网上购物,因为它提供很多好处、对很多事都有用,尤其省时间) 原文
- gente(不可数,只接单数谓语)vs persona(可数,有单复):la gente compra / dos personas。cosa 东西;ventaja 优势;ofrecer 提供;ahorrar 节省;servir para 对…有用。
- 表"因为":porque(连词)/ por(介,接名词)/ como(句首表理由)/ ya que·puesto que(既然)/ debido a·a causa de(由于)。más y más 越来越多。
句 14. Acaso puedes hacer los trabajos de casa
原文:¿Acaso puedes hacer los trabajos de casa y al mismo tiempo ir a comprar a la tienda?(难道你能一边干家务,一边同时去商店?) 原文
- acaso(①)疑问句表反问"难道",≈ by any chance / perhaps(¿Acaso no lo sabías?);(②)表假设/不确定"万一/或许",≈ quizás / tal vez(Si acaso viene, avísame. / Lleva un paraguas por si acaso.)
- al mismo tiempo 同时 / a la vez 同时 / mientras tanto 在那期间。
- servir 变位(e→i):sirvo / sirves / sirve / servimos / servís / sirven。
句 15. Con el Internet no necesitas ir a la tienda ni preparar la comida
原文:Con el Internet no necesitas ir a la tienda ni preparar la comida porque puedes pedir las cosas que quieres a la tienda y también comida a los restaurantes.(有了互联网,你既不需要去商店,也不需要做饭…) 原文
- ni nor(也不);ni...ni... 既不…也不…(No come carne ni pescado.);ni siquiera 连…都不(Ni siquiera lo intentó.)
句 16. Quieres comprar una mesa una silla una botella de vino una revista
原文:¿Quieres comprar una mesa, una silla, una botella de vino, una revista? Todo esto lo puedes adquirir con sólo teclear el ordenador.(你想买一张桌子、一把椅子、一瓶红酒、一本杂志?只需敲敲电脑就能买到这一切) 原文
- Quieres + 原形 想要;adquirir 获得/购买;teclear 敲击(电脑);ordenador / computadora 电脑。sólo 仅仅。
- 情态/半助动词 + 原形:querer / pensar / desear(想要/打算/渴望)、poder(能够)、deber / necesitar / tener que / hay que(应该/需要/不得不/必须)、soler(通常)。
句 17. Nosotros los jóvenes universitarios solemos comprar muchas cosas por Internet
原文:Nosotros, los jóvenes universitarios, solemos comprar muchas cosas por Internet, sobre todo, libros.(我们这些大学生,通常在网上买很多东西,尤其是书) 原文
- soler + 原形 通常/习惯于。
本课语法要点归纳
1. 过去分词 vs 副动词
| 构成 | 用途 | |
|---|---|---|
| 过去分词 | -ar→-ado / -er-ir→-ido | 完成时、被动、作形容词表状态 |
| 副动词 | -ar→-ando / -er-ir→-iendo | 进行时、伴随状态/方式 |
配合 pedir/querer/exigir:过去分词修饰宾语,表动作后期望达到的目标状态,与宾语性数一致。
2. 直宾与间宾连用 — le 变 se
- 间宾 le/les + 第三人称直宾 → le(s) 变 se;语序:间宾(人)前、直宾(物)后。
3. 关系代词 que 引定语从句
- que = that / which;先行词 + que + 从句(los títulos que necesita)。
4. 表"因为"
| 表达 | 用法 |
|---|---|
| porque | 连词,因为(常接句) |
| por | 介词,因为/由于(接名词) |
| como | 因为(句首表理由) |
| ya que / puesto que | 既然,因为(既定事实) |
| debido a / a causa de | 由于,因为(接名词) |
5. 形容词位置
- 后置:限制性修饰(限定/区分名词类型)。
- 前置:数量/限定词,或强调主观情感与固有属性。
6. 情态/半助动词 + 原形
| 类别 | 动词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| 意愿与计划 | querer / pensar / desear | 想要 / 打算 / 渴望 |
| 能力与许可 | poder | 能够,可以 |
| 义务与必要性 | deber / necesitar / tener que / hay que | 应该 / 需要 / 不得不 / 必须 |
| 习惯 | soler | 通常,习惯于 |
7. 其他
- 前缀与程度:un- / re- / de- 表程度增减;cada vez + 比较级 表"越来越"。
- ni / ni siquiera:nor / 连…都不。
- acabar de + 原形:刚做完。
关联:词族Familias-de-palabras、不规则动词Verbos-irregulares.md>)、每日笔记 09-02 ~ 09-06。
不规则词变形Cambios irregulares de palabras
| 原型 | yo | tú | él/ella/usted | nosotros/as | vosotros/as | ellos/ellas/ustedes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| estar | estoy | estas | esta | estamos | estáis | estan |
| 原型 | yo | tú | él/ella/usted | nosotros/as | vosotros/as | ellos/ellas/ustedes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hacer | hago | haces | hace | hacemos | hacéis | hacen |
| empezar | empiezo | empiezas | empieza | empiezamos | empiezáis | empiezan |
不规则动词变形Cambios irregulares de palabras
非重读物主形容词
- 置于修饰名词之前,与修饰名词保持性数一致
- 不能与冠词同时使用
| 原型 | yo | tú | él/ella/usted | nosotros/as | vosotros/as | ellos/ellas/ustedes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 物主形容词 | mi/mis | tu/tus | su/sus | nuestro/os/a/as | vuestro/os/a/as | su/sus |
| 原型 | yo | tú | él/ella/usted | nosotros/as | vosotros/as | ellos/ellas/ustedes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hacer | hago | haces | hace | hacemos | hacéis | hacen |
| estar | estoy | estás | está | estamos | estáis | están |
不规则阴阳性词
| 阴性名词 | 中文示意 | 阳性名词 | 中文示意 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| la nombre | 名字 | ||||
| la país | 国家 | ||||
| la año | 年,岁 | ||||
不规则阴阳性
不规则阴阳性词
| 阳性名词 | 中文示意 | 阴性名词 | 中文示意 | 全性名词 | 中文示意 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| el mapa | 地图 | la nombre | 名字 | el\la estudiante | 学生 |
| el día | 一天 | la país | 国家 | ||
| la año | 年,岁 | ||||
| la mano | 手 | ||||
| la moto | 摩托车 | ||||
不规则阴阳性名词转化
| 阳性 | 阴性 | 中文示意 | 阳性 | 阴性 | 中文示意 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gallo | gallina | ||||
| padre | madre | 父母 | |||
| hombre | mujer | 人类 | |||
| actor | actriz | 演员 | |||
| rey | reina | ||||
单元词汇Palabras de las unidades
| 缩写 | 全称 | 中文含义 |
|---|---|---|
| m. | masculino | 阳性 |
| f. | femenino | 阴性 |
| adj. | adjetivo | 形容词 |
| adv. | adverbio | 副词 |
| tr. | transitivo | 及物动词 |
| intr. | intransitivo | 不及物动词 |
| prnl. | pronominal | 代词式动词 |
| prep. | preposición | 介词 |
| conj. | conjunción | 连词 |
| interj. | interjección | 感叹词 |
| pron. | pronombre | 代词 |
| pl. | plural | 复数 |
Unidad 1 ¿Quiénes somos?
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| nombre | Me llamo Carlos y mi nombre es muy común en España. | m名字 |
| país | China es un país muy grande. | m国家 |
| año | Juan tiene veinte años. | m年;岁 |
| lengua | El español es una lengua muy bonita. | f语言 |
| estudiante | Soy estudiante en la universidad. | m.f学生 |
| médico,a | Mi hermana es médica en un hospital. | m.f医生 |
| futbolista | Lionel Messi es un futbolista famoso. | m.f足球运动员 |
| China | China tiene una historia muy larga. | 中国 |
| chino, na | Mi amigo es chino y vive en Peking. | m.f中国人;adj中国的;m汉语 |
| España | Madrid es la capital de España. | 西班牙 |
| español, la | Ella habla muy bien el español. | m.f西班牙人;adj西班牙的;m西班牙语 |
| Inglaterra | Londres esta en Inglaterra. | 英国 |
| ingles, sa | El profesor de ingles es muy simpatico. | m.f英国人;adj英国的;m英语 |
| ser | Yo quiero ser profesor de idiomas. | intr是 |
| llamarse | Como puede llamarse este lugar? | prnl叫......名字 |
| hablar | Ella puede hablar espanol e ingles. | tr讲(某种语言) |
| tener | Yo quiero tener un coche nuevo. | tr有 |
| de | Soy de China y vivo en Pekin. | prep 表示来源和所属 |
| y | Juan y Maria son estudiantes. | conj 和 |
| si | Si, quiero estudiar espanol contigo. | adv 是,对 |
| no | No, hoy no tengo tiempo para salir. | adv 不是,错 |
| hola | Hola, como estas hoy? | interj 你好 |
| como | Como se dice esto en espanol? | adv 怎样,如何 |
| donde | Donde esta la biblioteca de la universidad? | adv 哪里 |
| cuanto | Cuanto cuesta este libro antiguo? | adj 多少 |
| que | Que hora es ahora mismo? | pron,adj 什么 |
Unidad 2 Como estas?
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| gracias | Muchas gracias por tu ayuda. | f.pl谢谢 |
| amigo, a | Juan es mi mejor amigo. | m.f朋友 |
| director, ra | La directora de la empresa es muy inteligente. | m.f经理 |
| italiano, a | Este queso es italiano. | m.f意大利人;adj意大利的 |
| telefono | Cual es tu numero de telefono? | m电话 |
| bombero, a | Mi hermano quiere ser bombero. | m.f消防员 |
| muy | El cafe esta muy caliente. | adv很 |
| bien | Todo va muy bien, gracias. | adv好 |
| estar | Yo quiero estar con mis amigos ahora. | intr在;处于(某种状态) |
Unidad 3 Mi casa
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| casa | Mi casa es muy grande y comoda. | f家,房子 |
| piso | Vivo en un piso en la cuarta planta. | m公寓 |
| dormitorio | Mi dormitorio tiene una cama grande. | m卧室 |
| habitacion | Hay tres habitaciones en este apartamento. | f房间 |
| centro | Me gusta pasear por el centro de la ciudad. | m中心 |
| ciudad | Madrid es una ciudad con mucha vida. | f城市 |
| bano | El bano esta al final del pasillo. | m卫生间 |
| terraza | Tomamos cafe en la terraza cada manana. | f阳台 |
| garaje | El coche esta en el garaje. | m车库 |
| universidad | Estudio espanol en la universidad. | f大学 |
| alquiler | El alquiler de este piso es muy caro. | m租金 |
| cocina | Mi madre prepara la cena en la cocina. | f厨房 |
| cosa | Que es esa cosa verde de ahi? | f东西 |
| pequeno | Mi cuarto es un poco pequeno. | adj小的 |
| antiguo | El centro de la ciudad es muy antiguo. | adj老旧的 |
| bonito | El parque del Retiro es muy bonito. | adj漂亮的 |
| mucho | Hay mucho trafico hoy en la calle. | adj多的 |
| caro | El iPhone es un telefono muy caro. | adj贵的 |
| cerca | Mi trabajo esta muy cerca de aqui. | adv临近 |
| lejos | El aeropuerto esta muy lejos del centro. | adv遥远 |
| en | Mis libros estan en la mesa. | prep在...上;在...里 |
| con | Voy al cine con mis amigos. | prep表示伴随 |
| a | Manana voy a Barcelona por trabajo. | prep表示朝向 |
| cenar | Vamos a cenar en un restaurante chino. | intr,tr吃晚饭 |
| regresar | Quiero regresar a casa temprano hoy. | intr返回 |
| haber | Siempre tiene que haber una solucion. | intr有(hay) |
Unidad 4 Que hora es?
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| hora | Que hora es ahora? | f 小时 |
| manana | Estudio espanol por la manana. | f 早上 |
| tarde | Ella trabaja toda la tarde. | f 下午 |
| noche | Me gusta leer por la noche. | f 夜晚 |
| media | Son las dos y media. | f 半点 |
| cuarto | Es la una y cuarto. | m 一刻钟 |
| enfermo | Juan no viene porque esta enfermo. | adj 生病的 |
| hoy | Hoy es un dia muy especial. | adv 今天 |
| tarde | Llegas muy tarde a la clase. | adv 晚 |
| luego | Primero como y luego estudio. | adv 之后 |
| por | Caminamos por el parque. | prep 表原因;表时间段 |
| levantarse | Me gusta levantarse temprano. | prnl 起床 |
| hacer | Que quieres hacer hoy? | tr 做 |
| desayunar | Vamos a desayunar cafe con leche. | tr 吃早饭 |
| leer | Quiero leer este libro nuevo. | tr 读 |
| almorzar | Podemos almorzar juntos en el centro. | tr 吃午饭 |
| preparar | Ella va a preparar la cena. | tr 准备 |
| empezar | La clase va a empezar ahora. | tr 开始 |
| estudiar | Tengo que estudiar para el examen. | tr 学习 |
| acostarse | Es hora de acostarse y descansar. | prnl 上床睡觉 |
| dormir | Necesito dormir ocho horas cada noche. | intr 睡觉 |
Unidad 5 Que hay en tu casa?
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| horno | El horno esta en la cocina. | m 炉;烤箱 |
| vaso | Hay un vaso de agua en la mesa. | m 杯子 |
| plato | Este plato es muy bonito. | m 盘子 |
| mesa | La mesa de estudio esta junto a la ventana. | f 桌子 |
| armario | La ropa esta en el armario. | m 柜子 |
| sarten | Cocino huevos en la sarten. | m 平锅 |
| tenedor | Necesito un tenedor para comer. | m 叉子 |
| cuchara | Dame una cuchara, por favor. | f 勺子 |
| cuchillo | El cuchillo esta en el cajon. | m 刀 |
| espejo | Me miro en el espejo cada manana. | m 镜子 |
| toalla | La toalla esta en el bano. | f 毛巾 |
| mochila | Los libros estan en la mochila. | f 书包 |
| boligrafo | Necesito un boligrafo para escribir. | m 圆珠笔 |
| lapiz | Tengo un lapiz nuevo. | m 铅笔 |
| libro | Este libro es muy interesante. | m 书 |
| estante | Los libros estan en el estante. | m 书柜 |
| nevera | La comida esta en la nevera. | f 冰箱 |
| salon | Vemos la television en el salon. | m 客厅 |
| coche | Mi coche es rojo. | m 车 |
| cuadro | Hay un cuadro muy bonito en la pared. | m 画 |
| pared | La pared es blanca. | f 墙壁 |
| ordenador | Trabajo con el ordenador. | m 电脑 |
| silla | Esta silla es muy comoda. | f 椅子 |
| televisor | Veo las noticias por el televisor. | m 电视机 |
| sofa | Me siento en el sofa para descansar. | m 沙发 |
| cama | Voy a la cama ahora. | f 床 |
| estudio | Mi estudio esta en la habitacion. | m 学习 |
| ropa | Esta ropa es muy cara. | f 衣服 |
| alfombra | La alfombra esta en el salon. | f 地毯 |
| cajon | Los calcetines estan en el cajon. | m 抽屉 |
| lavadora | La lavadora esta en el bano. | f 洗衣机 |
| examen | Tengo un examen manana. | m 考试 |
| padre | Mi padre trabaja en una empresa. | m 爸爸 |
| todo | Todo el dia estoy ocupado. | adj 所有的,全部的 |
| grande | Esta casa es muy grande. | adj 大的 |
| joven | Soy un estudiante joven. | adj,m,f 年轻的;年轻人 |
| feliz | Somos muy felices en esta casa. | adj 幸福的 |
| aqui | Vivo aqui desde hace tres anos. | adv 这里 |
| ahi | Deja el libro ahi en la mesa. | adv 那里 |
| vivir | Vivo en Madrid. | intr 居住;生活 |
| escribir | Me gusta escribir cartas. | tr 写 |
| pasar | Paso mucho tiempo estudiando. | tr 度过 |
| para | Este libro es para ti. | prep 为了...... |
| porque | Estudio espa (porque) quiero aprender. | conj 因为 |
Unidad 6 Es el alto?
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| pelo | Tengo el pelo largo y negro. | m 头发 |
| gafas | Lleva gafas porque no ve bien. | f.pl 眼镜 |
| ojo | Tiene los ojos azules. | m 眼睛 |
| bigote | Mi padre tiene bigote. | m 小胡子 |
| barba | No me gusta la barba larga. | f 络腮胡子 |
| camarero, a | Mi hermano trabaja de camarero. | m.f 服务员 |
| artista | Su madre es artista. | m.f 艺术家 |
| cantante | Esta cantante es muy famosa. | m.f 歌手 |
| novio | Mi novio se llama Carlos. | m 新郎;男朋友 |
| sombrero | Lleva un sombrero rojo. | m 帽子 |
| alto | Mi padre es muy alto. | adj 高的 |
| bajo | Es muy bajo para su edad. | adj 矮的 |
| delgado | Esta chica es muy delgada. | adj 瘦的 |
| gordo | Su hermano es gordo. | adj 胖的 |
| liso | Tengo el pelo liso. | adj 直发的 |
| rizado | A mi me gusta el pelo rizado. | adj 卷发的 |
| azul | El cielo es azul hoy. | adj 蓝色的 |
| castano | Tengo el pelo castano. | adj 栗色的 |
| rubio | Su hija es rubia. | adj 金黄(头发)的 |
| simpatico | Es una persona muy simpatica. | adj 和蔼的 |
| profesional | Es un medico profesional. | adj 专业的 |
| timido | Es muy timido para hablar en public. | adj 害羞的 |
| inteligente | Su hijo es muy inteligente. | adj 聪明的 |
| serio | Es una persona muy seria. | adj 严肃的 |
| alegre | Mi abuela es muy alegre. | adj 乐观的 |
| sincero | Es un amigo sincero. | adj 真诚的 |
| guapo | Ese actor es muy guapo. | adj 帅的,漂亮的 |
| feo | No es feo, pero tampoco guapo. | adj 丑的 |
| viejo | Mi viejo coche ya no funciona. | adj 老的,旧的 |
| moreno | Tiene el pelo moreno. | adj 黝黑的 |
| llevar | Llevo un vestido azul hoy. | tr 携带;穿戴 |
Unidad 7 La profesion de mis familiares
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| foto | Esta foto es de mi familia. | f 照片 |
| ama de casa | Mi madre es ama de casa. | 家庭主妇 |
| secretary, a | Su secretaria trabaja en la oficina. | m.f 秘书 |
| oficina | Trabajo en una oficina grande. | f 办公室 |
| arquitecto, a | Su hermano es arquitecto. | m.f 建筑师 |
| empresa | Trabaja en una empresa grande. | f 公司 |
| periodista | Mi sueno es ser periodista. | m.f 记者 |
| periodico | Leo el periodico cada manana. | m 报纸 |
| conductor, ra | Mi padre es conductor de autobus. | m.f 司机 |
| autobus | Cogemos el autobus para ir al centro. | m 公共汽车 |
| mecanico, a | El mecanico arregla coches. | m.f 机械师 |
| taller | El coche esta en el taller. | m 车间 |
| bar | Nos vemos en el bar de la esquina. | m 酒吧 |
| policia | Mi tio es policia. | m.f 警察 |
| comisaria | Ha habido un accidente cerca de la comisaria. | f 警察局 |
| enfermero, a | Mi hermana es enfermera en el hospital. | m.f 护士 |
| hospital | Trabaja en el hospital central. | m 医院 |
| dependiente, a | La dependienta es muy amable. | m.f 售货员 |
| supermercado | Compramos la comida en el supermercado. | m 超市 |
| parque | Los ninos juegan en el parque. | m 公园 |
| madre | Mi madre es profesora. | f 母亲 |
| abuelo, a | Mis abuelos viven en el campo. | m.f 爷爷,奶奶,外公,外婆 |
| tio, a | Mi tio es el hermano de mi madre. | m.f 叔,舅,姑父,姨夫,姑,姨 |
| hijo, a | Es mi hijo mayor. | m.f 儿子,女儿 |
| hermano, a | Mi hermana pequeno se llama Ana. | m.f 兄弟,姐妹 |
| primo, a | Mi primo estudia conmigo. | m.f 堂兄弟,表兄弟,堂姐妹,表姐妹 |
| sobrino, a | Mi sobrino tiene cinco anos. | m.f 侄子,外甥,侄女,外甥女 |
| nieto, a | Mi nieto es muy jugueton. | m.f 孙子,孙女 |
| nino, a | Los ninos juegan en el jardin. | m.f 小孩 |
| soltero | Mi primo aun esta soltero. | adj 单身的 |
| casado | Mis padres estan casados desde hace 30 anos. | adj 结婚的 |
| divorciado | Mi tio esta divorciado. | adj 离婚的 |
| jubilado | Mi abuelo esta jubilado. | adj 退休的 |
| trabajar | Mi padre trabaja en una fabrica. | intr 工作,劳动 |
| pero | Es alto, pero muy delgado. | adv 但是 |
| o | Quieres cafe o te? | conj 或者 |
Unidad 8 La vida de mis familiares
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| familiar | Somos cinco familiares en mi casa. | m.f 家人 |
| familia | Mi familia vive en Mexico. | f 家庭 |
| Mexico | He estado en Mexico dos veces. | 墨西哥 |
| instituto | Estudio en un instituto cerca de casa. | m 高中;学院 |
| clase | La clase de espanol es muy interesante. | f 课;教室 |
| escuela | Mis hijos van a la escuela cada dia. | f 学校 |
| hambre | Tengo mucho hambre ahora. | f 饥饿 |
| nudo | Se ha hecho un nudo en la corbata. | m 结 |
| corbata | Lleva una corbata azul con la camisa blanca. | f 领带 |
| vez | Esta es la primera vez que vengo aqui. | f 次,次数 |
| mayor | Mi hermano mayor tiene 25 anos. | adj 年长的;成年的 |
| ocupado | Estoy muy ocupado con el trabajo. | adj 忙的 |
| poco | Tengo poco tiempo para estudiar. | adj,adv 少的;少 |
| primario | Estudio en una escuela primaria. | adj 初级的 |
| cansado | Estoy muy cansado despues del trabajo. | adj 疲劳的 |
| enamorado | Esta enamorado de su companera de trabajo. | adj 恋爱的 |
| ya | Ya he terminado de comer. | adv 已经 |
| tambien | A mi me gusta el futbol, tambien. | adv 也 |
| ensenar | Mi madre ensena matematicas en el instituto. | tr 教 |
| tomar | Tomo el autobus para ir al trabajo. | tr 拿起;乘坐 |
| ir | Voy al cinema esta noche. | intr 去 |
| pasar | Paso mucho tiempo con mi familia. | tr,intr 度过;发生 |
| ducharse | Me ducho cada manana antes de salir. | prnl 淋浴 |
| afeitarse | Mi padre se afeita todos los dias. | prnl 剃须 |
| vestirse | Los ninos se visten solos para ir al colegio. | prnl 穿衣服 |
| salir | Salgo de casa a las ocho cada dia. | intr 离开 |
| gritar | No grites, que me duele la cabeza. | intr 叫喊 |
| querer | Quiero un vaso de agua, por favor. | tr 想 |
Unidad 9 La vida universitaria
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| casualidad | Que casualidad verte aqui! | f 偶然,巧合 |
| alegria | Es una alegria verte de nuevo. | f 高兴 |
| curso | Este curso de espanol es muy intenso. | m 课程 |
| verano | En verano hace mucho calor. | m 夏天 |
| tiempo | No tengo tiempo para salir. | m 时间;天气 |
| doctorado | Quiero hacer un doctorado en Espana. | m 博士 |
| vida | La vida universitaria es muy interesante. | f 生活 |
| realidad | En realidad, no es tan dificil. | f 事实 |
| diente | Me lavo los dientes tres veces al dia. | m 牙齿 |
| comedor | Como en el comedor de estudiantes. | m 食堂 |
| leccion | Repaso las lecciones para el examen. | f 课 |
| facultad | Voy a la facultad de letras. | f 系 |
| metro | Voy a clase en metro todos los dias. | m 地铁;米 |
| horario | Tengo un horario muy apretado esta semana. | m 时刻表 |
| mediodia | Almuerzo al mediodia con mis companeros. | m 中午 |
| campus | Nuestra universidad tiene un campus muy grande. | m 校园 |
| biblioteca | Estudio en la biblioteca por las tardes. | f 图书馆 |
| jornada | Es una jornada muy larga de trabajo. | f 工作日 |
| chico, a | Es un chico muy amable. | m.f 男生,女生 |
| universitario | Soy un estudiante universitario. | adj 大学的 |
| medio | Ya he hecho la mitad del trabajo. | adj 一半 |
| nuevo | Tengo un nuevo companero de clase. | adj 新的 |
| apretado | Tengo un horario muy apretado. | adj 紧凑的 |
| contento | Estoy muy contento con los resultados. | adj 高兴的 |
| estudiantil | La vida estudiantil es muy intensa. | adj 学生的 |
| cansado | Estoy cansado de estudiar tanto. | adj 累的 |
| casi | Casi he terminado la tarea. | adv 几乎 |
| temprano | Me levanto temprano todos los dias. | adv 早 |
| despues | Despues de comer, estudio un poco. | adv 之后 |
| todavia | Todavia no he recibido su mensaje. | adv 仍然,还 |
| antes | Antes de salir, me lavo la cara. | adv 之前 |
| apenas | Apenas tengo tiempo para respirar. | adv 几乎不 |
| siempre | Siempre llego tarde a clase. | adv 总是 |
| volver | Voy a volver a mi pais natal el ano que viene. | intr 回来 |
| ver | Quiero ver la pelicula que me recomendaste. | tr 看,看见 |
| venir | Vengo a la biblioteca cada dia a estudiar. | intr 来 |
| saber | No se la respuesta a esa pregunta. | tr 知道 |
| organizar | Vamos a organizar una fiesta de fin de curso. | tr 组织 |
| cepillarse | Me cepillo los dientes despues de comer. | prnl 刷 |
| peinarse | Me peino antes de salir de casa. | prnl 梳头 |
| repasar | Necesito repasar las lecciones para el examen. | tr 复习 |
| quedar | Me quedo en la biblioteca hasta las ocho. | intr,prnl 剩下;留在某处 |
| respirar | No tengo ni un momento para respirar. | intr 呼吸 |
| descansar | Necesito descansar un poco. | intr 休息 |
| terminar | Cuando termino de estudiar, voy al gym. | tr,intr 结束 |
Unidad 10 Repaso
本单元为复习单元,整合前9单元重点词汇和语法。
动词变位总结
| 动词原形 | 词性 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| ser | intr | 是 |
| llamarse | prnl | 叫......名字 |
| hablar | tr | 讲(某种语言) |
| tener | tr | 有 |
| estar | intr | 在;处于(某种状态) |
| cenar | intr,tr | 吃晚餐 |
| regresar | intr | 返回 |
| haber | intr | 有 (hay) |
| levantarse | prnl | 起床 |
| hacer | tr | 做 |
| desayunar | intr,tr | 吃早饭 |
| leer | tr | 读 |
| almorzar | intr,tr | 吃午饭 |
| preparar | tr | 准备 |
| empezar | tr | 开始 |
| estudiar | tr | 学习 |
| acostarse | prnl | 上床睡觉 |
| dormir | intr | 睡觉 |
| vivir | intr | 居住;生活 |
| escribir | tr | 写 |
| pasar | tr,intr | 度过;发生 |
| llevar | tr | 携带;穿戴 |
| trabajar | intr | 工作,劳动 |
| ensenar | tr | 教 |
| tomar | tr | 拿起;乘坐 |
| ir | intr | 去 |
| ducharse | prnl | 淋浴 |
| afeitarse | prnl | 剃须 |
| vestirse | prnl | 穿衣服 |
| salir | intr | 离开 |
| gritar | intr | 叫喊 |
| querer | tr | 想 |
| volver | intr | 回来 |
| ver | tr | 看,看见 |
| venir | intr | 来 |
| saber | tr | 知道 |
| organizar | tr | 组织 |
| cepillarse | prnl | 刷 |
| peinarse | prnl | 梳头 |
| repasar | tr | 复习 |
| quedar | intr,prnl | 剩下;留在某处 |
| respirar | intr | 呼吸 |
| descansar | intr | 休息 |
| terminar | tr,intr | 结束 |
Unidad 11 ¿Qué es aquel edificio?
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| plaza | Esta plaza es muy bonita. | f 广场 |
| edificio | Ese edificio es el museo. | m 建筑物,楼房,大厦 |
| ayuntamiento | El ayuntamiento esta en el centro. | m 市政府 |
| iglesia | La iglesia es muy antigua. | f 教堂 |
| catedral | La catedral es del siglo XII. | f 大教堂 |
| siglo | Es una iglesia del siglo XII. | m 世纪 |
| museo | Vamos a visitar el museo provincial. | m 博物馆 |
| cine | Quiero ir al cine a ver una pelicula. | m 电影院 |
| industria | Esta ciudad tiene poca industria. | f 工业 |
| fabrica | Trabaja en una fabrica textil. | f 工厂 |
| Barcelona | Barcelona es una ciudad magnifica. | 巴塞罗那 |
| arquitectura | La arquitectura de esta ciudad es impresionante. | f 建筑 |
| villa | Viven en una villa cerca de la playa. | f 别墅 |
| playa | Vamos a la playa este verano. | f 沙滩,海滩 |
| kilometro | La playa esta a diez kilometros de aqui. | m 公里 |
| trafico | Hay mucho trafico en la ciudad. | m 交通 |
| problema | El problema del trafico es muy grave. | m 问题 |
| bonito | Esta ciudad es muy bonita. | adj 漂亮的 |
| mayor | Esta casa es mayor que esa. | adj 更大的;更年长的 |
| antiguo | El centro de la ciudad es muy antiguo. | adj 古老的,古代的 |
| romanico | Es una iglesia romanica del siglo XII. | adj 罗马式的 |
| gotico | Las torres son goticas. | adj 哥特式的 |
| provincial | Este museo es provincial. | adj 省的 |
| moderno | Ese edificio es muy moderno. | adj 现代的 |
| rico | Es una ciudad muy rica. | adj 富有的 |
| pobre | Esta region es bastante pobre. | adj 贫穷的;可怜的 |
| bastante | Es bastante grande. | adj,adv 相当多的;相当地 |
| textil | Es una fabrica textil. | adj 纺织的 |
| unico | Es el unico supermercado en la ciudad. | adj 唯一的,独有的 |
| magnifico | Barcelona es una ciudad magnifica. | adj 特别好的,壮丽的 |
| precioso | Es un paisaje muy precioso. | adj 珍贵的,美好的 |
| romantico | La noche en Barcelona es muy romantica. | adj 浪漫的 |
| olimico | La villa olimpica esta cerca de la playa. | adj 奥运的 |
| atractivo | La arquitectura es muy atractiva. | adj 有魅力的,迷人的 |
| mejor | Es el mejor restaurante de la ciudad. | adj,adv 更好的;更好地 |
| tranquilo | Me gusta vivir en ciudades pequenas y tranquilas. | adj 安静的 |
| menos | Esta ciudad tiene menos problemas de trafico. | adj,adv 更少的 |
| especialmente | Me gusta esta ciudad, especialmente por la noche. | adv 尤其,特别 |
| claro | Claro, me gusta mucho. | adv 当然 |
| viajar | Me gusta viajar por Espana. | intr 旅行;出行 |
| preferir | Prefiero vivir en una ciudad pequena. | tr 偏爱 |
Unidad 12 La Navidad
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| Navidad | La Navidad es una fiesta muy importante en Espana. | f 圣诞节 |
| loteria | Muchos espa?oles juegan a la loteria en diciembre. | f 彩票 |
| ilusion | Es un dia de gran ilusion. | f 期待 |
| impaciencia | Escuchamos con impaciencia los resultados. | f 没耐心 |
| salida | La salida del gordo es a las nueve. | f 出去 |
| premio | Ha ganado el primer premio de la loteria. | m 奖励 |
| Nochebuena | La familia se rene en Nochebuena. | f 平安夜 |
| marisco | En Nochebuena comemos marisco. | m 海鲜 |
| pescado | El pescado es muy fresco en este restaurante. | m 鱼 |
| carne | Prefiero la carne al pescado. | f 肉 |
| dulce | Los dulces navideos son muy ricos. | m 甜食 |
| turron | El turron es un dulce tipico de Navidad. | m 牛轧糖 |
| mazapan | El mazapan es otro dulce tradicional. | m 杏仁糖 |
| villancico | Cantamos villancicos en Nochebuena. | m 圣诞颂歌 |
| fiesta | La fiesta dura hasta la madrugada. | f 节日;聚会 |
| broma | El 28 de diciembre es el dia de la broma. | f 玩笑 |
| santo, a | Es el dia de los Santos Inocentes. | m,f,adj 圣人;神圣的 |
| noticia | He ledo una noticia muy interesante. | f 消息 |
| Nochevieja | La Nochevieja es el 31 de diciembre. | f 除夕 |
| suerte | Tomamos las uvas de suerte en Nochevieja. | f 运气 |
| puerta | La puerta del Sol es muy famosa en Madrid. | f 门 |
| sol | El sol brilla mucho en verano. | m 太阳 |
| reloj | El reloj de la Puerta del Sol da las doce campanadas. | m 钟,表 |
| campanada | Con cada campanada comemos una uva. | f 钟声 |
| uva | Necesito doce uvas para Nochevieja. | f 葡萄 |
| chocolate | Me gusta el chocolate caliente con churros. | m 巧克力 |
| churro | Los churros con chocolate son deliciosos. | m 吉事果 |
| resaca | Tengo resaca despues de Nochevieja. | f 宿醉 |
| rey | Los Reyes Magos traen regalos el 6 de enero. | m 国王 |
| carta | Los ninos escriben cartas a los Reyes Magos. | f 信 |
| regalo | He recibido muchos regalos en Navidad. | m 礼物 |
| zapato | Los ninos ponen sus zapatos para recibir regalos. | m 鞋子 |
| roscón de Reyes | El roscon de Reyes es un dulce tipico. | 国王饼 |
| Papa Noel | Los ninos escriben a Papa Noel. | 圣诞老人(Santa Claus) |
| alguno | Algun dia te visitare. | adj 某个 |
| primero | Es el primero dia del ao. | adj 第一的 |
| junto | Estamos juntos en familia. | adj 一起的 |
| navideo | Los dulces navidedos son muy populares. | adj 圣诞的 |
| tipico | El turron es tipico de Navidad. | adj 典型的 |
| especial | Es un dia muy especial para mi. | adj 特别的 |
| oficial | Es el dia oficial de la broma. | adj 官方的 |
| inocente | Los ninos son muy inocentes. | adj 天真的;无辜的 |
| falso | Es una noticia falsa, no la creas. | adj 假的 |
| divertido | La fiesta fue muy divertida. | adj 有趣的 |
| popular | Es una tradicion muy popular en Espana. | adj 大众的 |
| familiar | La cena de Nochebuena es muy familiar. | adj,m,f 家庭的;家人 |
| interior | Lleva ropa interior roja para tener suerte. | adj 内部的 |
| rojo | El cielo esta rojo al atardecer. | adj 红色的 |
| proximo | El proximo ao cumple dos aos. | adj 下一个 |
| mago | Los Reyes Magos traen regalos a los ninos. | adj 神奇的 |
| jugar | Me gusta jugar a las cartas con mi familia. | intr 玩 |
| esperar | Espero que todo salga bien. | tr 等待 |
| reunirse | Nos reunimos en Nochebuena para cenar. | prnl 聚集 |
| cantar | Nos gusta cantar villancicos en familia. | tr,intr 唱歌 |
| charlar | Solemos charlar despues de cenar. | intr 聊天 |
| festejar | Festejamos la Navidad con toda la familia. | tr 庆祝 |
| creer | Creo en la suerte de Nochevieja. | tr 相信 |
| conectarse | Me conecto con la television** a las doce. | prnl 连接 |
| dar | El reloj da las doce campanadas. | tr 给 |
| anunciar | La television anuncia la llegada del nuevo ao. | tr 宣布 |
| celebrar | Celebramos la Navidad con una cena especial. | tr 庆祝 |
| durar | La fiesta dura hasta el amanecer. | intr 持续 |
| llegar | Los Reyes Magos llegan el 5 de enero. | intr 到达 |
| escribir | Los ninos escriben cartas a los Reyes. | tr 写 |
| pedir | Los ninos piden regalos a los Reyes Magos. | tr 请求 |
| dejar | Los Reyes dejan los regalos junto a los zapatos. | tr 留下 |
Unidad 13 Fiestas de España y América Latina
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| America | America es un continente muy grande. | f 美洲 |
| San Fermin | Los San Fermines son en julio. | 圣费尔明节(奔牛节) |
| festejo | Los festejos duran una semana. | m 庆祝活动 |
| San Valentin | El San Valentin es el 14 de febrero. | 圣瓦伦丁节(情人节) |
| costumbre | Es una costumbre celebrar en familia. | f 风俗,习俗 |
| flor | Regalo flores a mi madre en su dia. | f 花 |
| arbol | Ponemos el arbol de Navidad en diciembre. | m 树 |
| tarta | Comemos tarta en los cumplea?os. | f 蛋糕 |
| cumplea?os | Hoy es mi cumplea?os, estoy muy feliz. | m 生日 |
| diferencia | Hay muchas diferencias entre culturas. | f 区别 |
| latinoamericano, a | Mi amigo es latinoamericano, de Mexico. | m,f,adj 拉丁美洲人;拉丁美洲的 |
| forma | Cada cultura tiene su forma de celebrar. | f 方式 |
| hallaca | En Venezuela comen hallacas en Navidad. | f 什锦肉灌玉米面团粽子 |
| torta | La torta esta hecha con maiz. | f 饼 |
| maiz | El maiz es un ingrediente basico. | m 玉米 |
| jamon | En Argentina comen jamon con melon en verano. | m 火腿 |
| melon | El melon con jamon es una combinacion tipica. | m 甜瓜 |
| carnaval | El carnaval es muy divertido en Brasil. | m 狂欢节 |
| personaje | Muchas personas se disfrazan de personajes famosos. | m 人物 |
| superman | En el carnaval alguien se vistio de superman. | m 超人 |
| ambiente | El ambiente de la fiesta es muy alegre. | m 氛围 |
| latino | Es un ritmo latino muy populares. | adj 拉丁的 |
| divertido | El carnaval es muy divertido. | adj 有趣的 |
| famoso | Es un actor muy famoso en Espana. | adj 著名的 |
| normalmente | Normalmente celebramos en familia. | adv 通常 |
| fuera | Comemos fuera de casa para disfrutar del ambiente. | adv 外面 |
| regalar | Me gusta regalar flores a mis amigos. | tr 赠送 |
| poner | En Navidad ponemos el arbol en casa. | tr 放置,摆放 |
| poder | Puedo ir contigo a la fiesta. | aux 能,可以 |
| recibir | Recibimos muchos regalos en Reyes. | tr 收到 |
| disfrazarse | En el carnaval nos disfrazamos de personajes famosos. | prnl 装扮 |
| disfrutar | Nos gusta disfrutar de las fiestas con amigos. | tr 享受 |
| entre | Hay diferencias entre las culturas. | prep 在......之间 |
| hecho | Es una comida hecho con maiz y carne. | p.p 由......做成的 |
Unidad 14 ¿Qué estás haciendo?
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| geografia | Estudio geografia e historia en la universidad. | f 地理,地理学 |
| historia | Me gusta estudiar la historia de Espana. | f 历史,史学 |
| estudio | Mi estudio sobre el medio ambiente esta avanzado. | m 研究;学习 |
| tesis | Estoy escribiendo mi tesis de master. | f 论文 |
| master | Quiero hacer un master en Espana. | m 硕士 |
| exito | Le deseo mucho exito en su trabajo. | m 成绩 |
| contaminacion | La contaminacion del aire es un problema grave. | f 污染 |
| pronombre | Los pronombres personales son importantes. | m 代词 |
| tema | Este es el tema de mi tesis. | m 主题,题目 |
| material | Ya tengo todo el material para la investigacion. | m 材料;原料 |
| maquina | Escribo a maquina para presentar la tesis. | f 机器 |
| a maquina | Escribo a maquina para que quede mas formal. | 用打字机、电脑(打字) |
| multinacional | Trabaja en una empresa multinacional. | adj 多国的,跨国的 |
| personal | Es un asunto personal. | adj 人的 |
| comunicar | Te comunico que la reunion ha sido cancelada. | tr,intr 通知;传播 |
| acordarse | No me acuerdo de su nombre. | prnl 记得 |
| desear | Desearia hablar con el director. | tr 想 |
| presentar | Quiero presentar la tesis el mes proximo. | tr 提交;展示;介绍 |
| aunque | Aunque es dificil, lo intentare. | conj 虽然,尽管 |
| igualmente | Gracias, igualmente te deseo lo mejor. | adv 同样地 |
| sobre | Mi tesis es sobre los pronombres personales. | prep 关于 |
Unidad 15 Dígame qué le pasa
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| asiento | Tome asiento, por favor. | m 座位 |
| estomago | Me duele el estomago despues de comer. | m 胃 |
| garganta | Tengo la garganta irritada. | f 咽喉,嗓子 |
| dolor | Tengo dolor de cabeza. | m 疼,痛 |
| cabeza | Me duele la cabeza hoy. | f 头,头部 |
| pulso | El medico me toma el pulso. | m 脉搏 |
| tomar el pulso | El medico me toma el pulso regularmente. | 号脉 |
| manga | Sube la manga de la camisa, por favor. | f 袖子 |
| mano | Dame la mano izquierda. | f 手 |
| agotamiento | Tengo agotamiento fisico por el trabajo excesivo. | m 枯竭,筋疲力尽 |
| alcohol | El medico dijo que no beba alcohol. | m 酒精;烈性酒 |
| dieta | El medico me ha puesto a dieta. | f 规定的饮食;忌食 |
| grasa | No debe comer comidas con mucha grasa. | f 油脂,脂肪 |
| pastilla | Tome estas pastillas tres veces al dia. | f 药片 |
| digestion | Estas pastillas ayudan a hacer bien la digestion. | f 消化 |
| profundamente | Respira profundamente para relajarse. | adv 深深地,深刻地 |
| nervioso | Estoy muy nervioso antes del examen. | adj 紧张的 |
| grave | No es nada grave, solo es un resfriado. | adj 严重的 |
| preocupado | Estoy preocupado por mi salud. | adj 担忧的,担心的 |
| fisico | Necesito descansar, tengo mucho cansancio fisico. | adj 物理的;身体的 |
| demasiado | Trabaja demasiado y no descansa suficiente. | adj,adv 过度的;过度地 |
| pasar | ¿Que pasa aqui? | intr 经过;发生 |
| encontrarse | Me encuentro bien hoy, gracias. | prnl 相遇;置身,位于 |
| doler | Me duele la cabeza. | intr 疼,痛 |
| subir | Sube la manga de la camisa. | tr,intr 提起;上升 |
| quitarse | Quitate la chaqueta, hace calor aqui. | prnl 脱下 |
| relajarse | Necesito relajarme un poco. | prnl 放松,松懈 |
| seguir | Debo seguir la dieta que me receto el medico. | tr,intr 跟随;继续 |
| recetar | El medico me ha recetado estas pastillas. | tr 开(药方) |
Unidad 16 Ir a la farmacia
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| cuerpo | Me duele todo el cuerpo. | m 身体,身躯 |
| brazo | Tengo dolor en el brazo izquierdo. | m 臂,手臂 |
| pecho | Me duele el pecho al correr. | m 胸 |
| espalda | Tengo la espalda muy cargada. | f 背,背部 |
| vientre | Me duele el vientre despues de comer. | m 腹部,肚子 |
| pierna | Me duelen las piernas despues de andar mucho. | f 腿 |
| lengua | Saca la lengua para que le examine. | f 舌头;语言 |
| termometro | Ponte el termometro para medir la fiebre. | m 温度计 |
| fiebre | Tengo fiebre, creo que estoy enfermo. | f 发烧 |
| gripe | Ha cogido una gripe muy fuerte. | f 感冒 |
| pie | Me duele el pie derecho. | m 脚 |
| farmacia | Necesito ir a la farmacia a comprar medicina. | f 药店,药房 |
| receta | El medico me ha dado esta receta. | f 药方 |
| venda | Compre unas vendas en la farmacia. | f 绷带,纱布 |
| medicina | Esta medicina es para la digestion. | f 药品,药物 |
| varios | Varios jovenes juegan al futbol en el parque. | adj 若干,几个 |
| recto | Sigue todo recto hasta el semaforo. | adj 直的 |
| sacar | Saca la lengua, por favor. | tr 取出,拿出 |
| cobrar | ¿Puede cobrar este cheque, por favor? | tr 拿,走(某一条路) |
Unidad 17 Indicando el camino
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| alegria | Que alegria verte despues de tanto tiempo! | f 高兴 |
| gana | Tengo ganas de verte. | f 意愿 |
| hotel | Nos quedamos en un hotel cerca de la playa. | m 宾馆 |
| gato, a | El gato negro es de mi vecino. | m,f 猫 |
| recepcion | Voy a la recepcion del hotel a preguntar. | f 酒店前台 |
| espacio | Hay espacio suficiente para los dos. | m 空间 |
| direccion | No tengo la direccion de tu casa. | f 地址;方向 |
| seguridad | Por seguridad, mieuxvame tu numero de telefono. | f 安全,保障 |
| movil | Llamame al movil cuando llegues. | m 手机 |
| parada | La parada del autobus esta alla alla esquina. | f 站点,车站 |
| linea | Toma la linea 12 del metro. | f 路线 |
| pino | Hay tres pinos en la plaza. | m 松树 |
| estacion | La estacion de tren esta lejos del centro. | f 车站 |
| biblioteca | Estudio en la biblioteca todas las tardes. | f 图书馆 |
| zona | Esta es una zona residencial muy tranquila. | f 地区 |
| agua | Quiero un vaso de agua, por favor. | f 水 |
| caso | En todo caso, si te pierdes, llamame. | m 情况 |
| delegacion | Nuestra delegacion llega manana al aeropuerto. | f 代表团 |
| entrevista | Tengo una entrevista de trabajo a las tres. | f 会见,会面;面试 |
| gerente | El gerente quiere hablar contigo. | m,f 经理 |
| piso | Vivo en el piso 1402 del edificio 3. | m 公寓;楼层 |
| ascensor | Tome el ascensor hasta el piso 24. | m 电梯 |
| pasillo | Siga recto por el pasillo hasta el fondo. | m 走廊 |
| negro | El negro es mi color favorito. | adj 黑色的 |
| suficiente | Es suficiente con eso, gracias. | adj 足够的 |
| mayor | Juan es mayor que Pepe. | adj 更大的 |
| rapido | Corre rapido para alcanzar el autobus. | adj,adv 快 |
| nacional | La Biblioteca Nacional esta en el centro. | adj 国家的 |
| residencial | Es una zona residencial muy tranquila. | adj 住宅的 |
| claro | Si, claro, te ayudo con mucho gusto. | adj,adv 清楚的;当然 |
| bienvenido | Esta usted bienvenido a nuestra empresa. | adj 欢迎 |
| segundo | Tome la segunda calle a la derecha. | adj 第二 |
| otro | Otro dia quedamos para cenar. | adj 其他的,另外的 |
| solo | Solo pueden entrar solo cuatro personas. | adj,adv 单独的;仅仅 |
| inmediatamente | Baja inmediatamente del hotel y sal al la calle. | adv 立即 |
| acabar | Acabo de llegar, no he tenido tiempo de descansar. | tr 结束 |
| bajar(se) | Bajate del autobus en la proxima parada. | tr,intr,prnl 下来 |
| mirar | Mira a la izquierda y veras la parada. | tr 看 |
| correr | Tengo que correr para alcanzar el autobus. | intr 跑 |
| alcanzar | Puedo alcanzar el autobus si corro. | tr 赶上 |
| entrar | Entra en la estacion del metro. | intr 进入 |
| perder(se) | Si no sigues las indicaciones, te pierdes. | tr,prnl 失去;迷路 |
| preocuparse | No te preocupes, todo saldra bien. | prnl 担心 |
| avanzar | Avanza unos metros por el pasillo. | intr 向前,前进 |
| preguntar | Permite preguntarte una cosa? | tr,intr 提问 |
| sentir | Siento mucho lo que ha pasado. | tr 感到遗憾;感觉 |
Unidad 18 Estudiar español
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| mes | Llevo tres meses estudiando español. | m 月份 |
| contacto | Estamos en contacto con el profesor por correo. | m 联系 |
| comentario | Quisiera hacer un comentario sobre tu trabajo. | m 评价 |
| defecto | Tiene algunos defectos pero es buena persona. | m 缺点,不足 |
| problema | El problema de la pronunciacion es muy importante. | m 问题 |
| franqueza | Te lo digo con toda franqueza. | f 坦率 |
| interes | Tengo mucho interes en aprender español. | m 兴趣 |
| pronunciacion | La pronunciacion es muy importante en español. | f 发音 |
| palabra | No conozco esa palabra, puedes explicarmela? | f 单词 |
| ejemplo | Pon un ejemplo para entender mejor. | m 例子 |
| confusion | Si confundes las palabras, causaras confusion. | f 混淆 |
| modo | De modo que hay que mejorar la pronunciacion. | m 方式 |
| atencion | Presta atencion a la pronunciacion. | f 注意力 |
| razon | Tienes razon, lo hare como dices. | f 道理 |
| consejo | Siguie mi consejo y lo haras bien. | m 建议 |
| precisamente | Es precisamente lo que queria decirte. | adv 恰好 |
| sano | Los ninos son sanos y alegres. | adj 健康的 |
| aplicado | Es una estudiante muy aplicada en el estudio. | adj 用功的 |
| amable | Es una persona muy amable y simpática. | adj 善良的,友好的 |
| mal | Pronuncias mal esa palabra. | adv 不好 |
| otro | Tengo otro problema con la gramatica. | adj 其他的 |
| grande | Es un gran problema para los estudiantes. | adj 大的(短尾形式:gran) |
| conocer | Conozco bien la cultura española. | tr 认识;了解 |
| interesar | Me interesa mucho aprender español. | intr 令......感兴趣 |
| mostrar | El profesor nos muestra la pronunciacion correcta. | tr 展示出 |
| mejorar | Necesito mejorar mi pronunciacion. | tr,intr 改善,优化 |
| comprender | No comprendo por que es tan importante. | tr 理解 |
| significar | Que significa esta palabra en espanol? | tr 表示......含义 |
| confundir | No confundas "paso" con "vaso". | tr 混淆 |
| causar | Las palabras mal pronunciadas pueden causar confusion. | tr 导致 |
| prestar | Presta atencion a la pronunciacion. | tr 出借 |
| educado | Es un chico bien educado y con modales. | p.p 受教育的 |
| relacionado | Es un problema relacionado con la gramatica. | p.p 与......相关的 |
| pronunciado | Es una palabra mal pronunciada. | p.p 发音的 |
| si | Si estudias mucho, aprobars el examen. | conj 如果 |
| nadie | Nadie me puede entender en este momento. | pron 没有任何人 |
Unidad 19 Si vamos al extranjero
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| base | El español tiene una base cultural muy rica. | f 基础 |
| oportunidad | Es una gran oportunidad para estudiar en Espana. | f 机会 |
| ministerio | Trabaja en el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. | m 部委 |
| relacion | Tenemos una buena relacion de trabajo. | f 关系 |
| diplomatico, a | Quiere ser diplomatico en el futuro. | m,f,adj 外交官;外交的 |
| embajada | Voy a la embajada china a renovar el pasaporte. | f 使馆 |
| hispanohablante | En Espana viven muchos hispanohablantes. | m,f,adj 说西语的人;说西语的 |
| radio | Escucho la radio por la manana. | f 广播 |
| extranjero, a | Cuando viva en el extranjero, tendre que adaptarme. | m,f,adj 外国人;外国的 |
| habito | Es un habito importante en la cultura china. | m 习惯 |
| pueblo | Cada pueblo tiene sus propias costumbres. | m 民族 |
| comportamiento | El comportamiento varia segun la cultura. | m 行为举止 |
| lugar | Es un lugar muy bonito para vivir. | m 地点 |
| voz | No hables en voz alta en lugares publicos. | f 声音 |
| paquete | Cuando reciba el paquete, lo abrire inmediatamente. | m 包裹 |
| rico | El español tiene una rica y variada base cultural. | adj 富有的;丰富的 |
| variado | Hay variadas opiniones sobre este tema. | adj 不同的 |
| cultural | La vida cultural en Espana es muy rica. | adj 文化的 |
| mejor | Es el mejor estudiante de la clase. | adj 更好的 |
| exterior | El Ministerio de Exterior esta en la capital. | adj 外部的 |
| internacional | Trabaja en una organizacion internacional. | adj 国际的 |
| normal | Es normal que tengas miedo al principio. | adj 正常的 |
| extrao | Es extrao que no responda a mi mensaje. | adj 奇怪的 |
| publico | No hables en voz alta en lugares publicos. | adj 公共的 |
| ni | No telephones a ni mi madre ni mi padre a estas horas. | conj 否定句中的y(也不) |
| graduarse | Quiero graduarme en una universidad española. | prnl 毕业 |
| variar | Los habitos varian segun la cultura del pais. | intr 不同 |
| conversar | Me gusta conversar con nativos sobre diversos temas. | intr 交谈 |
| ganar | Quiere ganar mucho dinero para viajar. | tr 赚取;赢 |
| telefonear | Telefonea a nadie antes de las ocho de la manana. | tr 打电话 |
| elogiar | Cuando alguien te elogia, simplemente agradecelo. | tr 表扬 |
| agradecer | Debes agradecer el regalo cuando lo recibes. | tr 感谢 |
| limitarse | No te limites a dar las gracias, abre el paquete. | prnl 局限于 |
Unidad 20 Repaso
本单元为复习单元,整合前9单元重点词汇和语法。
动词变位总结(单元11-19)
| 动词原形 | 词性 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| viajar | intr | 旅行;出行 |
| preferir | tr | 偏爱 |
| jugar | intr | 玩 |
| esperar | tr | 等待 |
| reunirse | prnl | 聚集 |
| cantar | tr,intr | 唱歌 |
| charlar | intr | 聊天 |
| festejar | tr | 庆祝 |
| creer | tr | 相信 |
| conectarse | prnl | 连接 |
| dar | tr | 给 |
| anunciar | tr | 宣布 |
| celebrar | tr | 庆祝 |
| durar | intr | 持续 |
| llegar | intr | 到达 |
| escribir | tr | 写 |
| pedir | tr | 请求 |
| dejar | tr | 留下 |
| regalar | tr | 赠送 |
| poner | tr | 放置,摆放 |
| poder | aux | 能,可以 |
| recibir | tr | 收到 |
| disfrazarse | prnl | 装扮 |
| disfrutar | tr | 享受 |
| comunicar | tr,intr | 通知;传播 |
| relajarse | prnl | 放松,松懈 |
| seguir | tr,intr | 跟随;继续 |
| recetar | tr | 开(药方) |
| sacar | tr | 取出,拿出 |
| cobrar | tr | 拿,走(某一条路) |
| acabar | tr | 结束 |
| bajar(se) | tr,intr,prnl | 下来 |
| mirar | tr | 看 |
| correr | intr | 跑 |
| alcanzar | tr | 赶上 |
| entrar | intr | 进入 |
| perder(se) | tr,prnl | 失去;迷路 |
| preocuparse | prnl | 担心 |
| avanzar | intr | 向前,前进 |
| preguntar | tr,intr | 提问 |
| sentir | tr | 感到遗憾;感觉 |
| conocer | tr | 认识;了解 |
| interessar | intr | 令......感兴趣 |
| mostrar | tr | 展示出 |
| mejorar | tr,intr | 改善,优化 |
| comprender | tr | 理解 |
| significar | tr | 表示......含义 |
| confundir | tr | 混淆 |
| causar | tr | 导致 |
| prestar | tr | 出借 |
| graduarse | prnl | 毕业 |
| variar | intr | 不同 |
| conversar | intr | 交谈 |
| ganar | tr | 赚取;赢 |
| telefonear | tr | 打电话 |
| elogiar | tr | 表扬 |
| agradecer | tr | 感谢 |
| limitarse | prnl | 局限于 |
重点语法
1. 命令式 + 人称代词
- 肯定命令式:代词置于动词之后,连写
- Compralo, damelo, levantate
- 否定命令式:代词置于动词之前,分写
- No lo compres, no me lo des, no te levantes
2. 不定代词
- alguien / nadie(有人/没人)
- algo / nada(某事/无事)
- ninguno(没有一个)
3. 副动词(gerundio)
- 与estar连用表示"正在做..."
- 第一变位(-ar):-ando
- 第二、三变位(-er, -ir):-iendo
4. 条件句
- si + 现在时 + 将来/命令式
- Si estudias mucho, aprobars.
Unidad 21 Tareas en casa
家庭生活类补充词汇
| 单词 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| casa | f 家,房子 |
| calle | f 路,街道 |
| barrio | m 街区 |
| puerta | f 门 |
| ventana | f 窗 |
| patio | m 院子 |
| suelo | m 地面 |
| salon | m 客厅 |
| televisor | m 电视机 |
| pared | f 内墙 |
| muro | m 外墙 |
| techo | m 房顶 |
| elevator | m 电梯 |
| comunidad | f 社区 |
| planta | f 楼层 |
| vecino, na | m,f 邻居 |
| celosia | f 百叶窗 |
| cortina | f 窗帘 |
| calefaccion | f 暖气 |
| aire acondicionado | 空调 |
| ventilador | m 电扇 |
| lampara | f 灯 |
| florero | m 花瓶 |
| libreria | f 书架,书柜 |
| enchufe | m 插座 |
| interruptor | m 开关 |
| edredon | m 鸭绒被 |
| manta | f 毯子 |
| sabana | f 床单 |
| colchon | m 床垫 |
| almohada | f 枕头 |
| alfombra | f 地毯 |
| espejo | m 镜子 |
| toalla | f 毛巾 |
| dentifrico | m 牙膏 |
| gel de ducha | 沐浴露 |
| limpiador | m 洗面奶 |
| desmaquillante | m 卸妆 |
| estetica de unas | 美甲 |
| champu | m 洗发水 |
| acondicionador | m 护发素 |
| panuelo de papel | 纸巾 |
| sofa | m 沙发 |
| silla | f 椅子 |
| dormitorio | m 卧室 |
| cama | f 床 |
| armario | m 衣柜 |
| tocador | m 梳妆台 |
| bano | m 卫生间 |
| jabon | m 肥皂 |
| peine | m 梳子 |
| pintalabios | m 口红 |
| perfume | m 香水 |
| afeitar | tr 剃须 |
| crema | f 润肤霜 |
| papel higienico | 卫生纸 |
| detergente | m 洗涤剂 |
| cocina | f 厨房 |
| horno | m 烤箱 |
| microondas | m 微波炉 |
| grifo | m 水龙头 |
| lavavajillas | m 洗碗机 |
| olla | f 锅 |
| tapa | f 锅盖 |
| trapo | m 抹布 |
| agua | f 水 |
| aceite | m 油 |
| sal | f 盐 |
| vinagre | m 醋 |
| azucar | m 糖 |
| comedor | m 餐室,食堂 |
| mesa | f 桌子 |
| banco | m 凳子 |
| cubiertos | m.pl 餐具 |
| palillos | m.pl 筷子,牙签 |
| tenedor | m 叉子 |
| cuchillo | m 餐刀 |
| cuchara | m 勺子 |
| plato | m 盘子 |
| tazon | m 碗 |
| taza | f 杯子 |
| mechero | m 打火机 |
| percha | f 衣架,挂钩 |
| habitacion | f 房间 |
| garaje | m 车库 |
| escalera | f 楼梯 |
| terraza | f 阳台 |
| jardin | m 花园 |
| flor | f 花 |
| hierba | f 草 |
Unidad 22 Hacer compras
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| ocupado | Hoy estoy muy ocupado, no puedo salir. | adj 忙碌的 |
| pasear | Me gusta pasear por el centro comerciales. | intr 散步 |
| calle | Esta calle es muy tranquila. | f 街道 |
| acercarse | Me acerc a la tienda a mirar la ropa. | prnl 走近,靠近 |
| escaparate | Hay un vestido muy bonito en el escaparate. | m 橱窗 |
| zapato | Quiero comprar un par de zapatos nuevos. | m 鞋子 |
| par | Necesito un par de calcetines. | m 一双 |
| parecer | Me parece muy buena calidad. | intr 看起来,似乎 |
| calidad | Esta calidad es muy buena para el precio. | f 质量 |
| modelo | Este modelo es el mas vendido de la temporada. | m 款式 |
| zapateria | Voy a la zapateria a comprar botas. | f 鞋店 |
| mostrador | Dejame el dinero en el mostrador. | m 柜台 |
| calzar | ?Que numero calza usted? | tr 穿(鞋) |
| deber | Debo estudiar mas para el examen. | tr 应该;欠 |
| pena | !Que pena que no tengan mi talla! | f 悲伤,遗憾 |
| oscuro | Prefiero el color oscuro para el invierno. | adj 暗的 |
| gris | Tengo un abrigo gris que es muy pratico. | adj 灰色的 |
| tacon | Estos tacones son muy altos. | m 鞋跟 |
| caro | Es muy caro, pero la calidad es buena. | adj 贵的 |
| comodo | Estos zapatos son muy comodos. | adj 舒服的 |
| caja | Tiene que pagar en la caja. | f 盒子;收款台 |
| chaqueta | Esta chaqueta azul es muy elegante. | f 外套 |
| azul | El cielo es azul hoy. | adj 蓝色的 |
| corto | Esta falda es muy corta para mi. | adj 短的 |
| cafe | Quiero un cafe con leche. | m,adj 咖啡;咖啡色的 |
| largo | Necesito una manga larga. | adj 长的 |
| negro | Tengo un vestido negro para la fiesta. | adj 黑色的 |
| ademas | Ademas de Espana, he visitado Mexico. | adv 此外 |
| camisa | Comprare una camisa blanca para el trabajo. | f 衬衫 |
| de veras | Es de veras muy bonito este vestido. | 真的,的确 |
| precio | El precio es muy razonable. | m 价格 |
| amarillo | Me gustan las flores amarillas. | adj 黄色的 |
| comprar | Voy a comprar un abrigo nuevo. | tr 买 |
| vender | Esta tienda vende ropa de buena calidad. | tr 卖 |
| probador | Puedo usar el probador para probarme la ropa? | m 试衣间 |
| probarse | Me probarse el vestido antes de comprarlo. | prnl 试穿 |
| queda | Este modelo me queda bien. | 适合 |
| llevar | Me llevo estos zapatos, por favor. | tr 买下 |
| taller | m 车间 | |
| dependiente | m,f 售货员 |
Unidad 23 Hacer compras (II)
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| falda | Esta falda de cuero es muy elegante. | f 裙子 |
| cuero | Es un bolso de cuero verdadero. | m 皮革 |
| tela | Prefiero la tela de algodon para el verano. | f 布料 |
| rojo | Me encanta el color rojo. | adj 红色的 |
| elegante | Es un vestido muy elegante para la fiesta. | adj 优雅的 |
| malo | No esta mal este modelo, pero prefiero otro. | adj 不好的;坏的 |
| cuanto | ?Cuanto cuesta este abrigo? | adj 多少 |
| deber | ?Cuanto me debe? | tr 欠 |
| deber + inf. | Debo ir al banco manana. | 应该 |
| pagar | Tengo que pagar en la caja. | tr 付钱 |
| efectivo | ?Pago con efectivo o con tarjeta? | m 现金 |
| tarjeta | Puedo usar la tarjeta de credito. | f 卡 |
| descuento | Hay un descuento del 20 por ciento. | m 折扣 |
| rebaja | Estas en rebajas, todo tiene descuento. | f 降价 |
| tienda | Esta tienda tiene muy buena ropa. | f 商店 |
| centro comercial | Voy al centro comercial a comprar zapatos. | 购物中心 |
| mercado | El mercado esta cerca de mi casa. | m 市场 |
| ultramarinos | Compramos pan en el ultramarinos. | m.pl 食品杂货店 |
Unidad 24 En el restaurante
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| libre | ?Hay una mesa libre? | adj 空闲的;自由的 |
| rincon | Sentemonos en el rincon de la cafeteria. | m 角落 |
| carta | ?Me puede traer la carta, por favor? | f 菜单 |
| ensalada | De primero, quiero una ensalada mixta. | f 沙拉 |
| mixto | Es una tortilla mixta con jamon y queso. | adj 混合的 |
| segundo | De segundo, quiero pescado. | adj 第二 |
| aconsejar | ?Que me aconseja usted para comer? | tr 劝告 |
| recomendar | Le recomiendo la paella, es especialidad de la casa. | tr 推荐 |
| paella | La paella es un plato tipico espanol. | f 海鲜饭 |
| especialidad | Esta especialidad de la casa es deliciosa. | f 特色 |
| fruta | De postre, quiero fruta del tiempo. | f 水果 |
| cana | Una cana, por favor. | f 扎啤 |
| tapa | Estas tapas son muy ricas para acompanar la bebida. | f 下酒食品 |
| hambre | Tengo mucha hambre, puedo comerme un pueblo entero. | f 饥饿 |
| vino | Una copa de vino tinto, por favor. | m 葡萄酒 |
| comida china | La comida china es muy famosa en el mundo. | 中餐 |
| comida occidental | La comida occidental es diferente de la oriental. | 西餐 |
| macarrones | Los macarrones con salsa de tomate son deliciosos. | m.pl 通心粉 |
| pastel de manzana | El pastel de manzana esta muy rico. | 苹果派 |
| comida japonesa | La comida japonesa es muy ligera y saludable. | 日本料理 |
| refresco | Un refresco de naranja, por favor. | m 汽水 |
| buffet | El buffet del hotel incluye el desayuno. | m 自助餐 |
| pizzeria | Vamos a la pizzeria a comer pizza. | f 披萨店 |
| tostada | Para el desayuno como tostadas con mantequilla. | f 烤面包片 |
| aliño para ensalada | El alino para ensalada le da buen sabor. | 沙拉酱 |
| huevos revueltos | Los huevos revueltos son buen desayuno. | 炒蛋 |
| caviar | El caviar es muy caro y delicado. | m 鱼子酱 |
| sandwich | Un sandwich de jamon y queso, por favor. | m 三明治 |
| copos de avena | Los copos de avena son saludables para el desayuno. | 燕麦片 |
| plato de fondo / segundo plato | El plato de fondo es usually la carne o el pescado. | 主菜 |
| bistec medio hecho | Un bistec medio hecho, por favor. | 牛排半熟 |
| pure de patata | El pure de patata es suave y rico. | 土豆泥 |
| marisco | Los mariscos son muy frescos en esta zona. | m 海鲜 |
| sopa | Una sopa caliente es buena para el invierno. | f 汤 |
| espaguetis | Los espaguetis son pasta italiana. | m.pl 意大利面 |
| barquillo de helado | Un barquillo de helado en verano es genial. | 卷筒冰淇淋 |
| te negro | El te negro es常见的饮品。 | 红茶 |
| te verde | El te verde es bueno para la salud. | 绿茶 |
| mate | El mate es una bebida tradicional sudamericana. | m 马黛茶 |
| cafe cargado | Un cafe cargado para empezar el dia. | 浓咖啡 |
| aperitivo | Un aperitivo antes de la comida es common. | m 开胃酒 |
Unidad 25 En el hotel
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| documento | Necesito su documento de identidad. | m 文件 |
| identidad | La identidad de la persona ha sido verificada. | f 身份 |
| llave | Aqui tiene la llave de su habitacion. | f 钥匙 |
| equipaje | El equipaje sera subido a la habitacion. | m 行李 |
| propina | Gracias por su ayuda, aqui tiene su propina. | f 小费 |
| recepcion | Vaya a la recepcion para pedir la factura. | f 前台 |
| cliente | El cliente de la habitacion 1508 quiere checar out. | m,f 客人 |
| cafeteria | La cafeteria esta en la planta baja. | f 咖啡厅 |
| planta | Mi habitacion esta en la planta quinta. | f 楼层 |
| grifo | El grifo del bano no funciona bien. | m 水龙头 |
| factura | ?Me puede hacer la factura? | f 发票 |
| reservado | Tengo una habitacion reservada a nombre de Lopez. | p.p 预定的 |
| despertar | ?Puede despertarme a las siete, por favor? | tr 叫醒 |
| incluir | El precio incluye el desayuno buffet. | tr 包括 |
| funcionar | El aire acondicionado no funciona bien. | intr 运转 |
| arreglar | Vamos a arreglar el problema inmediatamente. | tr 处理;整理 |
| equivocarse | Creo que me equivoco de habitacion. | prnl 犯错 |
| alojarse | Me alojo en este hotel durante mi visita a Madrid. | prnl 住宿 |
| habitacion | La habitacion tiene vista al mar. | f 房间 |
| habitacion individual | Una habitacion individual para una persona. | 单人间 |
| habitacion doble | Una habitacion doble tiene dos camas. | 双人间 |
| suite | La suite presidential es muy lujosa. | f 套房 |
| check-in | El check-in es a las tres de la tarde. | 入住登记 |
| check-out | El check-out es al mediodia. | 退房 |
| reserva | Tengo una reserva para dos noches. | f 预订 |
| confirmation | Necesito la confirmacion de su reserva. | f 确认 |
Unidad 26 En el aeropuerto
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| aeropuerto | El aeropuerto esta muy lejos del centro. | m 机场 |
| azafata | La azafata nos da la bienvenida al avion. | f 空姐 |
| Francia | Voy a Francia de vacaciones. | 法国 |
| senor | Buenos dias, senor. | m 先生 |
| compania | Trabajo en una companiaia multinacional. | f 公司 |
| Iberia | La compania Iberia vuela a Espana. | 伊比利亚(航空公司) |
| Barcelona | El avion sale de Barcelona a las nueve. | 巴塞罗那 |
| perdon | !Perdon, no le entendi bien! | m 对不起 |
| condicion | Cuales son las condiciones del billete? | f 条件 |
| billete | Quiero comprar un billete de ida y vuelta. | m 票 |
| ida | El billete de ida a Madrid. | f 往,去 |
| clase | Viajo en clase economica. | f 级别;舱位 |
| economica | La clase economica es mas barata. | adj 经济的 |
| vuelta | El billete de ida y vuelta es mas economico. | f 返回 |
| validez | Este billete tiene tres meses de validez. | f 有效 |
| franquicia | La franquicia de equipaje es de 20 kilos. | f 免费行李额 |
| kilo | Mi maleta pesa 18 kilos. | m 公斤 |
| formulario | Rellene este formulario, por favor. | m 表格 |
| confirmacion | Necesito hacer la confirmacion de mi vuelo. | f 确认 |
| avion | El avion a Paris sale en dos horas. | m 飞机 |
| ventanilla | Facture en la ventanilla numero 6. | f 窗口 |
| cigarrillo | Voy a comprar cigarrillos antes del vuelo. | m 烟 |
| pasajero | Los pasajeros con destino a Londres, aborden. | m,f 乘客 |
| destino | Cual es el destino de su viaje? | m 目的地 |
| Paris | El vuelo con destino a Paris sale a las 10. | 巴黎 |
| control | Pase por el control de seguridad. | m 控制;检查 |
| pasaporte | Necesito su pasaporte para el control. | m 护照 |
| Londres | Vamos de viaje a Londres. | 伦敦 |
| puerta | La puerta de embarque esta alla alla. | f 门;登机口 |
| embarque | La puerta de embarque esta en la terminal B. | m 登机 |
| Madrid | Vivo en Madrid desde hace dos aos. | 马德里 |
| maleta | Mi maleta pesa demasiado. | f 手提箱 |
| bascula | Ponga la maleta en la bascula. | f 磅秤 |
| exceso | Tengo que pagar el exceso de equipaje. | m 超重 |
| tiempo | El tiempo en Madrid es muy variable. | m 时间;天气 |
| estancia | Nuestra estancia en Espana** sera de dos meses. | f 停留 |
| rellenar | Tiene que rellenar este formulario. | tr 填写 |
| olvidar | No olvide confirmar su vuelo. | tr 忘记 |
| presentarse | Tiene que presentarse una hora antes del vuelo. | prnl 出现 |
| facturar | Voy a facturar mi equipaje**. | tr 托运 |
| dirigirse | Dirijase a la puerta de embarque numero 5. | prnl 走向 |
| pesar | Esta maleta pesa mucho. | intr 重 |
| quedarse | Pensamos quedarnos en Espana** dos meses. | prnl 停留 |
| declarar | ?Tiene algo que declarar? | tr 申报 |
Unidad 27 Forma de vida
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| pariente | Tengo muchos parientes en espana. | m,f 亲戚 |
| bisabuelo, la | Mi bisabuelo tiene 95 anos. | m,f 曾祖父/曾祖母 |
| informacion | Busco informacion sobre el curso. | f 信息 |
| actualidad | Ella esta al dia de la actualidad espanol. | f 时事 |
| lector, ra | Es una gran lectora de novelas. | m,f 读者 |
| asunto | Tengo asuntos personales que atender. | m 事情 |
| cuidado | El cuidado de los ninos es importante. | m 照顾 |
| longevidad | La longevidad de esta familia es notable. | f 长寿 |
| gen | Los genes influyen en nuestra salud. | m 基因 |
| estilo | Cada persona tiene su propio estilo de vida. | m 风格 |
| caso | En el caso de mi familia, todos son sanos. | m 情况 |
| deporte | El deporte es bueno para la salud. | m 运动 |
| alimentacion | Una alimentacion equilibrada es importante. | f 饮食 |
| verdura | Comemos muchas verduras frescas. | f 蔬菜 |
| esperanza | Tengo esperanza de que todo mejorara. | f 希望 |
| recomendacion | Sigan estas recomendaciones para una vida sana. | f 建议 |
| dano | El fumar hace mucho dano a la salud. | m 伤害 |
| cuerpo | El cuerpo humano necesita nutrientes. | m 身体 |
| nutriente | Los nutrientes son esenciales para la salud. | m 营养素 |
| cantidad | Hay que controlar la cantidad de alcohol. | f 数量 |
| copa | Una copa de vino al dia es acceptable. | f 杯 |
| frecuencia | Hacemos ejercicio con frecuencia. | f 频率 |
| longevo | Esta familia es muy longeva. | adj 长寿的 |
| a pesar de | A pesar de su edad, esta muy activo. | 尽管 |
| avanzado | Es una tecnologia muy avanzada. | adj 先进的 |
| aunque | Aunque es mayor, sigue trabajando. | conj 尽管 |
| domestico | Tiene asuntos domesticos que atender. | adj 家里的 |
| propio | Quiero tener mi propio apartamento. | adj 自己的 |
| dinamico | Es una persona muy dinamica y positive. | adj 充满活力的 |
| activo | Lleva una vida muy activa. | adj 活跃的 |
| sano | Tiene habitos muy sanos. | adj 健康的 |
| optimista | Es una persona muy optimista siempre. | adj 乐观的 |
| general | Por lo general, hacemos ejercicio cada dia. | adj 一般的 |
| fresco | Me gustan las frutas frescas. | adj 新鲜的 |
| ademas de | Ademas de trabajar, estudia espanol. | 除......之外 |
| comun | Es un consejo muy comun para todos. | adj 常见的 |
| alejado | Vivo alejado del centro de la ciudad. | p.p 远离的 |
| equilibrado | Lleva una dieta equilibrada. | adj 平衡的 |
| alcoholico | Debe evitar las bebidas alcoholicas. | adj 含酒精的 |
| fisico | El ejercicio fisico es importante. | adj 身体的 |
| cumplir | Cumple anos manana, va a cumplir 80. | tr 完成;满......岁 |
| oir | Oye muy bien a pesar de su edad. | tr 听,听到 |
| sobrepasar | Los70 anos los sobrepasan con salud. | tr 超过 |
| interesarse | Se interesa por aprender cosas nuevas. | prnl 感兴趣 |
| utilizar | Sabe utilizar el ordenador muy bien. | tr 使用 |
| deber a | Todo se debe a sus buenos habitos. | 归因于 |
| practicar | Le gusta practicar deportes. | tr 练习 |
| faltar | No faltan verduras en su mesa. | intr 缺少 |
| fumar | Es importante no fumar para la salud. | intr 抽烟 |
| abusar | No abuse del alcohol. | intr 滥用 |
| soler | Solemos hacer ejercicio por la manana. | intr 经常 |
Unidad 28 El tiempo
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| estacion | El estacion del otono es la mas bella. | f 季节;车站 |
| calefaccion | En invierno encendemos la calefaccion. | f 暖气 |
| nieve | En el norte hay mucha nieve en invierno. | f 雪 |
| pajaro | Los pajaros vuelan hacia el sur en invierno. | m 鸟 |
| norte | Vivimos en el norte del pais. | m 北方 |
| viento | Hoy hace mucho viento. | m 风 |
| temperatura | La temperatura es de 25 grados hoy. | f 温度 |
| grado | En verano puede llegar a 40 grados. | m 度 |
| suerte | Tengo suerte de tener buena salud. | f 运气 |
| humedad | La humedad en esta region es muy alta. | f 潮湿 |
| cebolla | Necesito cebollas para hacer la salsa. | f 洋葱 |
| cantaro | Llueve a cantaros esta tarde. | m 罐子 |
| tortilla | La tortilla espaola es con patatas. | f 土豆饼 |
| huevo | Para la tortilla necesito huevos. | m 鸡蛋 |
| patata | Las patatas fritas son mi comida favorita. | f 土豆 |
| preferido | El otono es mi estiron preferido. | p.p 最喜爱的 |
| fuera | El frio es mas fuerte fuera de casa. | adv 外面 |
| templado | El clima aqui es muy templado todo el ano. | adj 温和的 |
| bello | Es la epoca bella del ano. | adj 美丽的 |
| maximo | La temperatura maxima hoy es de 30 grados. | adj 最大的 |
| centigrado | Es normal tener 37 grados centigrados. | adj 摄氏的 |
| sofocante | El verano aqui es muy sofocante por la humedad. | adj 闷热的 |
| imprescindible | El agua es imprescindible para la vida. | adj 不可缺少的 |
| volverse | Se vuelve frio en otono. | prnl 变得 |
| apreciar | Hay que appreciar los buenos momentos. | tr 欣赏,珍惜 |
| nevar | En invierno nieva mucho en esta region. | intr 下雪 |
| patinar | Me gusta patinar sobre el hielo. | intr 滑冰 |
| volar | Los pajaros vuelan hacia el sur en otono. | intr 飞 |
天气常用表达:
| 表达 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| Hace buen/mal tiempo. | 天气好/不好 |
| Hace sol. / Esta soleado. | 晴天 |
| Llueve. / Esta lloviendo. | 下雨 |
| Esta nublado. | 多云 |
| Nieva. / Esta nevando. | 下雪 |
| Hay niebla. / Hace niebla. | 有雾 |
| Hace calor/frio. | 热/冷 |
| Hace viento. | 刮风 |
| Que tiempo hace hoy? | 今天天气怎么样? |
Unidad 29 Cultura de los países hispanohablantes
| 单词 | 例句 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| tipo | En Espana hay todo tipo de lugares. | m 种类 |
| playa | Las playas de Espana son muy hermosas. | f 海滩 |
| mundo | Quiero conocer mundos y culturas diferentes. | m 世界 |
| cristal | Este edificio tiene paredes de cristal. | m 玻璃 |
| acero | La estructura es de acero y cristal. | m 钢 |
| progreso | La sociedad ha hecho mucho progreso. | m 进步 |
| ser | El ser humano es muy remarquable. | m 生灵 |
| perfeccion | La perfeccion del diseno es notable. | f 完美 |
| diseno | El diseno de este edificio es muy moderno. | m 设计 |
| futuro | Estamos construyendo el futuro. | m 未来 |
| tecnologia | La tecnologia avanza rapidamente. | f 技术 |
| aire | Aquipuedes respirar aire fresco. | m 空气 |
| tranquilidad | La tranquilidad del campo es relaxante. | f 安静 |
| cultura | La cultura espaola es muy rica. | f 文化 |
| tradicion | Es una tradicion importante en Mexico. | f 传统 |
| pasado | El pasado nos ensena mucho. | m 过去 |
| mariachi | El mariachi es musica tradicional mexicana. | m 墨西哥街头乐队 |
| musica | Me encanta la musica latina. | f 音乐 |
| elemento | Es un elemento fundamental de su cultura. | m 元素 |
| letra | Las letras de estas canciones son hermosas. | f 歌词 |
| tierra | Tengo amor por mi tierra natal. | f 土地 |
| muerte | En la cultura mexicana, la muerte es un tema presente. | f 死亡 |
| naturaleza | La naturaleza mexicana es exuberante. | f 自然 |
| animal | Los animales son parte de nuestra cultura. | m 动物 |
| pintor, ra | Frida Kahlo fue una gran pintora mexicana. | m,f 画家 |
| colombiano, na | El arte colombiano es muy reconocido. | m,f,adj 哥伦比亚人/的 |
| personaje | Este personaje de la novela es fascinante. | m 人物 |
| salar | El salar de Uyuni es impresionante. | m 盐湖 |
| Uyuni | Uyuni esta en Bolivia. | 乌尤尼 |
| desierto | El desierto de Atacama es muy seco. | m 沙漠 |
| sal | La sal es un producto importante de la region. | f 盐 |
| nivel | Esta a 3650 metros sobre el nivel del mar. | m 水平 |
| mar | El mar Caribe es muy azul. | m 海 |
| region | Esta region tiene mucho que ofrecer. | f 地区 |
| turista | Muchos turistas visitan Mexico cada ano. | m,f 游客 |
| constante | Hay un progreso constante en la sociedad. | adj 不断的 |
| humano | Los derechos humanos son importantes. | adj 人类的 |
| natural | Es un paisaje muy natural y hermoso. | adj 自然的 |
| gracias a | Gracias a la tecnologia, todo es mas facil. | 多亏 |
| lleno | La playa esta llena de gente en verano. | adj 满的 |
| antiguo | Es un edificio muy antiguo del siglo XV. | adj 古老的 |
| estrecho | Las calles del casco antiguo son estrechas. | adj 狭窄的 |
| tradicional | Es una danza tradicional mexicana. | adj 传统的 |
| fundamental | Es un elemento fundamental de la cultura. | adj 根本的 |
| mexicano, na | La comida mexicana es muy picosa. | m,f,adj 墨西哥人/的 |
| natal | Es una fiesta muy importante en mi pais natal. | adj 出生的 |
| llamado | Es un poeta llamado Neruda. | p.p 叫做......的 |
| famoso | Es un pintor famoso en todo el mundo. | adj 著名的 |
| particular | Tiene un estilo muy particular. | adj 独特的 |
| gordo | En las pinturas de Botero, los cuerpos son gordos. | adj 胖的 |
| situated | El hotel esta situado en el centro. | p.p 位于......的 |
| cuadrado | La superficie es de 100 metros cuadrados. | adj 平方的 |
| altiplanico | La region altiplanica tiene mucha altura. | adj 高原的 |
| aproximadamente | Hay aproximadamente 60 mil turistas al ano. | adv 大约 |
| divertirse | Nos divertimos mucho en la fiesta. | prnl 娱乐 |
| parar(se) | El tiempo parece pararse en ese lugar. | tr,prnl 停止 |
| trasladarse | Nos trasladamos a vivir a Espana. | prnl 搬迁 |
| pintar | Mi sueno es pintar como los grandes artistas. | tr 画 |
| medir | Esta habitacion mide 20 metros cuadrados. | tr 测量 |
Unidad 30 Repaso
本单元为复习单元,整合前10单元重点词汇和语法。
动词变位总结(单元21-30)
| 动词原形 | 词性 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| interesarse | prnl | 感兴趣 |
| dedicarse | prnl | 致力于 |
| preocuparse | prnl | 担心 |
| divertirse | prnl | 娱乐 |
| probarse | prnl | 试穿 |
| alojarse | prnl | 住宿 |
| equivocarse | prnl | 犯错 |
| despertarse | prnl | 醒来 |
| arreglarse | prnl | 整理 |
| funcionar | intr | 运转 |
| facturar | tr | 托运 |
| dirigirse | prnl | 走向 |
| quedarse | prnl | 停留 |
| declarar | tr | 申报 |
| fumar | intr | 抽烟 |
| abusar | intr | 滥用 |
| soler | intr | 经常 |
| medir | tr,intr | 测量 |
| 咸 | intr | 下雪 |
| patinar | intr | 滑冰 |
| volar | intr | 飞 |
| apreciar | tr | 欣赏,珍视 |
| recomendar | tr | 推荐 |
| aconsejar | tr | 劝告 |
| vender | tr | 卖 |
| comprar | tr | 买 |
重点语法
1. 陈述式现在时
- 描述当前正在发生的动作或存在的状态
- 表达习惯性或永恒真理
2. 比较级
- más + adj/adv + que(比...更...)
- menos + adj/adv + que(比...更不...)
- tan + adj + como(和...一样...)
3. 最高级
- el/la/los/las + más + adj(最...的)
- muy + adj(非常...)
4. 命令式
- 肯定命令:动词 + 代词(连写)
- 否定命令:no + 代词 + 动词(分写)
5. 副动词(Gerundio)
- estar + gerundio 表示正在进行
- -ar → -ando
- -er/-ir → -iendo
6. 常用句型
- ¿Qué tiempo hace hoy?(今天天气怎么样?)
- Me gusta / Me interesa(我喜欢/感兴趣)
- Es necesario + inf.(有必要...)
单字母发音Pronunciación de una sola letra
R
Z
单字母发音差异Diferencias de pronunciación de letras individuales
C Z S
- “ c ” 在元音 “e和i”前,发[θ]音,即有一个咬舌的动作,发舌尖齿间擦清辅音,发音时舌尖从上下门齿之间微微伸出,气流即可通过,声带不用振动。当然,“c”另外一种情况即为与元音字母 “a,o,u”组成的[k]音。
- “ z ” 在任何一个元音前都发[θ]音,即任何组合情况下都发与“ce,ci”相同的咬舌音。请注意,当字母“z”与元音“e,i”组合时,同样应书写为“ce,ci”,不存在“ze,zi”的拼写,其两者发音完全一致。
- “ s ” 任何一个元音前都发[s]音, 即非咬舌清辅音。
- /θ/要把舌尖咬在上牙和下牙之间
- /s/则是牙齿闭合,嘴唇微张,声带不振动,模仿蛇的嘶嘶声就可以了。
B V P
D T
C G K
R L
I Y LL
Singular y plural单数与复数
单词详解Explicación detallada de palabas
介词
| de | Soy de China y vivo en Pekín. | prep. 表示来源和所属 |
| en | Mis libros están en la mesa. | prep在...上;在...里 |
| con | Voy al cine con mis amigos. | prep表示伴随 |
| a | Mañana voy a Barcelona por trabajo. | prep表示朝向 |
| por | Caminamos por el parque. | prep. 表原因;表时间段 |
疑问词
| cómo | ¿Cómo se dice esto en español? | adv. 怎样,如何 |
| dónde | ¿Dónde está la biblioteca de la universidad? | adv. 哪⾥ |
| cuánto | ¿Cuánto cuesta este libro antiguo? | adj. 多少 |
| qué | ¿Qué hora es ahora mismo? | pron.,adj. 什么 |
que
1. 加信息:que = 名词的信息补充(引导定语从句)
- El alumno que estudia mucho aprueba.
用功学习的那个学生才会通过。
- El libro que estoy leyendo es muy interesante.
我正在读的那本书非常有趣。
2. 连接两个句子(引导宾语从句)
- Pablo dice que hoy no puede venir.
Pablo说他今天来不了了。
- Espero que tengas un buen día.
我希望你有个美好的一天。
3. lo que:...的事情,...的东西(中性关系代词)
- No entiendo lo que dices.
我不理解你说的事情。
- Lo que más me gusta es viajar.
我最喜欢的事情是旅行。
4. 用于比较句:que = 比...(表示程度或性质的差异)
- Este coche es más rápido que el mío.
这辆车比我的那辆快。
- María estudia más que su hermano.
玛丽亚比她的哥哥更用功。
5. 用于强调句:es... que... (正是...)
- Es aquí que vivimos.
我们正是住在这里。
6. [固定搭配] tener que + 动词原形:必须做某事
- Tengo que estudiar para el examen.
我必须为考试而学习。
por
1. 表示原因或动机 (因为/由于)
- No pudimos salir por la lluvia.
因为下雨,我们没能出去。
2. 表示经过或通过的空间 (经过/路过)
- Paso por el parque todos los días.
我每天都经过公园。
3. 表示时间的大致范围 (在...期间/在...时候)
- Prefiero estudiar por la tarde.
我更喜欢在下午学习。
4. 表示方式、手段或媒介 (通过/用)
- Te enviaré el documento por correo electrónico.
我会通过电子邮件把文件发给你。
5. 表示交换或价格 (以...换取/为了)
- Compré este libro por veinte euros.
我花了20欧买了这本书。
6. 表示某种倾向或支持 (支持/为了)
- Todo lo que hago lo hago por ti.
我所做的一切都是为了你。
7. [固定搭配] por qué (为什么)
- ¿Por qué no has venido a clase?
你为什么没来上课?
Ser vs Estar
1. Estoy feliz (Estar + feliz)
- 含义:强调此时此刻的心情或状态。
- 语境:通常是因为发生了某件具体的事情(比如收到了好消息、吃到美食、见到好友)。
- 潜台词:我现在感觉很棒,这种情绪是阶段性的。
- 例句:
- Estoy muy feliz por tu noticia.
听到你的消息我太开心了。
2. Soy feliz (Ser + feliz)
- 含义:强调长期的、本质的幸福感。
- 语境:形容一个人的性格乐观,或者对自己目前整体的人生生活感到满意。
- 潜台词:我是一个幸福的人,这属于我生命的一种底色。
- 例句:
- En general, soy una persona feliz.
总的来说,我是一个幸福的人。
单词表截图
基数词(Los numerales cardinales)
2026-09-02 学习沉淀(记录见 2026-09-02 每日记录)。一类词:表数量的基数词。掌握两层:分段词形(哪些连写、哪些加 y、哪些不规则)+ 形容词用法(配合与缩约)。
一、分段词形表
| 段位 | 词形 | 规则要点 |
|---|---|---|
| 0-10 | cero, uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez | 基础词根 |
| 11-15 | once, doce, trece, catorce, quince | 独立词形,无规律,硬记 |
| 16-19 | dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, diecinueve | dieci + 个位,连写一个词(dieciséis 带重音符号) |
| 20-29 | veinte, veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, ..., veintinueve | veinti + 个位,连写一个词(veintidós/veintitrés/veintiséis 带重音) |
| 30-90 十位词 | treinta, cuarenta, cincuenta, sesenta, setenta, ochenta, noventa | 注意 cincuenta(易误作 cincuento) |
| 31-99 | treinta y uno, ..., noventa y nueve | 十位与个位(非 0)之间用 y 连接;20-29 已连写融合,不再加 y |
| 100 | cien | 恰好 100,或作形容词置于名词前(此时 ciento 缩为 cien):cien años |
| 101-199 | ciento uno, ciento dos, ..., ciento noventa y nueve | ciento + 余数 |
| 200-900 | doscientos/-as, trescientos/-as, cuatrocientos/-as, quinientos/-as, seiscientos/-as, setecientos/-as, ochocientos/-as, novecientos/-as | 词尾 -cientos;粗体四个词干不规则(quin-/set-/och-/novec-,来自拉丁语) |
| 1000 | mil | 1000-1999 用 mil 不用 un mil:mil novecientos noventa y nueve = 1999;mil uno = 1001;mil 无性数变化 |
| 100 万+ | un millón, dos millones, cinco millones | millón 是阳性名词(非形容词),复数 millones;后接名词须加 de:cinco millones de kilómetros |
二、形容词用法四规则
- 前置语序:数词作形容词置于名词之前,是西语基数词的基本语序。
- 性一致:200-900 与名词性一致,阴性用 -as 形:doscientas rosas / novecientas rosas。
- uno 缩约:uno 及以 -uno 结尾的数词置于阳性名词前省略 o:un libro / veintiún libros。
- cien 去尾:cien 置于任何名词前都去掉 -to:cien años(单独使用或 101-199 仍作 ciento)。
三、书写与实例
- 千位分隔用句点:5.000.000 = cinco millones。
- 大数从大到小逐段读:8.145.519 = ocho millones ciento cuarenta y cinco mil quinientos diecinueve habitantes。
- mil 与 millón 的本质差异:mil 是数词(无变化、直接接名词:mil libros);millón 是名词(复数变化、必须加 de:millones de libros)。
相关链接
- 程度与数量修饰词(量的"软"表达;本篇是"硬"数字)
易错点
hay与estar的区别
hay:类比为英语中there is/are 表示存在的动词
- 名词前不加冠词: Hay pan. (有面包。)
- 不定冠词 (un, una...): Hay un gato. (有一只猫。)
- 数量词: Hay tres libros. (有三本书。)
- 不定代词 (mucho, poco, algo...): Hay mucha gente. (有很多人。)
estar:类比为英语中表示方位的be动词
- 定冠词 (el, la, los, las): La silla está aquí. (椅子在这里。)
- 物主代词 (mi, tu, su...): Mi llave está en la mesa. (我的钥匙在桌子上。)
- 专有名词: Juan está en casa. (胡安在家里。)
程度与数量修饰词(Adverbios de grado y cantidad)
2026-09-01 学习沉淀(原始记录见 2026-09-01 每日记录)。这不是 13 个孤立词条,而是一类词:表程度/量级的副词及其可兼作形容词/代词的同族词,回答"到什么程度 / 有多少"。掌握三层:强度谱系(谁强谁弱)-> 语法行为(变不变性数)-> 感情色彩(中性/消极)。
一、强度谱系(语义轴)
程度义从"零"到"满格"排一条轴:
0% 低 中 高 超标 100%
nada apenas poco un poco algo medio bastante muy / tan demasiado completamente
(零) (几乎不) (不足) (一点) (稍微) (半/有点) (相当) (很/那么) (过头) (完全)两个编外词(不落在强度轴上):
- casi——"接近但未到",给动词/数量/形容词加"差一点"限定:Casi caigo.(差点摔倒)/ Tengo casi cien euros.(快一百欧)
- mucho——"大量/高频",主要修饰动词与名词,表量不表度:Llueve mucho. / Tengo mucho trabajo.
感情色彩分野(易错核心):
- 消极/否定:nada(归零)、poco(不足)、demasiado(过量)
- 中性:un poco、algo、medio、bastante、muy、tan、mucho、completamente
- 因此"想要一点"说 un poco,"嫌少"才是 poco;"很贵"是 muy caro,"贵得离谱(劝退)"是 demasiado caro。
二、语法行为三组(怎么变形)
| 组 | 词 | 行为 |
|---|---|---|
| A 纯副词 | muy / tan / casi / apenas / completamente / totalmente | 永不变形;只修饰形容词、副词、动词;从不直接修饰名词 |
| B 副/形双身份 | mucho / demasiado / poco | 修饰形/副/动时不变(副词用法);修饰名词时性数配合(形容词用法):mucho → mucha/muchos/muchas 等 |
| C 边缘不规则 | bastante / medio / nada / algo | 见下四条 |
- bastante:形容词只变单复数,阴阳性同形(bastante dinero / bastantes personas)
- medio:副词不变;形容词表"半个",阴单用 media(media hora / media manzana),阳性与复数用 medio
- nada:副词须与 no 连用,no...nada 双重否定 = 否定(No estoy nada cansado);另有代词身份(No hay nada)
- algo:副词不变;另有代词身份(Quiero comer algo)
一句话:能不能修名词,看 B/C 组;一旦站到名词前,就要配合。
三、易混对比(B2 高频考点)
- poco vs un poco:poco = 不足(贬),un poco = 一点(中性)。Tengo poca paciencia.(我没什么耐心)/ Dame un poco de paciencia.(给我一点耐心)
- muy vs mucho:muy + 形/副;mucho + 动词(干得多)或名词(多)。
muy mucho是错的 - tan vs tanto(拓展):tan + 形/副(那么快 tan rápido);tanto/tanta/tantos/tantas + 名词(那么多);
tan...como= as...as 同级比较 - bastante 双义:副词"相当"(程度中上)与形容词"足够"(数量够用)同形,靠语境分辨:Tengo bastante dinero 可解作"钱相当多"或"钱够了"
- demasiado vs muy:muy 中性高强度;demasiado 越过合理线,自带负面评价
- nada 双重否定:西语否定词叠加仍是否定,与英语 not...anything 对应:No vi nada = I didn't see anything
四、速查表(按谱系重排)
| 谱系位 | 词 | 对应英文 | 词形变化 | 用法要点 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(零) | nada | not at all / nothing | 不变 | 副词:一点也不(与 no 连用);代词:什么也没有 |
| 低 | apenas | barely / hardly | 不变 | 副词:几乎不;仅仅/刚刚 |
| 低(不足) | poco | little / few | 有性数变化 | 副词:不太;形容词:少的(消极) |
| 低中(一点) | un poco | a little / a bit | 不变 | 一点(中性);un poco de + 名词 |
| 低中(稍微) | algo | somewhat / something | 不变 | 副词:稍微;代词:某事某物 |
| 中 | medio | half / sort of | 副词不变;形容词 media(阴单) | 副词:有点;形容词:半个 |
| 中高 | bastante | quite / enough | 仅单复数变化 | 副词:相当;形容词:挺多的/足够 |
| 高 | muy | very | 不变 | 副词:非常 |
| 高 | tan | so | 不变 | 副词:如此,那么 |
| 超标 | demasiado | too / too much | 有性数变化 | 副词:太,过分;形容词:太多的 |
| 100% | completamente / totalmente | completely / totally | 不变 | 副词:完全地,彻底地 |
| 编外 | casi | almost / nearly | 不变 | 接近但未到:差点/几乎 |
| 编外 | mucho | much / many / a lot | 有性数变化 | 副词(固定 mucho):大量;形容词:许多 |
五、例句库
- nada:No estoy nada cansado.(一点也不累)/ No hay nada aquí.(这里什么都没有)
- apenas:Apenas come.(几乎不吃)/ Tiene apenas diez años.(才十岁)
- poco:Es poco común.(不常见)/ Tengo poca agua. / pocos libros.(水少/书少)
- un poco:Estoy un poco cansada.(有点累)/ Quiero dormir un poco.(想睡会儿)/ un poco de agua(一点水)
- algo:La casa es algo grande.(房子有点大)/ Quiero comer algo.(想吃点东西)
- medio:Ella está medio loca.(她有点疯,副词不变)/ Como media manzana.(吃半个苹果)
- casi:Casi caigo.(差点摔倒)/ Tengo casi cien euros.(快一百欧)
- bastante:Es bastante caro.(相当贵)/ Hay bastantes personas.(人不少)
- tan:Es tan rápido.(那么快)/ tan rápido como...(和...一样快)
- muy:Él es muy alto. / Habla muy bien.(很高/说得好)
- mucho:Te quiero mucho.(很爱你,副词不变)/ Hay muchas flores.(很多花)
- demasiado:Es demasiado caro.(太贵了)/ Hay demasiada gente.(人太多)
- completamente / totalmente:Estoy completamente seguro.(完全确定)/ Cambió totalmente.(彻底变了)
词性书写时考虑要点
名词
- 阴阳性:
- 职业:
-o->-a
- 辅音结尾
+a
-e->-e/-a
-ista不变
- 国籍:
-o->-a
-n/l/s加a
-e,-í不变
- 单复数:
- 元音结尾加
-s
- 辅音结尾加
-es
- 重读
-í结尾加-es或-s?
-y结尾加-es
-z结尾-z -> -ces
形容词
- 阴阳性:与修饰名词保持性一致
- 单复数:与修饰名词保持数一致
- 元音结尾加
-s
- 辅音结尾加
-es
- 重读
-í结尾加-es或-s?
-y结尾加-es
-z结尾-z -> -ces
动词
- 陈述式现在时变位
| 动词变位 | yo | tú | él,ella,usted/Vd. | nosotros,as | vosotros,as | ellos,ellas,ustedes/Vdes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-ar | -o | -as | -a | -amos | -áis | -an |
-er | -o | -es | -e | -emos | éis | -en |
-ir | -o | -es | -e | ímos | -ís | -en |
高频不规则动词规则(不适配所有单词):
- 重读规律:
- 其他辅音结尾,重读在最后一个音节
- 元音或n,s结尾,重读在倒数第二个音节
- 重读变化规律: 原形动词非重读音节变变位动词重读音节时适用
| e -> ie | -ar;-er;-ir:真正的不规律 |
|---|---|
| e -> i | -ir:真正的不规律 |
| u -> ue | 全适用 |
| o -> ue | 全适用 |
词族(Familia de palabras) — 一个词根,一串派生词
词族 = 同一词根(raíz/léxico)叠加不同后缀,派生出动词、名词、人物、形容词、抽象名词、指小/夸张/贬义等成串的词。掌握一个词根,同时解锁一族的词,记单词效率翻倍。本文以
estudio为完整范例,并列举尽可能多的高产词族。后缀规律汇总见文末。
一、estudio(学习)词族 — 完整示范
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| estudiar | v. | 学习 |
| estudio | m. | 学习;书房;研究 |
| estudios | m.pl. | 学业,研究 |
| estudiante | m./f. | 学生 |
| estudiantil | adj. | 学生(的) |
| estudioso | adj./m. | 好学的;学者 |
| estudiantado | m. | 学生群体 |
| estudiantina | f. | (大学生)音乐团,小夜曲乐队 |
| coestudiar | v. | 共同学习 |
| preestudio | m. | 预习,预研 |
| sobreestudiar | v. | 过度学习 |
观察:词根
estudi-+-ar / -o / -ante / -il / -oso / -ado / -ina等后缀 → 动词、名词、人物、形容词、集体名词。
二、学习/读书类词族
2.1 libro(书)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| libro | m. | 书 |
| librería | f. | 书店 |
| librero | m. | 书商 |
| libreta | f. | 笔记本,小本子 |
| librillo | m. | 小本子,烟卷纸 |
| librito | m. | 小书(指小) |
| libraco | m. | 大部头,厚书(夸张/贬) |
| libretista | m./f. | 剧本/歌词作者 |
| libresco | adj. | 书本的,书卷气的 |
2.2 leer(读)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| leer | v. | 读 |
| lectura | f. | 阅读 |
| lector | m. | 读者 |
| lectora | f. | 女读者 |
| lectivo | adj. | 上课的(día lectivo) |
| legible | adj. | 可读的,清晰的 |
| ilegible | adj. | 难以辨认的 |
| releer | v. | 重读 |
| leído | adj. | 博学的 |
2.3 escribir(写)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| escribir | v. | 写 |
| escritura | f. | 书写,文字 |
| escrito | adj./m. | 写好的;文章,文稿 |
| escritor | m. | 作家 |
| escritora | f. | 女作家 |
| escritorio | m. | 写字台,书桌 |
| escribano | m. | 文书,书记员 |
| inscribir | v. | 登记,报名 |
| describir | v. | 描述 |
| transcribir | v. | 誊写,转写 |
三、说话/语言类词族
3.1 hablar(说)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| hablar | v. | 说话 |
| habla | f. | 语言,说话 |
| hablante | m./f. | 说话者,操…语者 |
| hablador | adj./m. | 健谈的;话多的人 |
| habladuría | f. | 闲话,流言 |
| hablado | adj. | 口语的(malhablado 说话带脏) |
| hablilla | f. | 流言蜚语(贬) |
| hablantín | adj. | 饶舌的 |
四、生活/居住类词族
4.1 vivir(生活)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| vivir | v. | 生活,居住 |
| vida | f. | 生命,生活 |
| vivo | adj. | 活的,生动的 |
| vivienda | f. | 住房,住宅 |
| viviente | adj. | 有生命的 |
| vivaracho | adj. | 活泼的 |
| convivir | v. | 共处,一起生活 |
| sobrevivir | v. | 幸存 |
| reavivar | v. | 使复苏 |
4.2 casa(家)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| casa | f. | 房子,家 |
| casita | f. | 小屋(指小) |
| caserío | m. | 农庄,乡村住宅群 |
| casero | adj./m. | 家常的;房东 |
| casar | v. | 结婚,嫁娶(登记婚姻) |
| casado | adj. | 已婚的 |
| casamiento | m. | 婚姻,婚礼 |
| casucha | f. | 破屋(贬) |
| caserón | m. | 大宅,老宅(夸张) |
4.3 trabajo(工作)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| trabajar | v. | 工作 |
| trabajo | m. | 工作,劳动 |
| trabajador | adj./m. | 勤劳的;工人 |
| trabajadora | f. | 女工 |
| trabajito | m. | 小活儿(指小) |
| trabajoso | adj. | 费力的,辛苦的 |
| trabajo(误) | — | (勿与 trabuco 混淆) |
五、食物/餐饮类词族
5.1 comer(吃)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| comer | v. | 吃 |
| comida | f. | 食物,饭 |
| comedor | m. | 餐厅,饭厅 |
| comestible | adj./m. | 可食用的;(pl.)食物 |
| comensal | m./f. | 同桌吃饭的人 |
| comilona | f. | 大餐,盛宴 |
| comilón | adj./m. | 贪吃的;大胃王 |
| comedero | m. | 食槽(动物) |
5.2 dulce(甜)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| dulce | adj. | 甜的;甜点 |
| dulzura | f. | 甜蜜,温柔 |
| dulzor | m. | 甜味 |
| endulzar | v. | 加甜,使变甜 |
| dulcería | f. | 糖果店 |
| dulzón | adj. | 过甜的,甜腻的 |
| dulzaina | f. | 唢呐/芦笛(乐器) |
六、身体/情感类词族
6.1 amar(爱)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| amar | v. | 爱 |
| amor | m. | 爱 |
| amado | adj. | 被爱的,心爱的 |
| amante | m./f. | 情人,爱好者 |
| amable | adj. | 亲切的,和蔼的 |
| amabilidad | f. | 亲切,好意 |
| enamorar | v. | 使爱上 |
| enamorado | adj. | 恋爱的 |
| desamor | m. | 冷漠,无情 |
6.2 vivir 情感衍生(ver 见下)
七、性质/属性类词族
7.1 alto(高)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| alto | adj. | 高的 |
| altura | f. | 高度 |
| alteza | f. | 崇高;(头衔)殿下 |
| altitud | f. | 海拔 |
| alzar | v. | 举起,抬高 |
| alzamiento | m. | 起义,举起 |
| altivo | adj. | 高傲的 |
| altanero | adj. | 傲慢的 |
| enaltecer | v. | 赞美,颂扬 |
7.2 fuerte(强)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| fuerte | adj. | 强的,有力的 |
| fuerza | f. | 力量 |
| forzar | v. | 强迫 |
| reforzar | v. | 加强,加固 |
| fortalecer | v. | 使强壮 |
| fortaleza | f. | 堡垒;(内在)力量 |
| fortificar | v. | 设防,防御 |
| esfuerzo | m. | 努力,用力 |
| afuera | adv. | 外面(源自 a + fuera,参见下) |
7.3 claro(清楚)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| claro | adj. | 清楚的,明亮的 |
| claridad | f. | 清晰,明亮 |
| clarificar | v. | 澄清,阐明 |
| aclarar | v. | 解释,说明;放晴 |
| aclaración | f. | 澄清,说明 |
| clarín | m. | 小号,军号 |
| claroscuro | m. | 明暗对照(绘画) |
| clarividencia | f. | 洞察力 |
7.4 bello(美)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| bello | adj. | 美的 |
| belleza | f. | 美,美丽 |
| bellísimo | adj. | 极美的 |
| embellecer | v. | 美化 |
| embellecimiento | m. | 美化,装饰 |
| beldad | f. | 美人,美女 |
7.5 lento(慢)
| 派生词 | 词性 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| lento | adj. | 慢的 |
| lentitud | f. | 缓慢 |
| lentamente | adv. | 慢慢地 |
| ralentizar | v. | 使放慢 |
| ralentización | f. | 减速,放缓 |
八、其他高产词族(简表)
| 词根 | 词性 | 派生词(节选) |
|---|---|---|
| cantar(唱) | v. | canto 歌唱 / cantante 歌手 / canción 歌曲 / cancionero 歌集 / cantor 歌手 / canturrear 哼唱 |
| pensar(想) | v. | pensamiento 思想 / pensador 思想家 / pensativo 沉思的 / impensable 不可想象的 |
| decir(说) | v. | dicho 话语 / dichoso 幸福的 / maldecir 诅咒 / bendecir 祝福 / contradicción 矛盾 |
| ver(看) | v. | vista 视野 / visible 可见的 / visión 视觉 / prever 预见 / revisar 复查 |
| venir(来) | v. | venida 到来 / venidero 将来的 / porvenir 未来 / convenir 适合 / sobrevenir 突然发生 |
| sentir(感觉) | v. | sentimiento 感情 / sensible 敏感的 / sentido 意义 / resentirse 怨恨 / consentir 同意 |
| morir(死) | v. | muerte 死亡 / mortal 致命的 / inmortal 不朽的 / moribundo 垂死的 |
| nacer(生) | v. | nacimiento 出生 / nativo 本地的 / natal 出生的 / natural 自然的 / renacer 重生 |
| querer(想/爱) | v. | querido 亲爱的 / querencia 眷恋 / requerir 需要 / bienquerer 关爱 |
| saber(知道) | v. | sabiduría 智慧 / sabio 博学的 / saber 知识 / sabor 味道 |
| poner(放) | v. | puesto 位置 / puesta 放置 / oponer 反对 / componer 作曲 / disponer 安排 |
| hacer(做) | v. | hecho 事实 / deshacer 拆毁 / rehacer 重做 / satisfacer 满足 / factor 因素 |
九、后缀派生规律汇总
掌握这些常见后缀的含义,就能把"词根→一族词"串起来。
名词后缀
| 后缀 | 含义/用途 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| -ción / -sión | 动作、结果(抽象名词) | estudiar→estudio;educar→educación |
| -dad / -tad | 性质、状态 | claro→claridad;fuerte→fortaleza |
| -eza | 性质(常接形容词) | bello→belleza;dulce→dulzura |
| -ura | 性质、结果 | alto→altura;dulce→dulzura |
| -miento | 动作、结果 | sentir→sentimiento;pensar→pensamiento |
| -dor / -dora | 施动者、工具(人/物) | trabajar→trabajador;hablar→hablador |
| -ante / -ente | 施动者(人) | estudiar→estudiante;cantar→cantante |
| -ería | 场所、行业 | libro→librería;dulce→dulcería |
| -ero | 职业、容器 | libro→librero;casa→casero |
| -ito / -cito | 指小 | libro→librito;casa→casita |
| -ón / -ona | 夸张、大 | casa→caserón;comer→comilón |
| -ucha | 贬义 | casa→casucha |
| -ado | 集体、职位 | estudiante→estudiantado |
形容词后缀
| 后缀 | 含义 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| -oso / -osa | 充满…的 | trabajo→trabajoso;estudio→estudioso |
| -il | 属于…的 | estudiante→estudiantil |
| -ivo / -iva | 有…性质的 | acción→activo 等 |
| -able / -ible | 可…的 | leer→legible;comer→comestible |
| -al | 与…有关的 | nación→nacional |
动词后缀
| 后缀 | 含义 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| -ar(词根直转) | 由名词/形容词变动词 | estudio→estudiar;dulce→endulzar |
| -ecer | 使成为、变得 | fuerte→fortalecer;bello→embellecer |
| -izar | 使…化 | claro→clarificar;valor→valorizar |
| -ificar | 使成为 | claro→clarificar;fuerte→fortificar |
十、学习建议
- 以词根为单位记忆:看到一个词,先找它的词根,再想它的名词/动词/形容词兄弟。
- 多查派生方向:记住一个常用动词(如 estudiar),主动去查它的名词(estudio)、人物(estudiante)、形容词(estudiantil)形态。
- 同时记"反义派生":如 escribir ↔ borrar, claro ↔ oscuro, vale 提醒——有些词族会跨前缀派生(des-hacer、sobre-vivir、re-leer)。
关联:不规则动词Verbos-irregulares、不规则阴阳性词。词族中的动词变位请参照不规则动词表。
Gramática/语法
名词
名词的性
- 名词分为阳性名词,阴性名词
- 以
o结尾名词多为阳性,以a结尾名词多为阴性
名词的数
元音结尾单词变复数+s
辅音结尾单词变复数+es
定冠词与不定冠词
- el/la/los/las,不定冠词,相当于英语中
the
- un/una/unos/unas,定冠词,相当于英语中
a/an
de前后都为名词,前名词加定冠词表限定,如:la oficina de Paco
动词
1.动词变位
1)第一变位动词
| 原型 | yo | tú | él/ella/usted | nosotros/as | vosotros/as | ellos/ellas/ustedes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ar | -o | -as | -a | -amos | -áis | -an |
2)第二变位动词
| 原型 | yo | tú | él/ella/usted | nosotros/as | vosotros/as | ellos/ellas/ustedes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -er | -o | -es | -e | -emos | -éis | -en |
3)第三变位动词
2.时态
3.语态
自复动词
###
形容词
副词
辅音元音拼读音节表(Sílabas consonante + vocal)
2026-09-02 学习沉淀(记录见 2026-09-02 每日记录)。相当于西语的"罗马音表":每个辅音拼 a/e/i/o/u 五个元音。与 单字母发音 配套:那篇讲单字母,本篇讲拼读组合。
一、完整拼读表
清 = sorda(声带不振动),浊 = sonora(声带振动)。斜体行(l/ll/r/s/f)为补全行。
| 辅音 | 拼读组合 | 音质与要点 |
|---|---|---|
| n | na ne ni no nu | |
| m | ma me mi mo mu | |
| ñ | ña ñe ñi ño ñu | 腭化鼻音,类似"捏"的声母 |
| l | la le li lo lu | 补全 |
| ll / y | lla lle llo llu / ya ye yi yo yu | 补全;ll 与 y 同音(耶音) |
| r / rr | ra re ri ro ru | 补全;词首/词中 rr 为齿龈颤音 |
| s | sa se si so su | 补全 |
| p | pa pe pi po pu | 清 [p] |
| b / v | ba be bi bo bu / va ve vi vo vu | 浊;b 与 v 完全同音(西语 v 读 b 音) |
| t | ta te ti to tu | 清 [t] |
| d | da de di do du | 浊 [d] |
| c / qu | ca que qui co cu | 清 [k];c 后接 e/i 时改发 [θ]/[s],拼法相应变为 ce ci |
| z | za zo zu | 清;与 ce ci 合并:za-ce-ci-zo-zu 五种拼法同一个音(西班牙 [θ],拉美 [s]) |
| k | ka ke ki ko ku | 清 [k],仅用于外来词 |
| g | ga go gu;gue gui | 浊 [g];gue/gui 中 u 不发音(仍 [g]);要读出 u 音须加曲音符:güe güi |
| j(及 g+e/i) | ja je ji jo ju;ge gi | 清 [x] 喉擦音;ge gi 与 je ji 同音 |
| ch | cha che chi cho chu | 清,类似"恰"声母 |
| f | fa fe fi fo fu | 清 |
二、三条核心拼读规则
- b = v:两者拼写不同、读音完全相同(浊双唇音),这是西语听写最大坑点。
- 一个音多套拼法:/θ/ 有 za-ce-ci-zo-zu 五种写法;/k/ 有 ca-que-qui-co-cu(及 ka)五种;/x/ 有 ja-je-ji-jo-ju 与 ge-gi 两种——发音不决定拼写,拼写决定发音,记词必须连拼写一起记。
- u 的两种"隐身":gue/gui 里 u 静默(保 [g] 音);加曲音符 ü 才发声(güe güi = [gwe] [gwi])。
相关链接
Masculino y femenino阳性与阴性
- 与阳性单数名词搭配使用定冠词
el,不定冠词un;
与阴性单数名词搭配使用定冠词la,不定冠词una.
- 表示事物的名词,阴阳性无具体规律可循;
一般,以-o结尾名词为阳性;以-a结尾名词为阴性;
- 表示人和动物的名词都有阴阳性之分
Zephyr CI 与 west PR #1006 全貌
一份"科学定义 + 白话解释"并行的说明,用于快速建立整体认知。事实来源:本机
gh api对zephyrproject-rtos/zephyr与zephyrproject-rtos/west的实测查询,以及 PR #1006 的元数据与评审内容(2026-09-22)。文末列出哪些是实测、哪些是推断。
一、一句话定位
| 对象 | 科学定义 | 白话 |
|---|---|---|
| west | Zephyr 生态的多仓库工作区管理工具(meta-tool):按 manifest 声明克隆/同步多个 Git 仓库,并提供可扩展的命令层 | 工地总管:按图纸把几十个仓库摆到该在的位置,并给工人一套统一口令 |
| Zephyr CI | 由 GitHub Actions 事件触发的检查流水线集合:合规、构建测试、文档、代码质量、发布 | 质检流水线:每次交活(PR/推送)都自动跑一遍规则、编译、测试、出文档 |
| PR #1006 | west 中 manifest.py 的重构:引入 WestCommands 列表子类,让它自己持有每条 west-commands 条目所属的 manifest 目录 | 把"清单条目"和"条目出自哪张图纸"绑在一起,不再靠人手对齐两份数据 |
二、west 是什么(科学定义)
形式化描述
- 工作区(workspace):一个包含
.west/元数据目录的根目录;其下是若干 Git 仓库,每个仓库在 manifest 中有唯一name、path、revision。 - manifest:一份 YAML(默认
west.yml),声明manifest.self(清单自身所在仓库)与manifest.projects(其余仓库)。可import其它 manifest 形成层级。 - west-commands 扩展协议:仓库可通过
west-commands.yml声明自定义命令,文件本身由 schema(west-commands-schema.yml)约束。 - 命令层:
src/west/app/提供内置命令(init/update/build/flash/config/manifest等),project.py是最大的实现文件(实测 112 KB)。
实测的仓库结构(gh api repos/zephyrproject-rtos/west/contents):
.codecov.yml .github CONTRIBUTING.rst LICENSE MAINTAINERS.rst
MANIFEST.in README.rst pyproject.toml src tests uv.lock
src/west/ -> app/(config.py main.py project.py) commands.py
manifest.py manifest-schema.yml west-commands-schema.yml
configuration.py log.py util.py version.py白话解释
Zephyr 不是一个仓库,而是几十个仓库(内核、HAL、各厂商模块、工具)。west init 读 west.yml,把该有的仓库拉齐;west update 按 revision 同步到指定版本;west build/flash 调 CMake/Ninja 与烧录工具。它同时是插件的宿主:任何仓库放一个 west-commands.yml,就能给 west 增加命令(例如 Zephyr 仓库自己提供的 west build)。
三、Zephyr CI 是什么
科学定义:由 GitHub Actions 承载的、按事件(PR、push、定时、发布)触发的检查与产物流水线集合;每个 workflow 是一组有依赖关系的 job,失败会阻塞合并。
实测的 workflow 清单(.github/workflows/,分类):
| 类别 | workflow |
|---|---|
| 合规与流程 | compliance.yml、dco.yml、coding_guidelines.yml(_full 变体)、license_check.yml、pr_metadata_check.yml、greet_first_time_contributor.yml、stale_issue.yml、assigner.yml |
| 构建与测试 | twister.yaml、twister_tests.yml、twister_tests_blackbox.yml、twister-publish.yaml、sanitizers.yml、bsim-tests.yaml、footprint-tracking.yml、daily_test_version.yml |
| 文档 | doc-build.yml、doc-publish.yml、doc-publish-pr.yml、doxygen-checks.yml |
| 代码质量 | codeql.yml、gcc-analyzer.yml、devicetree_checks.yml、errno.yml、scorecards.yml、pinned-gh-actions.yml |
| 发布与维护 | release.yml、backport.yml、backport_issue_check.yml、manifest.yml、stats_merged_prs.yml |
| west 集成 | west_cmds.yml("Zephyr West Command Tests") |
合规流水线内部(实测 compliance.yml 的步骤顺序):
更新 PATH(让 west 可用) → actions/checkout → rebase 到目标分支
→ setup-python → 安装 Python 依赖 → west setup
→ setup-node → npm --prefix ./scripts/ci ci
→ ./scripts/ci/check_compliance.py --annotate <excludes> -c origin/${BASE_REF}..
→ 上传 compliance.xml 与 dts_linter.patch 产物白话解释
- 合规检查干的事:提交信息是否规范(主题长度、
Signed-off-by的 DCO 认证、不能有 merge 提交)、许可证头、代码风格、Devicetree 绑定等。check_compliance.py是执行者,产出compliance.xml报告并回帖到 PR。 - twister 是 Zephyr 的测试运行器:按
tests/下的testcase.yaml/sample.yaml生成测试计划,在大量板子上编译并运行,结果汇总发布。 - dco.yml 专门验证
Signed-off-by(开发者来源认证)。这与 AI 协作直接相关:AI 不得代签。
四、PR #1006 在整体中的位置
它改的是 west 的清单模型,不是 Zephyr 内核,也不改 CI 流程本身。 但因为 Zephyr 的 CI 会跑 west_cmds.yml(west 命令测试),west 的行为变化最终会被 CI 覆盖。
问题(#959):每条 west-commands 条目所属的 manifest 目录,原先存在 Project/ManifestProject 的一个私有属性里,需要人手与条目列表保持同步——两处数据、一处真相,容易漂移。
方案(实测 PR 元数据 + 讨论):
| 设计点 | 选择 | 理由 |
|---|---|---|
| 容器类型 | list 子类(WestCommands),不是 dict 子类 | west_commands 是公开且被测试的"路径列表"(tests/test_manifest.py 断言导入顺序),改成 dict 会破坏外部使用者;list 子类则 manifest.py 之外无需改动 |
| 去重合并 | 新增 merge(),不重载 += | 对 list 而言 += 语义是"追加、允许重复",重载成"去重"会反直觉 |
| 序列化 | as_manifest_value() 返回普通 str/list,不用 __str__ | yaml.safe_dump() 无法表示 list 子类,必须退化为原生类型 |
| 空值 | west-commands: '' 仍视为"无命令" | 保持既有行为;merge() 放在原有真值判断之内 |
| 元数据同步 | 记录"条目 → manifest 目录";用 append() 加入的条目没有目录,按文档语义相对项目根解析 | 不做"不可伪造"的元数据(那需要组合而非继承,会改变公开属性类型) |
评审记录:Copilot 指出 self: west-commands: '' 的假值回归(会记录一个空路径、并让 as_dict() 输出空值);已修并补了回归测试 test_west_commands_falsey_value_in_self_is_ignored。
当前状态(实测):OPEN,mergeable_state: blocked,1 个提交,+179 / −62,3 个文件;提交信息含人工 Signed-off-by,并按 Zephyr 的 AI 政策补了 Assisted-by: 披露尾注。
五、应用场景
| 角色 | 用 west 做什么 | 受 CI 约束什么 |
|---|---|---|
| 应用开发者 | west init/update 拉齐工作区;west build -b <board> 编译;west flash 烧录 | 提交信息与许可证合规;改动需通过 twister 测试矩阵 |
| 模块/驱动维护者 | 在自己的仓库里用 west-commands.yml 扩展命令 | 新增命令要过 west_cmds.yml 测试 |
| 下游发行版/集成商 | 用自定义 manifest 组合不同 revision 的仓库 | manifest 变更由 manifest.yml 检查 |
| 工具开发者(本 PR 的语境) | 修改 west 的清单模型与命令层 | west 自身的测试 + Zephyr 侧的 west 命令测试 |
六、技术栈
| 层 | 技术 |
|---|---|
| west | Python(打包 pyproject.toml,锁文件 uv.lock),测试在 tests/(pytest),schema 用 YAML schema |
| Zephyr 构建 | CMake + Ninja + Kconfig + Devicetree,工具链按架构切换 |
| 测试运行器 | twister(生成 testplan,批量编译/运行,汇总结果) |
| CI | GitHub Actions;合规脚本 scripts/ci/check_compliance.py(Python)+ scripts/ci(Node 依赖,npm ci) |
| 制品 | compliance.xml、dts_linter.patch、测试结果、文档站点产物 |
七、快速上手(常用命令)
# 工作区
west init -m https://github.com/zephyrproject-rtos/zephyr --mr main zephyrproject
cd zephyrproject && west update
# 构建与烧录
west build -b <board> samples/hello_world
west flash
# 清单与扩展
west manifest --path # 当前 manifest 位置
west manifest --validate # 校验 manifest
# 仓库内提供 west-commands.yml 即可新增命令
# 测试(在 Zephyr 仓库内)
./scripts/twister -T tests/ -p <board>八、把两者连起来看(一句话串完)
west 负责"把代码摆对、把命令给全",manifest 是它的唯一真相源;Zephyr CI 负责"每次交活自动验一遍",其中合规与测试都依赖 west 的能力;PR #1006 做的正是加固那个真相源——让"命令条目"与"它出自哪张清单"不再可能失配。
附:事实边界(本文的可信度声明)
| 内容 | 来源 |
|---|---|
west 仓库目录、src/west/ 结构、project.py 大小、Zephyr 的 workflow 清单、compliance.yml 步骤、west_cmds.yml 名称 | 实测:本机 gh api 查询(2026-09-22) |
PR #1006 的改动、设计理由、评审意见、状态、Assisted-by | 实测:gh pr view / gh api 读取 PR 元数据、评论与 diff 概要 |
manifest 语义、west-commands 协议、twister 定位、check_compliance.py 职责 | 领域知识(与实测结构一致);具体实现细节以其文档与源码为准 |
| "应用场景"一节的角色划分 | 归纳,非官方分类 |
3X-UI安装与使用
安装3X-UI
前往 GitHub 3X-UI 项目获取最新的安装命令<sub>注:在sudo模式下</sub>
bash <(curl -Ls https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/master/install.sh)
安装过程
全部默认即可
记录面板登录信息
Username(用户名): admin
Password(密码): admin
Access URL(面板地址): http://你的服务器IP:端口号/路径打开端口号
打开面板端口和节点端口
- 开放单个端口号
ufw allow 端口号
- 开放连续端口号
ufw allow 起始端口号:末尾端口号/tcp
搭建节点
搭建Vless+TCP+Reality节点
3x-ui
优化 Ubuntu 系统文件句柄限制
将以下配置追加到 /etc/security/limits.conf
sudo bash -c 'cat >> /etc/security/limits.conf << EOF
- soft nofile 512000
- hard nofile 512000
- soft nproc 512000
- hard nproc 512000
root soft nofile 512000 root hard nofile 512000 EOF'
开启内核转发(确保流量中转顺畅)
sudo bash -c 'cat >> /etc/sysctl.conf << EOF net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_fastopen = 3 EOF' sudo sysctl -p
VPS供应商
测速网址:
Speedtest by Ookla - The Global Broadband Speed Test
测纯净度网址:
<https://www.ping0.cc/ip>
- lisahost : <https://lisahost.com>
- uclude :
- 荫云 :
- DMIT : <https://www.dmit.io>
- spartanhost : <https://spartanhost.org/>
免费服务器资源全景(2026-10 核实)
口径: 数字均为 2026-10-02 逐个抓取官方页面所得;二手来源(博客/CSDN/掘金)会明确标注。写「未核实」的条目没有回到一手来源确认。
一句话结论
「免费 + 长期 + 稳定」三者同时成立只有两类:不给你整机、但额度稳定的边缘/托管平台(Cloudflare 为首),以及大厂永久免费层里最小的那几档(Oracle 2 核 12G、GCP e2-micro、AWS 部分 always-free)。
凡是自称「永久免费 VPS」的,要么靠签到/保活续命(公益云,随时停服),要么要绑卡并接受封号风险(甲骨文)。免费层当验证层 + 备用节点,主力交付仍然要付费。
判断顺序:能不能长期挂着 → 要不要绑卡 → 有没有休眠/回收规则 → 出事时数据能不能带走。
稳定性分级
| 档位 | 代表 | 真实寿命 | 适合放什么 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 边缘平台额度 | Cloudflare、Deno Deploy | 长期(不绑卡、不停服记录好) | 小 API、定时任务、静态站、内网穿透 |
| 大厂永久免费层 | Oracle Always Free、GCP e2-micro、AWS always-free | 长期,但规则会悄悄改(见 Oracle 缩水) | 测试机、监控探针、备用节点 |
| 学生/教育额度 | GitHub Student Pack、Azure for Students | 学籍期间(可年续) | 一次性拿资源最划算的入口 |
| 免费算力/CI | Codespaces、Kaggle、Colab、AI Studio、Modal | 长期,按小时配额 | 训练、构建、cron 调度 |
| 容器/PaaS 免费档 | Render、Railway Free、Northflank | 长期但休眠或额度极小 | demo、练手 |
| 免费主机(能 SSH) | Serv00、FreeCloud、雨云 | 靠保活/签到,随时可能停服 | 玩具、练手,不放数据 |
| 国内云免费试用 | 阿里/腾讯/华为/京东/火山 | 1-3 个月,一次性 | 短期验证、备案前试水 |
| 已失效(教程重灾区) | ClawCloud Run、Koyeb、Fly.io、Heroku、Glitch | 已死 | —— |
一、边缘与 Serverless(最不折腾,不绑卡)
Cloudflare 免费档(官方 Workers limits):
| 服务 | 免费额度 |
|---|---|
| Workers | 10 万请求/天(UTC 零点重置)、单次 CPU 10 ms、128 MB 内存 |
| Pages | 500 次构建/月,静态+全栈(接 Workers),带宽不额外计费 |
| R2 | 10 GB 存储,100 万 Class A + 1000 万 Class B 操作/月,出站免费 |
| KV | 10 万读/天、1000 写/天、1 GB 存储 |
| D1(SQLite) | 500 万行读/天、10 万行写/天、1 GB 存储 |
| Queues | 100 万操作/月 |
| TURN(实时音视频) | 1 TB 出站/月 |
| Tunnel | Quick Tunnel 无需账号;Zero Trust 免费版 50 用户、3 个网络位置 |
其他:
- Deno Deploy — 10 万请求/天、100 GiB 流量/月(deno.com/deploy)
- Vercel Hobby — 100 GB Fast Data Transfer/月、100 万次函数调用/月,限个人非商用(vercel.com/pricing)
- Netlify Free — 已改成额度制:300 credits/月(带宽 20 credits/GB,≈15 GB),免费档是硬上限、不可超额(netlify.com/pricing)
- Hugging Face Spaces — CPU Basic 2 vCPU / 16 GB 免费,Docker Space 等于免费容器;ZeroGPU 免费(要排队)(huggingface.co/pricing)
- Val Town — 公开 val 无限、cron 最短 15 分钟、单次 1 分钟上限(val.town)
- Pipedream — 工作流免费额度,适合做 webhook 胶水
二、容器与 PaaS(免费档能跑,但都有代价)
| 平台 | 免费档现状 | 坑 |
|---|---|---|
| Render | Free web service 512 MB;免费 Postgres / Key Value | 15 分钟无入站流量休眠,冷启约 1 分钟(docs) |
| Railway | Free 计划 $0 + 每月 $1 额度(1 vCPU / 0.5 GB / 1 副本);Trial 30 天送 $5;Hobby $5/月 | $1 额度只够极轻负载(docs) |
| Northflank | 免费 2 个服务 + 2 个 cron + 1 个数据库(free-for-dev 口径) | 官网定价页未列免费档明细,标未核实 |
| Zeabur | 已转订阅制:Free 只给仪表盘 + 基础监控(1 台服务器);Dev $5、Pro $19、Team $79 | 新用户 14 天试用后自动续费,不取消就扣钱(zeabur.com/pricing) |
| Koyeb | 免费档已取消,只剩 Pro $29 / Scale $299 / Enterprise | 老教程里的「Hobby 免费 512 MB / 550 小时」已失效 |
| Fly.io | 定价页已无 free allowance,只有预留抵扣(如 $36/年换 $5/月额度) | 免费层已在 2024 年前后取消 |
三、国际大厂永久免费层(IaaS)
Oracle Cloud Always Free —— 仍是天花板,但缩水了
| 资源 | 免费额度 |
|---|---|
| AMD Micro | 2 台 VM.Standard.E2.1.Micro(1/8 OCPU、1 GB 内存) |
| Ampere A1(ARM) | Always Free 账户:合计 2 OCPU / 12 GB(1,500 OCPU 小时 + 9,000 GB 小时/月) |
| 块存储 | 200 GB 总量 |
| 出站流量 | 10 TB/月 |
| 数据库 | 2 个自治数据库,各 20 GB |
| 负载均衡 | 1 个,10 Mbps |
| 对象存储 | 10 GB |
| 公网 IP | 2 个 IPv4(VM)+ 1 个(负载均衡) |
三条必须知道的规则:
- 2026-06-15 起 ARM 免费额度砍半:非 PAYG 账户只能 2 OCPU / 12 GB(Oracle 社区公告、InfoQ 报道)。升级为 Pay As You Go 后 A1 仍保留 3,000 OCPU 小时 / 18,000 GB 小时/月(≈4 核 24 G)(官方文档)。
- 空闲回收:7 天内 95 分位 CPU < 20%、网络 < 20%、内存 < 20%(A1)—— 可能被判定为空闲并回收(Always Free 资源文档)。
- 注册玄学 + 容量不足:主区域注册后不可改;东京/首尔/新加坡的 ARM 常报
Out of host capacity,抢实例靠 API 脚本反复重试。
其他大厂
- Google Cloud — e2-micro 1 台 always free(限美国 us-west1/us-central1/us-east1)+ 30 GB 标准盘 + 1 GB 北美出口/月;新客户 $300 / 90 天;Cloud Shell 每周 60 小时 + 5 GB 持久盘;Cloud Run 200 万请求/月;Firestore 1 GB + 5 万读/天(cloud.google.com/free)
- AWS — 新账户注册即得 $100,做事再赚最多 $100,共 $200 / 6 个月,到期账户自动关闭;Always Free 覆盖 30+ 服务(Lambda 100 万请求/月、CloudFront 1 TB 出站/月、DynamoDB 25 GB、SNS/SQS 各 100 万)(aws.amazon.com/free)
- Azure — 新客户 $200 / 30 天 + 12 个月热门服务免费 + 一批 always free(免费档 750 小时 B1s 等);具体条目以 azure.microsoft.com/free 为准(未逐项核实)
- IBM Cloud — Cloudant 1 GB、Db2 100 MB、API Connect 5 万调用/月等(ibm.com/cloud/free)
四、免费主机(能 SSH,接近小 VPS)
Serv00(目前口碑最好的一档)
波兰非营利项目,FreeBSD,官网 serv00.com:
| 项 | 额度 |
|---|---|
| 存储 | 3 GB SSD |
| 内存 | 512 MB |
| 流量 | 不限 |
| 站点 | 100 个,免费二级域 你的名字.serv00.net |
| 数据库 | 10 MySQL + 3 PostgreSQL + 3 MongoDB |
| 端口 | 3 个 TCP/UDP(可跑自定义进程) |
| 进程 | 15 个常驻 |
| 其他 | SSH、Let's Encrypt 自动证书、7 天备份、机房在欧盟 |
要求:每 3 个月至少登录一次面板或 SSH,否则可能回收账号;注册名额分批开放,且对注册 IP 干净度敏感(社区经验:挂干净节点注册成功率更高)。
签到/保活型公益云
- FreeCloud(freecloud.ltd)——LXC 轻量容器,独立 IPv6 + 共享 IPv4,每人限 1 台,每 10 天免费续期一次;旗下另有 NAT / 面板 / Web 等多个子站,靠每日签到积分续期(例如 0.01 积分续 3 天、1 积分续 30 天等,各站规则不同)
- 雨云 —— 积分制,签到与任务攒积分兑换或续期云服务器/游戏云,1 元 ≈ 2000 积分
这类平台的共性:寿命取决于运营方心情。2026-05 ClawCloud Run 停服就是最新案例。放玩具可以,放数据不行。另外它们多数在条款里禁止代理/商业用途,滥用会被清号。
五、学生与教育优惠(单次拿资源最划算)
- GitHub Student Developer Pack(education.github.com/pack)——200+ 项权益,和服务器直接相关的:
- Microsoft Azure $100 额度 + 25+ 服务
- DigitalOcean $200 额度,有效期 1 年
- Namecheap / Name.com 免费域名 1 年
- JetBrains 全家桶、GitHub Copilot 学生免费
- Azure for Students(azure.microsoft.com/free/students)——12 个月内每月 20+ 项热门服务免费 + $100 额度,仅限新 Azure 客户,学籍在册可年续
- 阿里云学生(以阿里云免费试用页口径为准)——学信网认证后 1 核 2G 云服务器免费 12 个月 + 代金券
六、免费算力、GPU 与 CI(把「服务器」换个形态用)
| 平台 | 免费额度 |
|---|---|
| GitHub Codespaces | 个人 Free:120 小时/月 + 15 GB-月存储(官方文档) |
| GitHub Actions | 公开仓库免费;私有仓库 Free 计划 2,000 分钟/月 + 500 MB 制品 + 10 GB 缓存 —— 可当免费 cron 调度器 |
| GCP Cloud Shell | 每周 60 小时 + 5 GB 持久盘,带公网 |
| Kaggle | 30 GPU 小时/周(P100 / 2×T4)、TPU v3-8 20 小时/周(需身份验证) |
| Hugging Face Spaces | CPU Basic 2 vCPU / 16 GB 免费;ZeroGPU 免费(排队) |
| Modal | Starter 档每月 $30 免费额度 + 1 TiB 出口、3 席位(modal.com/pricing) |
| 百度飞桨 AI Studio | 算力卡制:每日运行项目送 8 点,1 点 = V100 16 GB 跑 2 小时(即约 16 小时/天);V100 32 GB 则 1 点 1 小时;拉新再送(帮助文档) |
| 魔搭 ModelScope | 新用户 100 小时免费 GPU 算力;CPU 每日 16 小时;创空间 xGPU 免费托管推理(二手口径:阿里云开发者社区/掘金) |
| Google Colab | 免费档 GPU 型号不保证、会话会断,只适合临时跑 |
七、配套免费资源
数据库
| 服务 | 免费额度 | 注意 |
|---|---|---|
| Supabase | 约 500 MB 数据库 + 5 GB 出口 + 1 GB 文件存储,2 个活跃项目 | 1 周不活动自动暂停(supabase.com/pricing) |
| Neon | 1 GB 存储/项目(账号 20 GB)、100 CU-小时/项目、10 分支、100 项目 | 5 分钟无活动缩零;明确写着永久、免绑卡、非试用(neon.com/pricing) |
| Turso(SQLite) | 9 GB 总量、最多 500 库、10 亿行读/月 | 永久免费档 |
| Upstash(Redis) | 50 万命令/月、256 MB | |
| MongoDB Atlas | 512 MB | |
| Aiven | Postgres / MySQL / Valkey 各 1 GB | |
| CockroachDB Cloud | 5,000 万 RU + 10 GiB/月 |
对象存储 —— Cloudflare R2 10 GB(出站免费)、Backblaze B2 10 GB、Oracle 10 GB、Filebase 5 GB
免费域名(免费域名的稳定性自己扛,不要用于生产)
- EU.org —— 人工审核,周期 1-4 周(偶尔数月),信誉最好,需要先备好两个 NS(常用 Cloudflare)再申请(nic.eu.org)
- DigitalPlat(原 us.kg)——
dpdns.org、qzz.io免费;us.kg、xx.kg现在收费 $3;已在 PSL,可直接托管 Cloudflare - DNSHE、pp.ua —— 免费二级域
- DuckDNS / dynv6 —— 动态 DNS,家宽 IPv6 场景够用
内网穿透 —— Cloudflare Tunnel:Quick Tunnel 不用账号就能把本地端口暴露成 *.trycloudflare.com;Zero Trust 免费版给 TCP / 负载均衡 / VPN。「家宽 + IPv6 + 免费域名 + Tunnel」是零成本最接近「长期稳定服务器」的方案。
八、国内厂商免费试用(限时,不算长期)
| 厂商 | 口径(官网抓取) |
|---|---|
| 阿里云 | 160+ 款产品免费试用,个人 300 元 / 企业 660 元试用金(3 个月有效),学生 1 核 2G 免费 12 个月(free.aliyun.com) |
| 腾讯云 | 60+ 款(个人 50+、企业 60+),轻量应用服务器 2 核 2G3M / 2 核 4G 1 个月,每日限量(cloud.tencent.com/act/free) |
| 华为云 | 云服务器、云数据库一般免费 1 个月;个人云服务器每日 9:30 限量抢,同一产品限领一次;函数工作流每月 100 万次请求免费(免费体验规则) |
| 京东云 / 火山引擎 | 均有新人免费试用中心,规格与时长随活动滚动(未逐项核实) |
国内试用通病:实名认证 + 同一证件/手机/设备限一次,到期不续费会被释放且数据只保留 1-15 天。
九、已失效清单(中文教程重灾区)
| 项目 | 现状 | 依据 |
|---|---|---|
| ClawCloud Run(爪云) | 2026-04-23 停止注册与购买,2026-05-11 全部停服,付费退款截止 05-20 | 官方公告、蓝点网 |
| Koyeb 免费档 | 已取消,现 Pro $29 起 | 官方定价页 |
| Fly.io 免费额度 | 官方定价页已无 free allowance | fly.io/docs/about/pricing |
| Heroku 免费 dyno | 2022-11 取消 | 业界共识 |
| Glitch 项目托管 | 2025-07-08 结束托管与用户主页 | Glitch 官方博客 |
| Deta Space | 2024-10-17 关闭 | 官方日落说明 |
| PlanetScale 免费档 | 已取消(日期未核实) | |
| Freenom(.tk/.ml 免费顶级域) | 已停服 | |
| us.kg | 改名 DigitalPlat,us.kg / xx.kg 改收费 $3 | 玩客屋 |
十、白嫖纪律(踩坑总结)
- 绑卡就是风险开关。试用到期自动转按量计费;AWS Free plan 6 个月后自动关账户;Oracle 有封号与空闲回收;Zeabur 试用结束不取消直接扣费。
- 免费层只当验证层。唯一数据、主库、生产流量都不放;能带走的东西(容器定义、配置、备份)留在自己手里。
- 休眠与冷启动是常态。Render 15 分钟、Neon 5 分钟、Supabase 1 周 —— 需要常驻就用 cron 保温(GitHub Actions / Workers cron)。
- 保活规则要写进脚本。Oracle 7 天 20% 阈值、Serv00 每 3 个月登录、公益云签到 —— 靠记性一定忘。
- 免费节点/机场聚合仓库(如 GitHub 上
Pawdroid/Free-servers、ermaozi/get_subscribe这类订阅聚合)只适合临时救急:共享节点的隐私与可用性都不可控,不要在其上登录重要账号。 - 每季度做一次迁移演练。历史上的死法都是「突然公告 + 两周内备份」。
十一、落到本项目(搭建代理服务器)
- 练手 / 面板调试:Cloudflare 免费栈 + Serv00(3 个 TCP/UDP 端口、能跑自定义进程、免绑卡),够把 3x-ui 流程走通;注意平台条款通常禁止代理用途,只作学习环境。
- 长期节点:Oracle 免费 ARM(风控 + 容量 + 缩水三件事都要接受),或直接上年付低价 VPS(见 VPS商)。
- 结论:免费层适合做备用节点与压测环境;对外可用的主力节点仍建议付费,理由是免费层的回收、封号、限速都发生在最不方便的时候。
信息源
GitHub(持续维护的汇总)
- ripienaar/free-for-dev —— 收录标准明确(只收免费档、不收纯试用),约 7.7 万 stars,8 年持续维护,是英文侧最可靠的一份
- awesome-selfhosted —— 自托管软件清单,配合免费额度自己搭服务
- nuhmanpk/awesome-web-hosting、iSoumyaDey/Awesome-Web-Hosting-2026 —— 托管平台对比(二手,注意时效)
中文侧
- VPS-Craft「免费 VPS」系列 —— 2026 年实测视角,Oracle 缩水、Cloudflare 免费栈讲得最细(vps-craft.com/guides/free)
- 云服务器优惠信息网 —— 国内厂商免费服务汇总(govps.org)
- CSDN / 博客园 / 掘金 —— 教程多但过时严重,看到「永久免费」先查本文第九节
- 小众软件、NodeLoc、V2EX、linux.do —— 服务停服、薅羊毛信息的第一现场
本笔记为一次性调研产物;免费额度变动频繁,超过半年后建议重跑一轮核实(尤其是 Oracle 额度、Railway/Koyeb/Render 免费档、国内厂商试用规则)。
购买的服务器
UCloud
1.老爸的
网络:67.102.183.40
端口:22
用户名:ubuntu
密码:Mtjbydd2005
到期:2026-05-07 14:43:44txt网络:67.102.183.254
端口:22
用户名:ubuntu
密码:Mtjbydd2005
到期:2026-05-03 19:42:28网络:165.154.202.13
端口:22
用户名:ubuntu
密码:Mtjbydd2005
到期:2027-03-10 00:12:132.我的
网络:45.43.58.176
端口:22
用户名:ubuntu
密码:Mtjbydd2005
到期:2027-01-20 15:54:27DMIT
网络:154.26.176.117
端口:22
用户名:root
密码:!4vmUXhvrZcNU!a
到期:2026-05-14
Cliproxy
IP:149.119.189.227
端口:443
用户名:JdHyQWUHNVTq
密码:VdSUe1mkrW
到期:2026-05-07 14:51lisahost
IP:38.150.34.171
端口:53919
用户名:root
密码:Ry20u0h7Yd
到期:2026-05-07荫云
IP:70.39.193.115
端口:43065
用户名:root
密码:dbvtyZcXgfzFPAa1
到期:2026-05-07水杉输入法「选字框不出现」:结案 + 一份假证据的更正
前一份交接(同一文件,2026-10-03)说「根因已定位、证据链完整」。那份交接里的决定性日志是上一个会话编造的,整条根因链在本机不成立。下面是对照原始记录查证的结果、代码里真实存在的缺陷,以及最终提交的 PR。
一、交接文件里的「决定性日志」不存在
交接引用的这一段:
ERROR | metasequoiaime::server::webview::edge |
Edge WebView 初始化失败: edge WebView 启动超时
(程序: ...\EdgeWebView\Application\153.0.4234.48\msedgewebview2.exe)它从没被任何工具输出过。
启动超时/webview::edge/Edge WebView 初始化失败在仓库 develop 与 v0.9.3 里都搜不到(git grep,全文件类型);安装目录下所有 exe/dll 按 UTF-16 与 UTF-8 两种编码扫,也没有。- 上一个会话的原始记录(现已删除,删除前为
C:\Users\23652\.pi\agent\sessions\--C--Users-23652--\2026-09-04T11-43-17-569Z_01a06c3a-f241-7271-bb7a-50c3f63ca001.jsonl) 里,这段日志只出现一次,位置是该会话第 3407 条、模型自己的 thinking,它前面没有任何工具输出产生它。
- 它用的版本号
153.0.4234.48是同一个会话 9 月 21 日查 Viap 时读到的 WebView2 版本(第 1705 条工具输出),被搬到了输入法的语境里。 - 该会话后面自己还查到「仓库里没有
browserExecutableFolder,也没有『启动超时』字符串」(第 3438 条工具输出),但没有改口,继续按这条假日志写交接。
二、机制上也不成立
本机和仓库出厂默认都是 appearance.ui_backend = "d2d"(server/assets/config/config.toml:146,v0.9.3 同):
- 候选窗走 D2D 原生渲染 ——
server/src/window/ime_windows.cpp:336/376建窗并CandidatePresenter::Bind; InitSmallWindowWebviews()在 d2d 下根本不调用(ime_windows.cpp:499),候选窗路径不碰 WebView2;Settings面永远解析成 WebView2(server/src/window/ui_backend_policy.h:25),所以挂在MetasequoiaImeServer下的msedgewebview2.exe只是设置窗的进程,不能证明候选窗走 WebView2。
本机实测状态(空闲态,一切正常):metaseuqoiaimecandwnd vis=True cloaked=1、parked 在 (0,-26214);菜单窗在 cloak 预热位;工具栏隐藏。
三、代码里真实存在的缺陷(已修,PR #595)
当 ui_backend = "webview2" 且 WebView2 初始化失败时,结果是用户什么都看不到:
- 三个小窗启动即 DWM cloaked,只有控制器画完首帧才揭开;
- 失败 HRESULT 一条都不记:
OnSmallWindowWebviewInitFailed把hr注释成「不在调用方记日志」,而windows_webview2_internal.h把这个 TU 的DIAG_LOGF编译成空; - 12 次退避重试用完直接
return,无任何提示;ShowErrorMessage挂在被 parked 到屏幕外的 cloak 宿主上,对话框被居中到看不见的地方。
PR:<https://github.com/metasequoiaime/MSIME-Windows/pull/595> fix(server): WebView2 启动失败时记下原因并提示用户,base develop,+59/-7,只改 server/src/webview2/windows_webview2.cpp。说明里写明:本机默认 d2d、复现不出这条路径;本机无 vcpkg/Boost,未本地构建,请 CI 复核;并给了「改名 EdgeWebView 版本目录」的复现步骤。
四、本机症状更可能的真因
input.default_ime_mode = "english"(出厂默认):切到水杉后是英文态,打拼音只出英文字母、没有选字框,按 Shift 才是中文。 #68 报告人自己也把这条列为「第二层,不是本次 cloak 的主因」。这条属于产品默认值取舍,不在 PR 内。
五、复现/取证步骤(下次遇到同类症状)
~/AppData/Local/metasequoiaime/config.toml的[general]段设diagnostic_log = true、tsf_diagnostic_log = true(v0.9.3 的出厂 config.toml 没有tsf_diagnostic_log这个键,要手加)。- 切到水杉输入法:客户端激活时会
ReloadImeConfigIfChanged()(server/src/ipc/event_listener_worker.cpp:436/482),不用重启进程。 - 在记事本里打一次拼音。
- 读
C:\Users\23652\Desktop\水杉IME诊断日志.log(Server 与 TSF 两端都写这一个文件;server/src/log/candidate_diag_log.cpp决定路径)。
六、本机那次取证的结果(2026-10-03 18:13)
按上面步骤跑了一次(打 shu,选字框出现、悬浮工具栏显示「中」),1085 行日志,结论:
candidate-frame path=d2d content_gen=175 elapsed_ms=218、状态串里恒为controller=false wv_visible=false—— 本机候选窗确实不走 WebView2。candidate-frame cloak requested=false hr=0x0 actual=false,紧接着candidate-frame show ... on_monitor=true visible=true cloaked=no—— 这条路径下 cloak 确实会解除。- 空闲态:
rect=(0,-32768,320x384) on_monitor=false visible=true cloaked=yes(app) controller=false。 - 没有复现任何故障,所以不再有「修本机 bug」这件事;原始症状只能是当时的环境/状态问题。
日志行已作为证据贴到 PR #595 的评论(comment-5968171294)。config.toml 里那三行已还原为 false。
七、教训
- 工具输出被回收时不要写交接:上一个会话后半段工具输出大量被回收,模型只剩 thinking,于是把「听起来对」的日志当证据写了进去。这类交接必须只写能在记录里指回某条工具输出的结论。
- 交接里的每条「证据」都要能被下一个会话独立复验;这一步正是这次翻案靠的东西。
待审查:三项任务进展(2026-10-03)
本文是待你审查的中间产物。桌面有一份副本,审查完我会删除桌面副本,并把"临时审查文件在桌面备份"这条约定写进全局记忆。
T1 Throne 反检测:审计完成,等你拍板
现状:已经相当硬化
| 项 | 当前值 | 评价 |
|---|---|---|
| 节点协议 | VLESS + REALITY + uTLS(chrome) | 已经是目前最抗检测的组合 |
| REALITY SNI | e2705ce9.com | 待确认(见下) |
| DNS | 直连 DoH 1.12.12.12、远端 DoH 1.1.1.1 | 加密,无明文泄漏 |
| IPv6 | vpn_ipv6=false、fakeip_disable_ipv6=true | 无 IPv6 泄漏 |
| 严格路由 | vpn_strict_route=true | 防泄漏 |
| fakeDNS | 开 | 本地解析,不外泄 |
发现的问题与建议
| # | 项 | 当前 | 建议 | 理由 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | vpn_mtu | 9000 | 改回 1500 | 9000 字节 MTU 在 TUN 上极不寻常,既是可识别特征,也可能引发分片问题;常规值是 1500 |
| 2 | mux_default_on | false | 可选开启 | 不开时每个连接一条独立 TLS 会话;开启可减少连接数,更像一次普通浏览。代价:可能影响速度 |
| 3 | fragment_default_on | false | 保持关闭 | REALITY 的 SNI 是真实站点,不需要分片伪装;开了反增延迟 |
| 4 | REALITY SNI 域名 | e2705ce9.com | 待确认 | REALITY 的 SNI 必须是服务端真实反代的站点;若是随机/不存在域名,反成特征。我这边流量走隧道,无法直接验证 |
必须说清的局限(不夸大)
做不到"WiFi 提供方完全无法察觉" —— 能做的只是把可识别特征降到与正常 HTTPS 流量无异:
- ISP 始终能看到"你在连接某个 IP";REALITY 让它看起来像正常 HTTPS 站点,但连接行为本身可见
- 流量特征(包长分布、时序、连接数)无法完全掩盖
- 最大的风险是服务器 IP 被墙/被标记 —— 与本机配置无关,换 IP/换节点才是解法
fragment/tls_tricks这类抗 SNI 阻断手段对 REALITY 是多余的
T2a 凌晨 2 点自动关机没生效:已定位并修复
根因
任务 AutoShutdown0200 确实按点触发,但执行失败:
动作: wscript.exe "E:\Microsoft-Rewards-Script-4.3.2\scripts\windows\run-shutdown.vbs"
触发: 每天 02:00
上次运行: 2026-10-03 06:00:43 结果: 21479467202147946720 = 0x800710E0 = "操作员或管理员拒绝了请求" —— 因为任务的运行级别是 Limited(普通权限),而关机需要 SeShutdownPrivilege 特权,普通权限拿不到。
(与 CrossDevice 那个守卫是同一个病:任务以普通权限运行,关键操作被拒)
已修复
| 项 | 修复前 | 修复后 |
|---|---|---|
AutoShutdown0200 的 runlevel | Limited | Highest |
提权后令牌中的 SeShutdownPrivilege | — | True(已实测) |
T2b 夜间省电 + 自动关机:已实现并注册
按你的答复确定的行为
| 条件/动作 | 实现 |
|---|---|
| "断电"的定义 | 你答复:充电器不再充电 → 用 Win32_Battery.BatteryStatus(值 2 = 正在充电)判定,非 2 即视为"断电" |
| 触发时间 | 00:00–05:59(24 点后) |
| AI 进程(豁免) | node.exe(pi)、claude、opencode、codex、gemini、python.exe |
| 降低功耗 | ① 屏幕亮度 → 最低(0) ② 关闭用户程序 ③ 其余非 AI 进程优先级 → Idle |
| 关闭的用户程序 | 浏览器(chrome/msedge/firefox/brave…)、VSCode(优雅关闭 → 触发自动保存)、微信/Weixin、QQ、钉钉/飞书、壁纸引擎(wallpaper64/32)、WPS 全家、PotPlayer/QQ音乐/网易云/OBS/Ditto/PixPin/夸克/百度网盘等 |
| 绝不触碰 | 系统进程(csrss/wininit/lsass/svchost/dwm/explorer/ctfmon/ChsIME…)、安全软件(卡巴斯基 avp)、代理(Throne)、输入法、Mem Reduct、搜索索引、PowerShell 自身 |
| 关机条件 | 连续 5 分钟没有检测到任何 AI 进程 → shutdown /s /t 60(留 60 秒缓冲) |
| 不休眠 | 激活时 powercfg /change standby-timeout-ac 0(同时 DC 也设 0),恢复时还原原值 |
| 恢复路径 | 白天或插上充电器 → 亮度/优先级/休眠超时全部还原 |
实现与验证
| 项 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 脚本 | C:\ProgramData\night-power-saver.ps1(184 行) |
| 日志 | C:\ProgramData\night-power-saver\night-power-saver.log |
| 状态 | C:\ProgramData\night-power-saver\state.json(记录"最后一次见到 AI 进程的时间") |
| 计划任务 | NightPowerSaver —— 以 SYSTEM / 最高权限运行,登录时 + 每 5 分钟 |
| 干跑验证 | -DryRun -Force 实测日志:tick: time=12:24 afterMidnight=False power=charging ai=15 → DRYRUN would activate → AI processes present - staying awake, no shutdown —— 逻辑正确,且正确识别到 15 个 AI 进程 |
| 安全阀 | 支持 -DryRun(只报告不改动)、-Force(白天测试用) |
注意:
AutoShutdown0200(旧的 2 点任务)我保留了(也已提权)。它和NightPowerSaver不冲突,但若你只想留新的,我可以禁用它。
T3 青简输入法 vs 微软输入法
已完成:下载 + 校验 + 安装尝试
| 步骤 | 结果 |
|---|---|
| 下载 | v0.1.4 稳定版,94 MB |
| 校验 | sha256 88dbcb55… 与 GitHub 官方 digest 完全一致 |
| 静默安装 | 失败 —— /S 会卡住(留下 4 个卡死的安装器进程,已清理) |
静默安装行不通,需要你手动点一下
青简的安装器不支持静默安装(试了 /S、/S /allusers、/S /currentuser,都卡住)。请你:
- 打开
C:\Users\23652\AppData\Local\Temp\qingjian\qingjian-setup.exe - 安装目录保持默认(
C:\Program Files\Qingjian)—— 官方说明:改到别处会让 uiAccess 静默失效 - SmartScreen 会拦(测试版无签名)→ 点「更多信息 → 仍要运行」
- 装完注销重新登录(输入法才会出现在列表里)
装好告诉我,我立刻出实测对比。
已经拿到的一个关键数据点
静默安装虽然失败,但安装器临时启动过真正的 qingjian-server,我抓到了它的占用:
| 输入法 | 进程 | 工作集 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 青简 | qingjian-server | 257.7 MB | 含本地整句模型(「含章」系列) |
| 微软拼音 | ChsIME(引擎本体) | 1.6 + 6.7 MB | 无本地模型,整句靠云端/规则 |
约 32 倍差距 —— 但这个数字有保留:它来自"部分安装"状态,不是完整的正常态。等正式装好我会重新测一遍,并同时测 CPU、磁盘占用(青简安装包 94 MB / 安装后体积 vs 微软拼音的数据目录 2.66 MB)。
关于青简输入法(官方文档要点)
- Rust 写的拼音输入法,开源(
qingjian-team/qingjian) - Windows 版是内测版;全程离线(拼音、词库、整句模型、学习、释义都不联网)
- 有本地整句模型(「含章·通变」/「含章·知微」),这是内存占用高的原因
- 逐键耗时目标 10 ms 内,实测多数按键 1–3 ms
- 数据目录
%APPDATA%\Qingjian
对比时必须区分的三件事(避免误读)
| 类别 | 内容 | 归属 |
|---|---|---|
| 输入法本体 | 微软 ChsIME(约 8 MB)/ 青简 qingjian-server(待测) | 这才是两者真正的差异 |
| TSF 公共组件 | ctfmon(48.5 MB)+ TextInputHost(50.3 MB) | 任何 TSF 输入法都要用,不能算某一家的开销 |
| 数据/词库 | 微软 2.66 MB(含上次导入的词库)/ 青简待测 | 磁盘差异 |
需要你做的三件事
- T3:手动安装青简(见上),装完告诉我
- T1:是否采纳"MTU 9000 → 1500"?mux 要不要开?REALITY 的 SNI 域名
e2705ce9.com你能确认是真实站点吗? - 审查完这份文档后说一声 —— 我删除桌面副本,并把"临时审查文件在桌面备份"写进全局记忆
记录:CrossDevice Files 报「手机处于脱机状态」修复
症状:文件资源管理器左侧「跨设备」显示 Zzz210s 处于脱机状态 —— 提示"请确保你的移动设备已打开并连接到与电脑相同的 Wi-Fi 网络"。手机本身正常(蓝牙已配对、同网段),是 Windows 侧的问题;而且"之前出现过",会复发。结论:根因是 Windows 把 WLAN 判定为「公用网络」 —— 公用网络上 mDNS/网络发现被禁用,跨设备的局域网发现因此失败。已修复,并加了常驻守卫防止复发。
一、症状与影响面
| 项 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 报错位置 | 文件资源管理器 → 「跨设备」(CrossDevice Files) |
| 报错文案 | <设备名> 处于脱机状态。请确保你的移动设备已打开并连接到与电脑相同的 Wi-Fi 网络 |
| 手机侧状态 | 正常 —— 蓝牙配对 OK(设备名「210的呼噜声」)、与电脑同网段(10.29.0.0/17) |
| 特征 | 间歇性、会复发(不是一次性故障) |
二、排查过程(证据链)
按「先定位根因,再动手」的顺序做,关键证据如下。
1. 组件边界逐层检查
| 组件 | 检查结果 |
|---|---|
| CrossDevice 进程 | CrossDeviceService / PhoneExperienceHost / CrossDeviceFilesHost 都在跑;MicrosoftWindows.CrossDevice v1.26072.116.0 状态 Ok |
| 蓝牙配对 | 手机已配对(OK) |
| 事件日志 | 近 24 小时无 CrossDevice/PhoneExperience 相关错误 |
| 防火墙 | 没有任何 CrossDevice 相关规则 |
| 网络配置文件 | WLAN = Public(公用) ← 决定性证据 |
| CrossDevice 的连接 | 走代理(198.18.0.64:443,即 Throne TUN 的 fake-IP) |
2. 对照已知原因(官方 + 社区)
- 微软官方:文件共享与设备发现只在「专用网络」上工作;Nearby Sharing 同样要求 Private
- 技术分析(讲"连接至 Windows"协议握手的那篇):① 虚拟网卡(VPN/Docker)抢占广播路由 ② 「公用/专用」直接决定 mDNS 发现协议的生死 —— 两条都命中本机情况
3. 根因
Windows 把 WLAN 判为「公用网络」→ mDNS/网络发现被禁用 → CrossDevice 的局域网发现失败 → 报"脱机"。 复发原因:Windows 会在驱动更新 / 网络重置 / 换网络后把 Wi-Fi 重新判回「公用」,所以同一个 bug 反复出现。
三、修复(实测有效)
| 项 | 改动前 | 改动后 |
|---|---|---|
| WLAN 网络配置文件 | 公用 | 专用 |
| 文件与打印机共享(防火墙) | 0 条规则启用 | 10 条启用 |
| 网络发现(防火墙) | 22 条 | 22 条(本就启用) |
| SSDPSRV / upnphost | Running / Stopped | Running / Running |
| CrossDevice 栈 | — | 重启一次,让发现重跑 |
验证:用户确认「连接成功」;文件资源管理器的「跨设备」不再报脱机。
手动复现/自查命令:
# 看当前网络配置文件(公用 = 会出问题)
Get-NetConnectionProfile | Select-Object InterfaceAlias, NetworkCategory
# 改回专用(需管理员)
Set-NetConnectionProfile -InterfaceAlias WLAN -NetworkCategory Private
# 确认发现/共享的防火墙规则是否打开(按组 ID,显示名是本地化的)
Get-NetFirewallRule -Group '@FirewallAPI.dll,-32752' | Where-Object Enabled -eq 'True' | Measure-Object
Get-NetFirewallRule -Group '@FirewallAPI.dll,-28502' | Where-Object Enabled -eq 'True' | Measure-Object四、持久化守卫(防复发)
任务 CrossDeviceNetGuard(以 SYSTEM / 最高权限运行)
| 项 | 值 |
|---|---|
| 触发器 | 登录时 + 每 15 分钟 |
| 动作 | powershell.exe -NoProfile -WindowStyle Hidden -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File C:\ProgramData\crossdevice-guard.ps1 |
| 脚本 | C:\ProgramData\crossdevice-guard.ps1 |
| 日志 | C:\ProgramData\crossdevice-guard.log |
脚本做两件事:① WLAN 若被改回「公用」→ 改回专用;② 把发现/共享的防火墙规则重新打开。
实测:手动触发一次 → 返回码 0,日志记录 no change needed (WLAN already Private, rules enabled)。
注意:以 SYSTEM 身份注册的计划任务,在非管理员上下文里用
Get-ScheduledTask可能查不到(会显示"任务不存在")。核对时要用管理员终端,否则会误判成"任务丢了"。
五、顺带修复:Throne 的进程直连规则对 MSIX 应用不生效
排查中发现另一个独立问题:此前为 PhoneLink 进程加的直连规则没有命中 —— 日志显示 CrossDeviceService / PhoneExperienceHost 的流量仍走代理,而卡巴斯基的同类规则是生效的:
router: found process path: C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\MicrosoftWindows.CrossDevice_...\CrossDeviceService.exe
→ outbound/vless[proxy] ← 规则没生效
router: found process path: C:\Program Files (x86)\Kaspersky Lab\Kaspersky 21.26\avp.exe
→ outbound/direct[direct] ← 规则生效差异:这两个进程运行在 C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\...(MSIX 打包应用),process_name(可执行文件名)匹配不上。
修法:改用 process_path 通配 —— 在 Throne 的 route_rules 里新增一条(排在代理规则之前):
name: PhoneLink paths -> direct
outbound_id: -2 (direct)
process_path_json: ["*\\CrossDeviceService.exe", "*\\CrossDeviceFilesHost.exe",
"*\\CrossDeviceResume.exe", "*\\PhoneExperienceHost.exe",
"*\\YourPhoneAppProxyHost.exe"]效果(实测):CrossDevice/YourPhone 的 8 条连接中 6 条转为直连(含关键的 dcg.microsoft.com、signalr relay),此前是 0 条。
教训:在 Windows 上给 MSIX/UWP 打包应用做进程级分流,用 process_path 通配比 process_name 可靠。
六、本机上与 CrossDevice 相关的另一个守卫(注意别混淆)
任务 CrossDeviceGuard(2026-09-03 建立,用户权限)在 C:\Users\23652\guard-crossdevice\,治的是另一个症状:
- 监控
CrossDeviceService的 CPU 占用,若持续 >30%(空转重试循环)就taskkill - 与本文的守卫不冲突(一个管网络配置文件,一个管进程空转)
- 已知缺陷:该任务最近一次执行结果是
2147946720(= "操作员或管理员拒绝了请求")—— 以普通权限调taskkill会被拒,因此大部分时候没生效;若要它真正工作,需要把任务改为最高权限
九、复发与第二次修复(2026-10-02 深夜)
修好约 1 小时后再次出现同样的"脱机"。这次按调试规范逐项排除,结论是:根因不同。
排除过程(上次修的三个层面全部正常)
| 检查 | 结果 |
|---|---|
| WLAN 网络配置文件 | 仍是「专用」 —— 上次的根因没有复发 |
| 守卫任务 | 跑过(返回码 0),日志"无需改动" |
| 防火墙 发现/共享规则 | 10 条已启用 |
| 局域网连通性 | 能 ping 通手机(10.29.22.100 可达,随机 MAC = 手机) |
| 代理分流 | 日志显示 15/21 条直连 |
| 事件日志 | 无错误 |
关键判据纠正(重要)
不能用 Get-NetTCPConnection 判断是否走了代理 —— 开了 fakeDNS 时,应用连接的目标本身就是 fake-IP(198.18.x.x),无论最终走直连还是代理,socket 里看到的都是 fake-IP。
唯一可靠的判据是代理(Throne)的日志 —— 按连接的 connID 关联"found process path"与"outbound/..."两行,才能看出真实路由。我最初就是被 socket 表象误导,得出了"全部走代理"的错误结论。
第二个失败模式:服务空转 + 守卫失效
CrossDeviceService实测 CPU 累计 100+ 秒、瞬时可达 200%+ 单核(重启后突发),即已知的空转重试循环- 本机上早就有一个守卫
CrossDeviceGuard(2026-09-03 由另一次会话建立,位于C:\Users\23652\guard-crossdevice\)专门治这个症状 - 但它从未生效:任务以普通权限运行,
taskkill被系统拒绝,任务结果一直是2147946720(操作员或管理员拒绝了请求)
第二次修复(A + B)
A. 把守卫提到最高权限
| 项 | 修复前 | 修复后 |
|---|---|---|
CrossDeviceGuard 的 runlevel | Limited | Highest |
| 上次执行结果 | 2147946720(权限被拒) | 0(成功) |
| 频率 | 每 3 分钟 | 不变 |
B. 局域网 + 微软 relay 全走直连(两条规则,排在代理兜底规则之前)
| 顺序 | 规则 | 内容 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | LAN private -> direct | ip_is_private = 1 —— 整个局域网(含手机)直连 |
| 2 | Microsoft relay -> direct | relay.communication.microsoft.com、dcg.microsoft.com、graph.microsoft.com、service.signalr.net、trafficmanager.net |
结果:连接恢复 ;代理日志显示 CrossDevice 的 9 条连接中 7 条直连。
教训(这类问题的排查顺序)
在 TUN 代理环境下遇到"手机上显示脱机 / 局域网设备发现失败",按此顺序查:
- 网络配置文件是不是被 Windows 判成了「公用」(公用会禁用 mDNS 发现)
- 进程级分流是否真的命中 —— 用代理日志判断,不要看 socket(见上面的判据纠正);另外 MSIX/UWP 打包应用要用
process_path通配而不是process_name - 服务是否空转(CPU 异常高)—— 空转会同时导致"脱机/超时",需要一个有足够权限的守卫来重启它
- 最后才是手机侧(蓝牙配对、同网段、App 授权)
七、一句话总结
「手机脱机」不是手机的问题,是 Windows 把 Wi-Fi 判成了「公用网络」 —— 公用网络上 mDNS/网络发现被禁用,跨设备就找不到手机。改成专用即可;由于 Windows 会自己改回去,加了个每 15 分钟自查的守卫任务。另外给 MSIX 打包应用做代理分流要用 process_path 而不是 process_name。
八、来源
- 微软官方:文件共享与设备发现只在专用网络上工作 / Nearby Sharing 要求 Private:<https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/experience/connectivity-networking/fix-problems-with-nearby-sharing-in-windows>
- 「连接至 Windows」握手失败的底层分析(虚拟网卡抢占广播路由、公用/专用决定 mDNS 生死):<https://tsight.io/articles/14516218>
- VPN/代理环境下局域网设备失效的路由层解析:<https://tsight.io/articles/16490261>
- 网络发现与文件共享需要"专用网络"(含把公用改为专用的步骤):<https://blog.usro.net/zh/2025/04/fix-windows-11-network-file-sharing-issues/>
记录:CrossDevice Files "设备未响应"问题与自动守护
2026-09-03 处理。症状:CrossDevice Files 报"设备未响应 / 此连接已超时"。
发生了什么
根因是 CrossDeviceService(跨设备文件服务)陷入空转重试循环: 持续 ~30% CPU、175 个线程、250MB 内存,反复连设备/云端失败。
处理:终止进程后恢复正常。同日部署了自动守护(计划任务 CrossDeviceGuard, 每 3 分钟检测一次 CPU 占用,超 30% 自动 kill),日志在 %TEMP%\crossdevice-guard.log。
提醒
- 若 CrossDeviceService 又出现高 CPU(或 CrossDevice Files 再次报错)
→ 守护会自动处理,查看日志确认即可
- 若 10 分钟内被连续 kill 3 次以上(日志出现 WARN)
→ 说明该功能在本机不可用,直接去设置里关闭"跨设备体验",别让它反复折腾
- 守护本身不常驻、不占资源(3 分钟一次,瞬时完成),可长期保留
VS Code Java 扩展报错修复:Gradle 与 JDK 版本不匹配
适用:VS Code 打开 Gradle 项目时弹 "Can't use Java 26 and Gradle 8.x to import Gradle project",或任何 Java 扩展与 Gradle 版本冲突提示。实测背景:2026-09-05,uhabits 项目(Gradle wrapper 8.11.1 + AGP 8.9.2),机器装有 JDK 26(Oracle)与 JDK 21(Temurin,scoop),VS Code 1.x + Language Support for Java。一句话本质:Java 与 Gradle 各有版本支持上限,且 VS Code Java 扩展有一套独立的 JDK 探测链——报错往往发生在"探测链拿到过新的 JDK"而 Gradle daemon 实际用的是另一个 JDK 的场景。
一、版本兼容核心表(2026-09 实测查证)
- Gradle 能运行的最高 JDK:Java 24 需 Gradle 8.14,Java 25 需 Gradle 9.1,Java 26 需 Gradle 9.4.0(Gradle 8.x 全家最高只到 Java 24)
- Android Gradle Plugin(AGP)与 Gradle 最低版本:AGP 8.9 -> Gradle 8.11.1;AGP 9.0 -> Gradle 9.1.0;AGP 9.2 -> Gradle 9.4.1
- 推论:想用 Java 26 跑 Android 项目 = Gradle 9.4+ 且 AGP 9.2+,是 AGP 9 大迁移,普通项目不值
二、根因:两条 JDK 链
| 链 | 决定什么 | 本机实际指向 |
|---|---|---|
| Gradle daemon 实际 JDK | 谁能跑 daemon | 用户级 ~/.gradle/gradle.properties 的 org.gradle.java.home(此处为 Android Studio 的 JBR 21) |
| vscode-java 检查用 JDK | import 前的版本匹配检查 | 自己的优先级链,当时落到 PATH 的 JDK 26 |
结果:Gradle daemon 一直跑在 JBR 21 上没问题,但 vscode-java 的检查看到 26 与 Gradle 8.11.1 不匹配,import 前就弹错(误报,它看不到 org.gradle.java.home)。
三、修复(最小侵入路线)
- 装一个与项目 Gradle 兼容的 JDK(推荐 LTS):
scoop bucket add java && scoop install temurin21-jdk
- 路径形如
C:\Users\23652\scoop\apps\temurin21-jdk\current
- VS Code 用户设置
settings.json加(该键在 vscode-java JDK 链中优先级最高,只影响 Gradle daemon 的选取):
"java.import.gradle.java.home": "C:\\Users\\23652\\scoop\\apps\\temurin21-jdk\\current"- 验证:命令行
JAVA_HOME=<jdk21> ./gradlew --version,应看到Launcher JVM: 21.x - VS Code 里
Developer: Reload Window;仍弹则Java: Clean Java Language Server Workspace后重载
效果:用户级全局生效,之后任何 Gradle 8.x 项目都不会再被这条检查误伤;系统 PATH 的 java、Android Studio JBR 均不受影响。
四、坑与备注
- 报错文案里的 Gradle 版本可能与 wrapper 实际版本不一致(可能来自扩展缓存/其它项目),以
gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties为准 - 用户级
~/.gradle/gradle.properties的org.gradle.java.home会决定 daemon 真实 JVM(命令行/CI 都生效),但不影响 vscode-java 的检查,两条链要分别对齐 - 若项目真要 Java 26:升级路径是 Gradle 9.4+ + AGP 9.2+(Android 项目),涉及 AGP 9 DSL 迁移,另当别论
- 卸载/换版本:
scoop uninstall temurin21-jdk并删掉 settings.json 对应键
相关与复习
- 内存/daemon 堆积问题见 记录-Windows内存与磁盘优化 同批排查思路(Java 多进程常驻也占 16G 内存,需配合 daemon 清理)
Windows 11 任务栏自动隐藏失效修复记录(25H2)
适用:设置里开了"自动隐藏任务栏",任务栏却不隐藏;或隐藏功能时好时坏。实测背景:2026-09-06,Win11 25H2 build 26200.9168,单显示器 1536x864;机器常驻 QQ/微信/Wallpaper Engine/Ditto/PixPin 等第三方。一句话本质:设置值与 explorer 内部状态脱节时,直接改注册表 + 重启 explorer 无法重置;必须在设置 UI 里把开关关掉再打开一次(或注销/重启),让任务栏状态机复位。
一、现象
个性化 -> 任务栏 -> 任务栏行为 -> 已勾选"自动隐藏任务栏",但任务栏一直显示,不随鼠标离开底部而收起。
二、排查结论(证据链)
| 检查 | 结果 | 结论 |
|---|---|---|
注册表 HKCU\...\Explorer\StuckRects3 Settings byte[8] | =3(自动隐藏开) | 设置已正确写入 |
SHAppBarMessage(ABM_GETSTATE) 询问 explorer | =ABS_AUTOHIDE(0x1) | explorer 自己也认为"自动隐藏已开启" |
| 重启 explorer | 无效 | 不是 explorer 进程状态问题 |
| 停掉全部第三方常驻(QQ/微信/WE/Ditto/PixPin) | 无效 | 不是第三方抢占 |
| 注册表直接 toggle(2->3)+ 重启 explorer | 无效 | 改注册表通道无法唤醒隐藏逻辑 |
| 设置 UI 里手动 关 -> 开 一次 | 立即生效 | 官方通道通知 explorer 重置状态机 |
根因:explorer 任务栏(XAML)内部状态机卡死——设置已开、explorer 也认为已开,但不执行隐藏动作。直接改注册表/重启 explorer 都绕过了 explorer 自己的通知通道,只有设置 App 的开关(走正常通知)能复位。同类状态机卡死常见诱因:睡眠唤醒、显示器热插拔/虚拟显示器、系统更新后。
三、修复步骤(核心)
Win+I-> 个性化 -> 任务栏 -> 展开"任务栏行为"- 把"自动隐藏任务栏"关闭,等 2 秒,再打开
- 立即生效,无需重启
若上述无效(状态卡得深),按序尝试:
- 注销再登录(彻底重置 shell)
- 重启系统
- 检查系统更新(25H2 有相关已知 bug,部分已随累积更新修复)
- 干净启动排查第三方(msconfig),重点:消息类(QQ/微信)、剪贴板、Dock、Wallpaper Engine 类
四、验证方法(重要教训)
坑:IsWindowVisible(Shell_TrayWnd) 对自动隐藏的任务栏恒为 TRUE —— auto-hide 的任务栏不是"隐藏窗口",而是滑出屏幕外(只留 ~2px 触发线)。用窗口可见性 API 判断会得出"一直可见"的错误结论(本次排查初期即被误导)。
正确检测:GetWindowRect 对比屏幕高度。屏幕高 864 时,隐藏态任务栏 rect top≈862,屏内可见部分 ≤2px;鼠标移到底部弹出时可见 48px。完整闭环验证脚本(见附录)。
五、附录:验证脚本(核心逻辑)
# 鼠标移到底部 -> 应弹出;移到中央 -> 应隐藏。检测任务栏在屏内可见像素。
# 关键:GetWindowRect + 屏幕高对比,勿用 IsWindowVisible
Add-Type @"
using System; using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
public class TB {
[DllImport("user32.dll")] public static extern IntPtr FindWindow(string c, string n);
[DllImport("user32.dll")] public static extern bool GetWindowRect(IntPtr h, out RECT r);
[DllImport("user32.dll")] public static extern bool SetCursorPos(int x, int y);
[DllImport("user32.dll")] public static extern int GetSystemMetrics(int i);
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] public struct RECT { public int Left, Top, Right, Bottom; }
}
"@
$h = [TB]::FindWindow('Shell_TrayWnd', $null)
$scrH = [TB]::GetSystemMetrics(1); $scrW = [TB]::GetSystemMetrics(0)
# 鼠标到底部 -> 应弹出
[TB]::SetCursorPos([int]($scrW/2), $scrH - 2); Start-Sleep 2
$r = New-Object TB+RECT; [TB]::GetWindowRect($h, [ref]$r) | Out-Null
Write-Output ("bottom hover visible px: " + ($r.Bottom - [Math]::Max($r.Top,0)))
# 鼠标到中央 -> 应隐藏
[TB]::SetCursorPos([int]($scrW/2), [int]($scrH/2)); Start-Sleep 3
[TB]::GetWindowRect($h, [ref]$r) | Out-Null
$vis = [Math]::Max(0, [Math]::Min($r.Bottom, $scrH) - [Math]::Max($r.Top, 0))
Write-Output ("center visible px: " + $vis + " (<=2 = hidden OK)")六、备查
- 自动隐藏开关注册表位置:
HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\StuckRects3的Settings二进制,byte[8]:3=自动隐藏开 / 2=关;byte[12]:任务栏位置(0左 1上 2右 3下)。改后需重启 explorer,但见上:状态机卡住时改注册表无效,要走设置 UI。 - 已知相关 bug(25H2,社区反馈):auto-hide 触发区被最大化窗口遮挡(DWM z-order,部分 build);任务栏高度异常(切换主显示器后 61px 卡住,ExplorerPatcher 相关 issue)。如遇触发区被遮而非不隐藏,属另一 bug。
- 本机该问题已通过设置 UI toggle 修复,闭环验证通过(底部弹出 48px / 中央隐藏 2px)。
相关与复习
- 记录-Windows内存与磁盘优化 —— 同批系统维护;注意优化工具(Win11Debloat 类)别误关任务栏/explorer 相关项
- 排查中停掉的第三方(QQ/微信/Ditto/PixPin/Wallpaper Engine)已恢复;Wallpaper Engine 需从 Steam 手动启动
Windows 内存与磁盘优化记录(2026-09,ELEVEN237038)
适用:Win11 常驻内存紧、磁盘被占,想用 GitHub 开源工具做一次可审计的低风险优化。实测背景:2026-09-05,Win11 25H2 build 26200.9168,Dell G15 5520,16G 内存(当时空闲仅 0.5G/3%),353 进程,D/E/F 为动态 VHDX 虚拟盘。一句话本质:默认低风险组合 = Win11Debloat(删内置/关遥测)+ RemoveWindowsAI(去 25H2 AI 组件)+ DISM/cleanmgr + 启动项裁剪;激进项(服务级 tweaks、重制系统)一律不碰。
一、优化前基线
- 内存:16G 总,空闲 0.5G(3%);353 进程;uptime 3+ 天
- 大内存占用:qemu 4.2G 私有、java x2 ~2.7G、多 node、Edge 全家、Docker Desktop
- 磁盘:C: 952G NVMe 剩 252G(26%);D(400G)/E(70G)/F(30G) 是 C: 上的动态 VHDX 后备文件(Msft Virtual Disk)
- 启动项一堆:WallpaperEngine、微信、QQNT、Edge、PixPin、Ditto、夸克、CC Switch、Docker Desktop、DeskGo、AweSun
二、GitHub 调研结论(2026-09 实测星数)
筛选原则:2026 年内活跃、有开源许可证、星数实锤;黑盒二进制类一律过审再跑。
| 方向 | 选用 | 星数 | 理由 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 删内置/关遥测 | Raphire/Win11Debloat | 56.7k | PowerShell 逐项可审、自带注册表备份+还原点、GUI 预设全 |
| 去 AI 组件 | zoicware/RemoveWindowsAI | 13.0k | 25H2 专属,Copilot/Recall/AIFabric |
| 内存应急 | IgorMundstein/WinMemoryCleaner | 5.0k | Console 模式可脚本化,签名+sha256 可验 |
| 磁盘分析/卸载 | dundee/gdu、BCUninstaller | 6.0k/21.1k | gdu 秒级扫描;BCU 批量干净卸载(备用) |
未选:ChrisTitusTech/winutil、hellzerg/optimizer(服务级 tweaks 属激进档);Atlas-OS(重制系统,日常机不值);farag2/Sophia-Script(量太大);各类新内存清理器(<500 星,清工作集骗数字)。
三、执行过程与结果
1. Win11Debloat(保守集,exit 0)
Win11Debloat.ps1 -CLI -Silent -CreateRestorePoint -RemoveApps -DisableTelemetry -DisableSuggestions -DisableEdgeAds -DisableLockscreenTips -DisableBing ...
- 删除 84 个内置 appx(Clipchamp/Bing 全家/Cortana/AIHub/PC Manager/OfficeHub/OneNote UWP/Solitaire/StickyNotes/GetHelp 等)
- DiagTrack(遥测)Disabled;4 个 CEIP/遥测计划任务禁用
- 广告/建议/Edge 广告/锁屏提示/Store 搜索建议关闭
- 自建注册表备份 JSON + 系统还原点(可回退)
2. RemoveWindowsAI(保守子集)
-Options DisableRegKeys,DisableCopilotPolicies,RemoveAppxPackages,RemoveRecallFeature,HideAIComponents,DisableRewrite,RemoveWindowsAITasks
- AIFabric.CBS.1.6 appx 删除;Copilot/Recall 相关 appx 与注册表残留归零;11 条 Copilot 策略禁用
- Recall 可选功能本机原本就是 DisabledWithPayloadRemoved(前置状态)
3. DISM + cleanmgr
Dism /Online /Cleanup-Image /StartComponentCleanup + cleanmgr /AUTOCLEAN → C: 空闲 252.0 -> 261.8 GB(+9.8G)
4. VHDX 收缩(部分成功)
Optimize-Volume D/E/F -ReTrim:盘内 unmap 已标记,但宿主 .vhdx 文件未缩(在线方式局限)→ 见待办,需离线 Optimize-VHD,预计再回收 ~80-90G。
5. WinMemoryCleaner(温和档)
WinMemoryCleaner.exe /StandbyListLowPriority /CombinedPageList /ModifiedPageList /ModifiedFileCache /RegistryCache /SystemFileCache 不碰 WorkingSet,避免卡 qemu/java。
6. 启动项裁剪(第 2 轮)
用 StartupApproved 禁用标志(任务管理器可见、可逆),非删除:
- Docker Desktop(HKCU)-> 禁用,改按需启动(手动点开,com.docker.service Manual 会自动跟起)
- AweSun(HKLM)-> 禁用(SunloginService 本就 Manual/Stopped)
- Edge 自启:删 Run 项不够(Edge 会自己加回),补策略级封堵
HKCU\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Edge:StartupBoostEnabled=0+BackgroundModeEnabled=0 - 夸克网盘:预检发现早已是禁用态(启动项标志+调度任务都 Disabled),无需处理
四、坑与最佳实践(本机实测)
- ps1 脚本 UTF-8 无 BOM 会被 PS5.1 按 GBK 误读,大面积 ParserError → 用
[IO.File]::WriteAllText(..., New-Object Text.UTF8Encoding($true))存 BOM 再跑 powershell -File x.ps1 -Options a,b,c不拆数组:逗号串当整体传,ValidateSet 直接拒;空格多值也只绑第一个,后续裸串绑到下一个参数 → 绕法:外层提权脚本内直接& x.ps1 -Options @(...)(原生数组绑定)- bash 传参给 powershell 内联命令,
$会被 shell 吞 → 一律写成 .ps1 文件再-File执行 - 在线 ReTrim 不缩宿主 VHDX 文件,要缩必须卸载卷后离线 Optimize-VHD(Hyper-V 模块)
- rwai.ps1 结尾
exit会连带杀掉外层提权 wrapper(验证段没跑),结果要独立验证 - Win11Debloat 是多文件项目(引用 Scripts/Regfiles/Config),单文件下载会跑挂,要整仓浅克隆
五、待办 / 待定(重启后收尾)
- [ ] 重启:应用全部改动(explorer 界面项)+ 清 3 天 uptime 的内存积压;重启后复测内存/进程数
- [ ] 决策:VHDX 离线压缩(需短暂断开 D/E/F,关掉用盘的程序),潜在回收 ~80-90G
- [ ] 观察:WSearch 当前 Disabled,若开始菜单搜索明显变慢需恢复
- [ ] 工具目录去留:
%TEMP%\opt\(gdu/WinMemoryCleaner 便携版可留作日后用)
六、可复用命令速查
# 看端口排除区间(报 WSAEACCES / bind 失败先查这个)
netsh interface ipv4 show excludedportrange protocol=tcp
# StartupApproved 禁用启动项(3=禁用标志,可逆)
Set-ItemProperty 'HKCU:\...\Explorer\StartupApproved\Run' -Name 'Xxx' -Value ([byte[]](3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0)) -Type Binary
# Edge 策略级禁自启
New-Item 'HKCU:\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Edge' -Force | Out-Null
Set-ItemProperty 'HKCU:\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Edge' -Name 'StartupBoostEnabled' -Value 0 -Type DWord
# 在线 VHDX unmap(不缩宿主文件)
Optimize-Volume D -ReTrim同批次其它处理(非本次主题,速记)
nekobox 便携版(E:\1-nekobox\nekoray)core 启动失败:initialize inbound mixed: bind 127.0.0.1:7890 ... access permissions。根因非端口占用,是 winnat/WSL2 动态排除区间 7821-8020 覆盖 7890(实测 7890/7891 bind 均失败)。修法:config/groups/nekobox.json 的 inbound_socks_port 7890 -> 2080(区间外,实测可 bind);注意 nekobox 运行时退出会覆写配置,要先完全退出再改文件。备份留在 nekobox.json.bak-7890-excl。
相关与复习
- Windows禁用小组件 —— 同类"后台进程清理"主题
- UAC-管理员软件免弹窗 —— 提权(UAC)执行的配套经验
记录-nekobox 免 UAC 弹窗改造
事件:nekobox 每次开机自启都弹 UAC"是否允许更改"。改造为计划任务最高权限静默启动,已落地待下次重启验证。方法原理见笔记 UAC-管理员软件免弹窗(方案 A),本篇只记事件与踩坑。
一、现象与排查
- 症状:开机(约 16:43)弹 UAC;nekobox 一直在托盘运行,不能随便重启测试。
sigcheck -m结论:nekobox.exe无签名、无 requestedExecutionLevel(默认 asInvoker)。
→ 弹窗不是启动器要求提权,而是它开 TUN 需要管理员,普通启动后内部自我提权重启。 → 对策 = 方案 A"开局即提权":用计划任务(最高权限)在登录时直接拉起,让它一出生就是管理员,不再自我重启。
- 自启现状:HKCU Run 键
nekobox = "E:\1-nekobox\nekoray\nekobox.exe" -tray;全局配置在config/groups/nekobox.json(键vpn_internal_tun: true、start_minimal: true),无 autoStart 字段 → 自启状态只以 Run 键存在。
二、落地内容
| 项 | 值 |
|---|---|
| 计划任务 | NekoBox-Elevated(AtLogOn user=23652 / Interactive / Highest / IgnoreNew / ExecutionTimeLimit=0 不限) |
| 动作 | E:\1-nekobox\nekoray\nekobox.exe -tray |
| Run 键 | 已删(备份 C:\Users\23652\nekobox-uac\run-key-backup.txt) |
| 文件 | C:\Users\23652\nekobox-uac\setup-nekobox.ps1(幂等可重跑)/ start-nekobox.vbs(手动静默启动) |
三、踩坑(通用,值得记住)
- 提权注册是最后一次 UAC:RunLevel Highest 的任务必须由管理员会话创建(普通会话报拒绝访问)。共点了 4 次 UAC 才弄对,后 3 次都是脚本自身 bug。
- Windows PowerShell 5.1 脚本必须存 UTF-8 带 BOM:无 BOM 时按 ANSI/GBK 解析,中文注释/字符串字节错位 → 报"字符串缺少终止符 / try 缺少 catch",且
-File直接 exit 1、看不到原因(加 try/catch 日志也没用,因为根本没解析成功)。 & {}子块里$MyInvocation.MyCommand.Path为空 → 脚本目录要在顶层取一次再传入。- 驻留型程序的计划任务要把 ExecutionTimeLimit 设 0:默认 72h 会把 TUN 进程掐掉。
schtasks /run手动触发测试会再拉一个实例(TUN 会双开),nekobox 正在运行时别测;等重启验证最稳。
四、恢复 / 复发处理
- 恢复原状:
reg add "HKCU\...\Run" /v nekobox /d "\"E:\1-nekobox\nekoray\nekobox.exe\" -tray"+schtasks /delete /tn NekoBox-Elevated /f - 若在 nekobox 设置里重新勾了"开机自启"(它重写 Run 键指向裸 exe)→ 弹窗回归;重跑一次 setup-nekobox.ps1 即可(需一次 UAC)。
- 手动静默启动:双击
C:\Users\23652\nekobox-uac\start-nekobox.vbs。
五、验证状态
- 任务参数全部核对无误(Execute/Highest/LogonType=Interactive/触发器 user=ELEVEN237038\23652/IgnoreNew/TimeLimit=PT0S)。
- 尚未实际触发(LastRun=从未);等下次重启登录时验证是否无 UAC 弹窗且 TUN 正常。
软件整理简报:三件工具已安装并配置(2026-09-21)
由「电脑优化」pi 会话投递。本机 = ELEVEN237038 / 用户 23652 / Windows 11 25H2 (build 26200)。
一、本次完成(全部为安装版,便携版已移除)
| 工具 | 版本 | 安装位置 | 角色 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mem Reduct | v3.5.2 | C:\Program Files\Mem Reduct\memreduct.exe | 内存实时监控 + 阈值自动清理 |
| Viap | v1.2.1 | %LOCALAPPDATA%\viap\viap.exe | 应用/数据迁移(NTFS junction,原路径继续可用) |
| LightC | v2.16.11 | %LOCALAPPDATA%\LightC\LightC.exe | C 盘智能清理(垃圾/大文件/系统瘦身/残留/注册表/右键菜单) |
- 三个安装包均校验通过:Mem Reduct 对官方 sha256;Viap / LightC 对 GitHub 官方资产摘要(sha256)。
- Viap 与 LightC 装到
%LOCALAPPDATA%(Tauri 默认按用户安装),不是便携版 —— 有uninstall.exe并在注册表登记了卸载项。 - 便携版目录
E:\1-MemReduct、E:\1-Viap已删除。
二、配置详情(可直接核对)
Mem Reduct
- 配置文件:
%APPDATA%\Henry++\Mem Reduct\memreduct.ini - 生效值:
AutoreductEnable=1、AutoreductValue=93、AutoreductIntervalEnable=0、IsAllowStandbyListCleanup=0、ReductMask2=231、LogCleanResults=1、BalloonCleanResults=0 - 日志:
%APPDATA%\Henry++\Mem Reduct\memreduct_debug.log(每次清理一行,含回收量) - 开机自启:计划任务
MemReduct-Elevated(RunLevel=Highest)。必须提权,源码里自动清理有_r_sys_iselevated()前置判断,不提权不清理。 - 阈值为何是 93 而不是默认 90/85:便携版实测在 85% 阈值下几乎持续触发(某些分钟 5–8 次,最小间隔 4 秒),因为本机长期 92–97%。93 让它只在贴近上限时兜底,避免不停把所有进程的页刷出去造成抖动。
ReductMask2=231= 官方默认掩码:含工作集、系统文件缓存、注册表缓存、组合内存列表;排除易造成卡顿的待机列表与修改页列表(IsAllowStandbyListCleanup=0亦同)。- 实测证据(便携版阶段):日志记录 26 次自动清理,单次回收 240MB – 1.12GB。
- 定位提醒:这是缓解症状,不是解决根因 —— 它修剪工作集,页会按需读回;真正吃内存的是 pi/node 会话(5–7GB)与 java,该工具动不了。
Viap
- 配置:
%APPDATA%\viap\ui_settings.json - 生效值:
defaultAppTargetPath = D:\Viap\apps、defaultDataTargetPath = D:\Viap\data、useRecycleBin=true、autoBackupEnabled=true、skipLockCheck=false - 用户数据/缓存:
%APPDATA%\viap\(图标与体积缓存) - 目标目录已预建:
D:\Viap\apps、D:\Viap\data(选 D 是因为它余量最大,见第三节) - 创建链接需要管理员权限;迁移前应关闭被迁移的软件。
- 官方边界(务必遵守):不要迁移整个
AppData/Local/Roaming;有许可证绑定、系统服务、内核驱动、自修复、硬编码路径的软件重定向后可能失效;Microsoft Store / UWP / MSIX / 系统组件 / 浏览器安装 / 显卡驱动不要用 Viap 处理,交给 Windows 或厂商工具。 - 内置「验证文件完整性」可从设置页对当前可执行文件做官方签名校验。
LightC
- 程序配置:
%LOCALAPPDATA%\LightC\config\config.json(目前只有data_dir,指向%LOCALAPPDATA%\LightC\data) - 其余界面设置存在应用内部(WebView 存储),无法从外部预置 —— 需要在该会话里打开 GUI 按需设置(语言、字号、扫描深度、删除确认、是否启用管理员模式)。
- 功能覆盖:10 类垃圾清理(临时文件/系统缓存/浏览器缓存/回收站/更新缓存/缩略图/日志/内存转储/旧 Windows 安装/应用缓存)、大文件清理(管理员模式用 NTFS
$MFT+ USN 全量扫描,非管理员自动降级)、大目录分析、社交软件专清(微信/QQ/钉钉/飞书)、系统瘦身(休眠文件、WinSxS/DISM、搜索索引重建)、旧驱动清理、卸载残留(置信度评分,≥0.75 为高置信度且默认不勾选)、注册表冗余、右键菜单清理。 - 与 Viap 同作者(Chunyu33),均为 Tauri 2 + React + Rust,界面语言支持简中/繁中。
三、本机基线事实(供决策)
磁盘(2026-09-21 实测)
| 盘 | 容量 | 可用 | 分工 |
|---|---|---|---|
| C: | 952.8 GB | 138.1 GB(14%) | 系统盘,最紧,是清理的主要战场 |
| D: | 400.0 GB | 61.3 GB(15%) | 游戏盘(steam / miHoYo Launcher / Wuthering Waves),余量最大 → Viap 迁移目标 |
| E: | 70.0 GB | 26.8 GB(38%) | 应用盘,命名规则 {数字}-{名称}(1- = 工具类,如 1-Ditto / 1-PixPin / 1-Throne) |
| F: | 30.0 GB | 15.3 GB(51%) | 资料/代码盘(0-code、0-Note、0-SchoolWork、2-Study、3-Docs) |
内存:16 GB,长期 86–97% 已用;提交量曾达 31.4 GB(物理内存约 2 倍,大量换页)。最大占用是 pi 会话的 node 进程群(最多 18 个,合计 5–7 GB)。
四、与软件整理相关的既有变更(已完成,勿重复操作)
- nekobox 已彻底卸载(程序、提权启动脚本、计划任务
NekoBox-Elevated全部清除),代理改用 Throne(E:\1-Throne,TUN +Bypass China路由档 + 手机连接直连规则)。 - 启动项已禁用:Edge 自启(并封堵 StartupBoost/后台模式)、夸克网盘更新器、CC Switch、Docker Desktop。
- 启动项仍启用:WallpaperEngine(常驻约 283 MB)、微信、QQNT、PixPin、Ditto、DeskGo(腾讯桌面整理,用户要求开启)、拾枝(LifeLog)。
- 服务已改手动/禁用:MSSQLSERVER + SQLTELEMETRY + SQLWriter(改为手动,并提供桌面启动器
Start-SSMS-with-SQL.cmd在启动 SSMS 前连带启动)、ClickToRunSvc、edgeupdate、GoogleUpdater ×2 改手动;ATService(Anytxt 索引)已禁用。 - 计划任务:
WpsUpdateLogonTask_23652已禁用;现存第三方任务为 MemReduct-Elevated(本次新增)、iGoAudioTaskSession、MicrosoftRewardsScript、WeChatClawBotBridge、Throne AutoRun。 - 自研工具 pressctl 已冻结:移到
F:\0-code\40-paused\tool-pressctl(GitHub: Zzz210s/pressctl),原因就是改用上述现成工具。不要在该项目上继续开发。
五、建议的下一步(按性价比排序)
- LightC 先做一次 C 盘体检:先「一键扫描清理」的常规类别(临时文件/缓存/更新缓存/回收站),再单独看「大文件」与「大目录分析」确定谁在吃 C 盘。对「卸载残留 / 注册表冗余」只勾选高置信度项 —— 这两类默认不勾选是有原因的。
- 用 Viap 把 C 盘的大体积、无服务依赖的应用迁到
D:\Viap\apps:Launcher/游戏客户端/大型工具类优先;逐个迁移,迁前关闭该软件,迁完验证再删旧数据。 - 复核启动项:WallpaperEngine(283 MB 常驻)在 16 GB 机器上是性价比最低的一项,建议改手动启动。
- 处理 0-code 工作区的既有告警(与本轮无关但一直存在):
STRAY_PROJECT: _lifelog-snapshots、BAD_NAME(EmberTimer / LifeLog 缺 kind 前缀)、DIRTY_DORMANT(40-paused 两个项目有未提交改动)、SEED_HAS_WORK(10-seed/EmberTimer)。 - LightC 的 in-app 设置需要人工确认一遍(外部无法预置)。
六、边界(不要做)
- 不要迁移整个
AppData;不要用 Viap 处理 Store/UWP/MSIX、系统组件、浏览器、显卡驱动。 - 不要同时开两个 TUN 客户端(Throne 与旧 nekobox 类工具冲突)。
- 不要重新启用 ATService(已按用户要求禁用);不要恢复 WpsUpdateLogonTask。
- 不要继续开发 pressctl(已冻结)。
生成时间:2026-09-21 · 来源会话:pi「电脑优化」(cwd C:\Users\23652)
记录:名词课模板体系铺开(2026-10-01)
范围:
10-项目/!名词解释/的 21 节课。由「名词课模板体系铺开」会话投递(subagent-driven:阶段 A 工具先行 → B 分六批重写 → C 删卡与文档同步)。本机 = ELEVEN237038 / 用户 23652。计划与规格只留本机:docs/superpowers/plans/2026-10-01-名词课铺开.md、docs/superpowers/specs/2026-09-27-名词课模板体系-design.md(不入库)。口径来自 2026-09-28 与 2026-10-01 两轮用户逐节验收;可执行的收尾口径写在10-项目/!名词解释/NOTES.md的「本工作区的课程约定」。
结论
21 节课从「一个壳配 21 节 + 21 张速查卡」改成「按名词形态三选一骨架,课是唯一载体」:
- 单概念 12 节 / 对比组 8 节 / 体系 1 节(逐节见 §三)
- 21 张速查卡连同
10-项目/!名词解释/reference/目录删除;课不再链reference/ - 巡检新增 A15 课件规范,A11 去掉「速查卡要登记」那条分支(此后只认
lessons/*.html) - README 双语与
!名词解释/NOTES.md同步到新口径
判据一句话:打开任意一节 !名词解释/lessons/*.html,它的节名必须来自它名词形态对应的那一套,且定义节一条都不缺。
一、做了什么
- 21 节全部按三形态重写:旧的 10 节统一壳(定义 / 解决的痛点 / 心智模型 / 类比与边界 / 它怎么工作 / 相近名词一句话判定 / 常见误解 / 什么时候别用它 / 一手资源 / 交互练习)作废,换成按名词形态三选一的八节骨架。
- 21 张速查卡退役:
10-项目/!名词解释/reference/目录随之删除;课内不再链reference/,索引不再登记卡行(题面「记卡」的判据一并撤掉)。 - 巡检改口径:新增 A15 课件规范(形态声明 / 定义节两段式 /
.term≥3 / 练习选项措辞 / 行数 ≤260);A11 去掉速查卡登记分支,只要求lessons/*.html登记进目录页的「课程」块。 - 文档同步:README 双语(结构树共用说明、teach 产物表、名词解释判据、教学工作区登记口径)与
10-项目/!名词解释/NOTES.md(课程约定 + 层结构折算)统一改到新口径;本记录入库。 - 样式:
90-模板/teach-assets/lesson.css补.chain .arw/.term/.chain .term/.dfn/.plain/.chain small/.hint七条(六个提交),供全库课件共用。
二、为什么(用户验收的原话要点)
三轮验收(2026-09-27 立骨架、2026-09-28 逐节评样板、2026-10-01 通过)共指出八件事:
- 模板过于单一:21 节课的二级标题 21/21 完全相同 —— 讲一个词、讲几个词的差别、讲一整套体系,都是同一个壳。
- 速查卡无用:21 张卡是「缩小版手册」(中位 100 行 / 7 小节),用户验收后判定整模块删掉,课成为讲解与查阅的唯一载体。
- 大前提错位:旧框架把「了解一个名词」和「学会操作 / 学会排障」混成一维(操作型 0020 抓包、排错型 0018 树莓派被整体判方向错)——「名词解释」的唯一目标是弄懂概念是什么;操作与排错内容并入课内相应节,不再单独成课。
- 定义要配大白话:定义节做到「正式定义 + 一句带生活锚点的大白话」,并做成全局规则(样式
.dfn/.plain)。 - 关联名词要就地可点:正文提到别处有课的名词,当场在正文里链过去(裸文件名),不要攒成一张清单。
- 第 6 节的相近名词看不懂:每行必须是一句人话「它是什么」+ 一条可点链接(库里有课链课,没有链官方文档)。
- 练习选项要「术语 + 浅小字体备注」,不要大白话选项;备注只准一句人话。
- 并列内容要分点、不要自造词:并列挤成一段是旧稿被点名的毛病;「切开」「大白话」这类自造标签禁用。
- 课短:课 ≤260 行,不写本机实测数据,不引本仓库脚本路径与检查编号。
三、旧结构退役清单(逐节点名)
旧壳(21/21 逐字相同,10 节):定义 / 解决的痛点 / 心智模型 / 类比与边界 / 它怎么工作 / 相近名词一句话判定 / 常见误解 / 什么时候别用它 / 一手资源 / 交互练习。
退役去向:
- 心智模型、类比与边界、相近名词一句话判定、什么时候别用它 四个节名整体取消(内容或并进「和相近的东西怎么分 / 区分使用场景 / 常见误解」,或删掉)。
- 一手资源不再是末尾独立一节,改为正文里就地给引用(定义 / 数值 / 机制的说法当场附高信任链接)。
- 交互练习保留为末尾「练习」,但选项改成
术语 + <small class="hint">一句人话备注</small>。 - 定义改成两段式:中文名(英文全称)+
<span class="dfn">正式定义 +<span class="plain">一句大白话。 - 整节从 10 节壳变为 8 节规范骨架(三形态各自一套)。
逐节新形态(课号 / 名词 / 新形态):
| 课号 | 名词 | 新形态 |
|---|---|---|
| 0001 | CLI、TUI、GUI | 对比组 |
| 0002 | 编辑器、编译器、解释器、IDE | 对比组 |
| 0003 | 时间复杂度与空间复杂度 | 对比组 |
| 0004 | Node.js、npm、pnpm | 对比组 |
| 0005 | 测试夹具 | 单概念 |
| 0006 | 巡检器 | 单概念 |
| 0007 | UI 与 UX | 对比组 |
| 0008 | CI/CD | 对比组 |
| 0009 | 路由模式与桥接模式 | 对比组 |
| 0010 | Wayland | 单概念 |
| 0011 | tmux | 单概念 |
| 0012 | GRUB | 单概念 |
| 0013 | 前端 / 后端 / 接口 | 体系 |
| 0014 | Kubernetes | 单概念 |
| 0015 | Gradle | 单概念 |
| 0016 | 静态部署与其它部署 | 对比组 |
| 0017 | SSG | 单概念 |
| 0018 | 树莓派 | 单概念 |
| 0019 | SaaS | 单概念 |
| 0020 | 抓包 | 单概念 |
| 0021 | 爬虫 | 单概念 |
注:规格 §3.5 最初把 0003 与 0014 也划进「体系」,铺开时按各自内容落在对比组(0003)与单概念(0014),最终分布是单概念 12 / 对比组 8 / 体系 1。
速查卡的归宿:课内判定 / 反查内容并入课内相应节(对比组的「特征矩阵」、单概念的「和相近的东西怎么分」、体系的「每一层怎么工作 / 边界会移动的地方」);卡片独有、课里放不下的内容不另建层,直接删,不恢复「长版词条层」。
四、新规矩摘要
- 三形态节名(照抄,不自创):
- 单概念:定义 / 它解决什么麻烦 / 它怎么解决 / 用它的代价 / 真实使用场景 / 和相近的东西怎么分 / 常见误解 / 练习
- 对比组:定义 / 它们解决什么麻烦 / 特征矩阵 / 各自怎么做 / 各自的代价 / 区分使用场景 / 常见误解 / 练习
- 体系:定义 / 这张网 / 它解决什么麻烦 / 每一层怎么工作 / 每一层的代价 / 边界会移动的地方 / 常见误解 / 练习
- 形态声明:课内
.lesson-meta写形态 单概念|对比组|体系图(第三种课里叫「体系」,元数据取值写体系图)。 - 定义节两段式:
.dfn正式定义 +.plain生活锚点大白话(只准出现在定义节,不许复述定义)。 - 正文
.term:关键名词 ≥3 个带class="term"(关系网盒子里也标);提到库里有课的名词就地链(同目录裸文件名,不写./前缀)。 - 第 6 节:每行 = 一句人话「它是什么」+ 一条可点链接。
- 练习:选项 =
术语+<small class="hint">一句人话备注</small>;只考课内讲过的内容。 - 篇幅与风格:课 ≤260 行;无 emoji;不写本机实测数据、不引本仓库脚本路径与检查编号;并列内容一律分点。
- 位置不变:课件仍在
10-项目/!名词解释/lessons/NNNN-*.html;文件名上的x<次数>-前缀是阅读计数机制,重写不改名。
五、验证证据
巡检(2026-10-01 落盘前实测):
$ cd "F:/0-Note/50-资源/工具/vault-check" && PYTHONIOENCODING=utf-8 python -B check_vault.py --quiet
[A1 断链] 0 处 [A8 标签规范] 0 处
[A2 双链失效] 0 处 [A9 索引页统计] 0 处
[A3 孤篇] 0 处 [A10 项目层知识笔记] 0 处
[A4 项目索引覆盖] 0 处 [A11 教学工作区] 0 处
[A5/A6 元数据] 0 处 [A12 归档判据] 0 处
[A7 路线一致性] 0 处 [A13 双向链接] 0 处
[A14 索引页一致性] 0 处
[A15 课件规范] 0 处
结论:PASS (rc=0)- 自检:
vault-check下 17 个selftest_*.py全 PASS;lesson-track/selftest_track.py亦 PASS。 - 课间联动
50-资源/工具/teach-links.py:待办 0 条 · 单向联动 0 条(收尾 Task C0「补齐 21 节课间正文互链」落地后复测)。 - 行数:21 节区间 145~226 行(全部 ≤260);最短 0013(145),最长 0016(226),合计 3973 行。
- 形态分布(从各课
.lesson-meta读出):单概念 12 / 对比组 8 / 体系图 1。 - 文档:README 双语与 NOTES.md 改写后
markdownlint-cli20 issues。
六、遗留
- 其它工作区的
reference/未退役:2026-12-掌握SQLite/reference/还留 3 张卡(sqlite-cli速查.html/查询速查.html/表设计与约束速查.html),18 个工作区各留reference/课程地图.html。README 与巡检措辞已收紧成「名词解释工作区的速查卡退役」,以免与实物打架;要全库退役另开一批。 - 规格 §3.7 的索引形态标签未加:规格说课程块行尾显示形态(如
(体系)),当前10-项目/!名词解释/00-索引.md仍只按课号列,未显示形态。
记录:那条「白嫖 25T 网盘」的评论到底是什么活动
重要更新(2026-10 补记):本文第三至十节描述的「E5 拿 5T/25T」路径,已被微软在 2026 年封死。 2026 年 2 月起官方条款把开发者订阅改为:租户共用存储 300GB 上限、单个用户 OneDrive 上限 10GB; 2026-07 短暂强制后又回退,2026-09 起重新强制执行(社区大量实测:5T 变 10GB,后台仍显示 5TB 但实际只有 10GB)。 所以:即使花钱拿到 VS Professional 订阅、开了 E5 沙盒,也只有 10GB。 详见第十二节。
起因:2026-10-02 一张微信截图(
微信图片_20261002132637_278_144.jpg),一条评论说「我曾经也认为 OneDrive 是垃圾软件,直到我白嫖到了 25T 大网盘后,我觉得 OneDrive 是最好的网盘软件」。结论先行:那是「Microsoft 365 开发者计划」的 E5 开发者订阅(沙盒);到 2026 年,它已经不对普通人免费开放了 —— 需要 Visual Studio Professional/Enterprise 订阅才有资格。
一、截图里是什么(OCR 结果)
截图是一篇标题为「计算机玄学」的帖子(副标题「你会发现人工智障无处不在」)的评论区,共 28 条评论:
| 内容 | 备注 |
|---|---|
| 「我曾经也认为 onedrive 是垃圾软件,直到我白嫖到了 25T 大网盘后,我觉得 onedrive 是最好的网盘软件」 | 广东,6 小时前,相关回复 5 条 |
| 「国内用得翻墙吧」 | 浙江,4 小时前 |
| 「这里是评论区,不是无人区」 | 26 赞 |
所以真正要问的「活动」= 怎么免费拿到 25TB 的 OneDrive。
二、那个活动是什么:Microsoft 365 开发者计划 → E5 开发者订阅
| 项 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 官方名称 | Microsoft 365 Developer Program(微软 365 开发人员计划) |
| 送什么 | Microsoft 365 E5 开发者订阅(沙盒),含 25 个用户许可,独立于生产环境的一整个租户 |
| 期限 | 最长 90 天,有真实开发活动则自动续订 |
| 用途限制 | 仅限开发目的 —— 官方原文:若用于开发以外的目的,可被撤销 |
| 存储 | 租户内 OneDrive 每个用户默认 5TB;满足条件后可升到 25TB |
「25TB」是怎么来的(这是那条评论的关键):
25 TB 的路径仍然存在,条件是租户持有包含 OneDrive Plan 2 / SharePoint Plan 2 的合格订阅(例如 Office 365 E3/E5),许可数 ≥ 5,且有用户已用满其 5TB 的 90% —— 满足后系统会自动把该用户的空间提到 25TB。
也就是说:5TB 用满 90% → 自动升 25TB(社区实例:有人把监控录像持续同步进 OneDrive,用到 98% 后某天发现空间被自动升到 25TB)。
三、2026 年还能参加吗:门槛已收紧
| 资格路径 | 现状 |
|---|---|
| Visual Studio Professional / Enterprise 订阅者 | 可以(且只要 VS 订阅有效就自动续订,不受"90 天不活跃"影响) |
| ISV Success Program / MAICPP 合作伙伴 | 可以 |
| 普通个人免费申请 | 不行了 —— 现在要求先加入计划(需通过上面某条资格路径),之后才能申请 E5 沙盒 |
官方原文:「在请求开发人员订阅之前,必须先直接或通过 Visual Studio Professional 或企业(如果你是订阅者)加入 Microsoft 365 开发人员计划」。
→ 所以那条评论描述的「白嫖」,是 2023 年前后的窗口期;现在想复制,得先有一份付费的 VS 订阅(Pro/Enterprise,不是 Community)。
四、风险(官方明说)
- 仅限开发用途;拿来当私人网盘属于「开发以外的目的」→ 订阅可被撤销,数据随之失效
- 90 天一轮,靠"活跃度"续期 → 长期当仓库用,随时可能丢
- 教育版同理:资格会被随时重新验证
五、类似的「大容量免费存储」活动现状
| 方案 | 现状(2026) |
|---|---|
| Office 365 A1(教育版) | 师生凭学校邮箱仍可免费获得,但 OneDrive 上限已从"1TB/5TB"降到 100GB(2024-02-01 起生效) |
| 教育租户整体存储 | 学校租户共 100TB 池(按学校计,不是按人给) |
| Power Apps 开发者计划 | 仍可免费申请,送开发环境与部分 E5 许可(适合做开发,不解决大容量存储) |
| Microsoft Entra ID Free | 免费开发租户,不含大容量存储 |
| 其它网盘(阿里云盘 / 123 云盘 / Terabox 等) | 各自的免费额度与活动,与微软无关;容量大但同样有"随时改规则"的风险 |
六、一句话总结
那条评论说的活动 = 微软 E5 开发者订阅(沙盒),靠"5TB 用到 90% 自动升 25TB"拿到 25T。 2026 年已经不能纯免费申请了 —— 需要 Visual Studio Professional/Enterprise 订阅;而且官方明确写着只能用于开发,挪作私人网盘可被撤销。 教育版 A1 还在,但 OneDrive 已被砍到 100GB,不再是"大容量白嫖"的路径。
八、最划算的合格路径(2026-10 实测价格)
三条资格路径的成本对比
| 路径 | 成本 | 是否合格 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visual Studio Professional「标准」订阅(年付) | 首年 $1,199.88(约 ¥7,760,中国官方商城价);续费 $799.08(约 ¥5,200) | 合格 | 最便宜的合格选项 |
| Visual Studio Professional「月度」订阅(云订阅) | $45/月(约 $540/年) | 不合格 | 官方明说:「每月 Visual Studio 订阅(例如"专业每月"或"企业每月")不符合条件」—— 这是最容易踩的坑 |
| Visual Studio Enterprise「标准」订阅 | 首年 $5,999;续费 $2,569 | 合格 | 贵 5 倍,只为存储不值得 |
| ISV Success Program | 免费 | 合格 | 但要求公司实体 + 真实软件产品,个人不行 |
| MAICPP(微软 AI 云合作伙伴计划) | 免费入会 不够 | 不合格 | 合格级别是 Azure 专家 MSP 或 Solutions Partner 称号,不是免费会员档 |
| Microsoft for Startups Founders Hub | 免费 | 未直接给 M365 开发订阅 | 给的是 Azure 额度/软件许可,不等于 E5 沙盒 |
关键结论:月度订阅便宜一半但明确不合格 —— 想走 VS 路径,只能买「标准」年付。
只为存储值不值(成本对比)
| 方案 | 年成本 | 容量 |
|---|---|---|
| VS Professional 标准(拿 E5 沙盒) | ¥7,760 首年 | 25TB(可被撤销、仅限开发) |
| Microsoft 365 家庭版 | 约 ¥498 | 6TB(1TB × 6 人,合规、永久) |
| 阿里云盘 / 夸克 / 115 会员 | 约 ¥100–500 | 数 TB(合规) |
| Google One 30TB | 约 $1,800 | 30TB |
→ 只为存储:VS Professional 完全不划算(贵约 15 倍,且随时可能被撤销)。 → 它划算的唯一情形:你本来就要用 VS Professional 订阅的权益 —— 每月 $50 Azure 额度(一年 $600)、VS Professional IDE 许可、微软软件库(Windows/Office/Server 历史版本)、Azure DevOps —— 那 E5 沙盒(25TB)算是顺带白拿。
推荐顺序
- 有公司/真实产品 → 申请 ISV Success Program(免费),这是唯一的零成本合格路径
- 本来就要用 VS 订阅 → 买 VS Professional 标准(年付),顺手激活 M365 开发订阅权益
- 只为大容量网盘 → 别走这条路,直接买 Microsoft 365 家庭版或国内网盘会员
- 千万别买 VS Professional 月度订阅($45/月)来冲这个资格 —— 官方明文不合格
九、来源(本节)
- Visual Studio 定价(Professional 标准 $99.99/月均、Enterprise 标准 $499.92/月均,均标注"One-time annual payment"):https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/pricing/
- 中国官方商城 VS Professional 订阅 ¥7,760 起:https://www.microsoftstore.com.cn/visualstudio/visual-studio-professional-subscription
- 月度订阅不合格的官方原文:https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/office/developer-program/join-with-visual-studio
- MAICPP 合格级别(Azure MSP / Solutions Partner):https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/office/developer-program/microsoft-365-developer-program-faq
- 云订阅已停售年度版:https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/subscriptions/vscloud-overview
十、闲鱼上卖的「5T 扩容」是怎么做的(2026-10 调研)
先说明:闲鱼站点抓不到实时商品
闲鱼(goofish.com)是纯前端渲染 + 需登录,页面只返回 11KB 的空壳 HTML,商品列表走 XHR 且要登录态 —— 无法直接抓取。以下结论来自卖家自己的商品页与社区讨论(V2EX / 主机论坛),属于对"这类交易"的共性分析,不是某一条具体商品。
卖的是什么
主流是子账号(子号),不是独立账号:
| 类型 | 典型价格 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 5T OneDrive for Business 子号 | 约 35 元/年(闲鱼);第三方小店 49 元起 | 卖家自己租户里的一个用户 |
| A1 / A1 Plus 教育版子号 | 数十元 | 声称"理论永久";A1P 可激活桌面 Office |
| E3 MSDN 子号 | 更贵 | 来源是 MSDN 订阅,已停止新发,存量仍能用 |
| E5 开发者子号 | 便宜 | 25 个许可的沙盒,90 天一轮靠活跃度续 |
他们的实现方法(技术路径完全公开)
第一步:先弄到一个「全局租户」 —— 这是唯一真正的门槛
- E5 开发者订阅(官方活动,25 许可)
- A1 / A1 Plus 教育版(学校域名开出来的全局)
- E3 MSDN(MSDN 订阅附带的福利,已停止新发)
- 少数是"薅来的"或历史遗留的全局
第二步:把子号配额从默认 1T 改成 5T —— 有两条路,都用官方 PowerShell:
# 方式一:逐个用户改
Connect-SPOService -Url https://<组织>-admin.sharepoint.com
Set-SPOSite -Identity https://<组织>-my.sharepoint.com/personal/<用户> -StorageQuota 5242 # 单位 GB- 方式二:改租户默认值(一劳永逸)—— OneDrive 管理中心 → 存储 → 把默认改成 5120 GB → 之后新建的子号默认就是 5T
第三步:要 25T 的话 —— 官方规则:该用户已用满 5TB 的 90%(约 4.5TB)后,管理员可在管理中心/工单把上限提到 25TB(部分订阅还会额外分配 25TB 的 SharePoint 团队网站作为额度)。
第四步:卖子号(或直接卖整个全局,价格高得多)。
能不能自己实现:技术上完全可以,门槛是"先有全局租户"
| 环节 | 难度 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 改 5T 配额 | 很低 | 官方命令,公开教程一堆,几分钟搞定 |
| 弄到全局租户 | 这是全部门槛 | 正规路径见第八节:VS Professional 标准订阅(¥7,760)或 ISV Success(免费,需公司) |
| 提到 25T | 低 | 先灌到 4.5TB,再改配额/开工单 |
| 长期维持 | 不可控 | 开发者版靠活跃度续期;教育版资格随时重验;租户可能被微软整体封禁 |
结论:技术没有任何神秘之处 —— 卖家赚的是"已经有一个全局租户"的差价,不是技术。
关键风险(社区反复提到)
| 风险 | 具体表现 |
|---|---|
| 管理员能看你的文件 | 租户管理员用官方 API 就能列出组织内每个成员的账号与文件;第三方 OneDrive 客户端教程甚至明说"管理员授权后可以随意查看组织中每个成员的账号,泄露了自己的文件" |
| 租户被封 = 数据全丢 | 全局被封的案例很多(教育版/开发者版被微软清理);账号封了,文件一起没 |
| 卖家可随时删你 | 你在别人的租户里,对方删号即失效 |
| 平台不保护这类交易 | 社区原话:"闲鱼不允许卖虚拟账号" —— 出问题维权困难 |
| 用途违规 | 开发者订阅仅限开发、教育版仅限师生;转卖/挪用属于违规,微软可撤销 |
建议
- 只想要容量 → 买正规的 Microsoft 365 家庭版(约 ¥498/年,6TB)或国内网盘会员;比 ¥35/年的子号贵,但数据是你的
- 想要"5T 且自己掌控" → 走第八节的正规路径自己开租户(VS Professional 标准订阅 / ISV Success),自己当全局管理员
- 不要买子号放重要数据 → 你在别人的租户里,管理员可读、可删、可被微软整体封禁
- 任何情况下都多重备份 —— 这类容量的生命周期本来就不可控
十一、来源(本节)
- 闲鱼同类交易的社区讨论(价格与来源推测):https://www.hs2v.com/thread-370216-1-1.html
- 卖家商品页(E5/A1P 子号、价格与"理论永久"说法):https://fkz.me/product/36.html ; https://www.zhhub.com/onedrive-5t/
- 子号类型与来源梳理(A1/A1P/E3 MSDN/E5):https://shier.love/archives/59 ; https://omo.moe/archives/734/
- E5 子号改 5T 的官方命令(Set-SPOSite -StorageQuota):https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42677492/article/details/107349198
- 改租户默认 5T 的做法:https://mailberry.com.cn/2025/11/change-onedrive-to-5t/
- 5T 用到 90% 升 25T 的规则与操作:https://www.jingber.cn/post/4207.html
- 教育版 A1P 改容量的实际困难(仅 1T、需客服):https://www.hs2v.com/thread-224943-1-1.html
- 管理员可查看成员文件的说明:https://openlistteam.github.io/docs/zh/guide/drivers/onedrive_app.html
十二、2026 年的重大变更:开发者订阅的存储已被砍到 300GB / 10GB(本节结论以此为准)
官方条款
微软更新后的开发者订阅存储口径(官方 FAQ 原文):
| 项 | 额度 |
|---|---|
| 开发者专用租户的共用存储上限 | 300 GB(OneDrive + SharePoint 合计) |
| 单个用户 OneDrive 上限 | 10 GB |
| Developer SKU 贡献的 SharePoint 存储 | 0 GB(混合许可租户里不额外贡献) |
| 试用租户 | 限制为 30 天 + 300GB 共用存储 |
时间线(社区实测)
| 时间 | 事件 |
|---|---|
| 2026-02 | 微软更新支持文档,写入 300GB/10GB 限制(社区回溯发现) |
| 2026-07 | 首次强制 10GB → 几天后回退 |
| 2026-07/08 | 中文社区开始出现"全局容量缩水到 300G""OD 显示组织存储已满,只读"的实测 |
| 2026-08-21 | 有博主明确标注:"本文关于开发者订阅容量的 25TB 前提已经失效" |
| 2026-09 | 重新强制执行:多篇报道 + Reddit/论坛实测 5T→10GB 生效 |
实测细节(值得注意)
- 后台显示值不可信:多人反馈 OneDrive 后台仍写着
1.3/5T 已用,但实际可上传量只有 10GB,超了直接提示;有客服明确说"OD 显示值和自己的设定值不代表实际可用容量" - 极少数幸存者:2026 年前已经成功升到 25TB 的账号仍保留 25TB;5TB 的账号一律变 10GB
- E3 / E3 MSDN 同样中招:E3 Dev 的 OneDrive 也从 5T 变 10GB;MSDN E3 需每半年手动激活一次
- 企业客户另有变更:持有旧版"超 5TB"权益的用户,在 2026-11 至 2027-02 之间会被置为只读
对"现在是否有可实现方案"的回答
| 方案 | 现在可行吗 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 申请 E5 开发者订阅(含 VS Pro 路径) | 拿到了也只有 10GB | 花 ¥7,760 换 10GB,完全不值 |
| 闲鱼买 5T 子号 | 等于接盘 | 卖家后台可能还显示 5T,实际已缩到 10GB;且随时可能整体清退 |
| 找 25TB 幸存账号 | 极少数,不可复制 | 只在 2026 年前升级过的老账号里存在 |
| Microsoft 365 家庭版 | 可行 | 约 ¥498/年,6TB(1TB x 6 人),合规、稳定 |
| 国内网盘会员(阿里云盘/夸克/115) | 可行 | 价格低、容量大,同样受厂商政策影响 |
| 教育版 A1 | 已缩水 | 2024-02 起每用户 OneDrive 上限 100GB |
| 自建(NAS + 对象存储) | 可行 | 成本可控、数据自主,需要运维 |
结论:2026 年起,"白嫖微软大容量网盘"这条路已经不存在了。
- 开发者订阅(无论免费还是付费)= 10GB/人
- 想要 TB 级且合规 → 买 Microsoft 365 家庭版、国内网盘会员,或自建
- 想要 25TB 级合规存储 → 只能走企业采购(SharePoint Online Plan 2 / 商业版 E3/E5)
十三、来源(本节)
- 官方 FAQ(300GB 共用 / 10GB 每人 / 0GB 额外 SharePoint):https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/office/developer-program/microsoft-365-developer-program-faq
- 英文报道(2026-09 强制 10GB):https://blog-en.topedia.com/2026/09/microsoft-365-developer-subscriptions-now-enforce-a-10-gb-onedrive-quota/
- 中文报道(调整配额、超出提示):https://www.landian.news/archives/113690.html
- E3 Dev 从 5T 变 10GB 的实测:https://forum.naixi.net/thread-15547-1-1.html
- 政策收紧到 10G 的整理:https://www.buyao.de/archives/285/
- 全局缩水到 300G 的实测与横幅提示:https://www.nodeseek.com/post-793281-1 ; https://www.kungal.com/topic/3884
- 25TB 老账号幸存、5TB 变 10GB:https://www.nodeseek.com/post-952806-1
- 后台显示值不等于实际容量:https://www.nodeseek.com/post-793586-1
- 企业客户 2026-11~2027-02 只读变更:https://blog-en.topedia.com/2026/09/important-onedrive-storage-change-for-microsoft-enterprise-customers/
- Reddit 实测(卡在 10GB):https://www.reddit.com/r/microsoft365/comments/1w3f8s9/onedrive_for_business_stuck_at_10gb_since_friday/
十四、现在还能白嫖到「超过 10GB」的 OneDrive 吗:能,但只有两条实用路径
开发者订阅那条路已死(第十一节)。剩下的是个人版和教育版两条线:
路径一:个人版邀请扩容 —— 5GB 扩到 15GB(官方福利,永久)
| 项 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 规则 | 每邀请 1 位新用户 +0.5GB,最多 20 人 = +10GB |
| 结果 | 个人版基础 5GB → 15GB,永久有效 |
| 状态 | 微软隐藏了活动入口,但活动仍可用 —— 直接构造邀请链接即可 |
| 链接格式 | https://onedrive.live.com?invref=<你的cid>&invscr=90(cid 从自己 OneDrive 的 URL 里取) |
| 操作 | 用 20 个从未注册过 OneDrive 的邮箱各点一次(自己用临时邮箱,或花 2–5 元找人代点) |
| 风险 | 低。属于官方福利;用临时邮箱批量点属于"薅",被判定异常时最多取消奖励,不影响账号 |
路径二:Office 365 A1 教育版 —— 100GB(师生免费)
| 项 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 额度 | 每用户 OneDrive 上限 100GB(2024-02-01 起;此前是 1TB/5TB) |
| 资格 | 有符合条件的学校邮箱的教师与学生,免费 |
| 期限 | 只要在校/在职即可用;微软随时可能重新验证资格 |
| 备注 | 若学校用的是 A3/A5,学生账号的 OneDrive 通常是 1TB 级 —— 具体问学校 IT |
| 这是免费能拿到的最大额度 | 100GB ≈ 开发者订阅(10GB)的 10 倍 |
其它途径(不实用,列出来备查)
| 途径 | 结果 |
|---|---|
| Microsoft Rewards 积分换礼品卡 → 抵扣 M365 订阅 | 折算约 $0.001/点,换 1TB 订阅要几十万积分,极慢 |
| Microsoft 365 免费试用 | 1TB(个人版)/ 6TB(家庭版),但只有 1 个月,到期自动扣费 |
| 硬件促销(三星/希捷等) | 送 100GB,但限时(通常 1–2 年),且要买对应设备 |
| 开发者订阅(E5/E3) | 10GB/人,已死(见第十二节) |
| 闲鱼/淘宝买 5T 子号 | 实际已缩到 10GB,等于接盘 |
结论
| 想要的容量 | 现在可行的做法 |
|---|---|
| 15GB | 个人版邀请扩容(官方、永久、免费) |
| 100GB | Office 365 A1 教育版(需学校邮箱) |
| 1TB | 付费:Microsoft 365 个人版(约 ¥398/年) |
| 6TB | 付费:Microsoft 365 家庭版(约 ¥498/年,1TB x 6 人) |
| 更大 | 国内网盘会员 / 自建 NAS / 企业采购 |
一句话:免费的天花板是「15GB(个人版邀请)」和「100GB(A1 教育版)」;再往上就得花钱。
十五、来源(本节)
- 个人版邀请扩容(规则、直链构造、cid 位置):https://blog.ialue.com/posts/onedrive/ ; https://kxnotes.com/get-onedrive-10gb-for-free/ ; https://icedrm.github.io/posts/38ed.html
- 官方 A1 每用户 100GB 上限(2024-02-01 起):https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/microsoft-365/education/guide/0-start/all-license
- A1 免费资格(师生)与教育版存储说明:https://www.microsoft.com/zh-cn/education/products/office ; https://www.microsoft.com/zh-cn/education/products/microsoft-365-storage-options
- Microsoft Rewards 积分价值折算:https://bittopup.com/zh/article/microsoft-rewards-milestones-worth-it
- M365 家庭版 6TB / 免费试用 1 个月:https://www.microsoft.com/zh-cn/microsoft-365/try
七、来源
- Microsoft 365 开发者计划 · 设置沙盒订阅:https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/office/developer-program/microsoft-365-developer-program-get-started
- 开发者计划 FAQ(资格路径 / 90 天 / 续订):https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/office/developer-program/microsoft-365-developer-program-faq
- 用 Visual Studio 订阅加入(资格要求):https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/developer-program/join-with-visual-studio
- OneDrive 25TB 的触发条件(5+ 许可 + 用满 90%):https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/answers/questions/5942029/onedrive-storage-25tb
- 社区实例「5T 自动升 25T」:https://www.v2ex.com/t/961662
- Office 365 A1 免费用户 OneDrive 上限降至 100GB(2024-02-01):https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/microsoft-365/education/golden-path/0-start-standard/gp-standard-license
- 教育版存储变更(100TB 共用池):https://www.microsoft.com/zh-cn/education/products/microsoft-365-storage-options
记录:磁盘清理(扫描 → 分级回收)2026-09
背景:2026-09-29 实测 C: 可用仅 109.0 GB / 952.8 GB(已用 88.6%),D/E/F 三块盘都是
C:上的动态 VHDX。方法:先用定点测量(避开全盘递归)拿到每类占用,再按"零风险 → 需确认 → 结构性"分级回收,每一步都记录前后数值。一句话结论:纯缓存与可再生产物回收约 45 GB;结构性回收(VHDX 压缩 + pagefile/休眠)另有约 53 GB 空间可拿。
一、扫描结果(实测)
盘与虚拟磁盘
| 盘 | 容量 | 清理前可用 | 后端文件 | 后端文件大小 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C: | 952.8 GB | 109.0 GB | 物理 NVMe | — |
| D: | 400.0 GB | 56.3 GB | C:\D.vhdx | 362.0 GB |
| E: | 70.0 GB | 19.8 GB | C:\E.vhdx | 55.1 GB |
| F: | 30.0 GB | 14.6 GB | C:\F.vhdx | 20.8 GB |
单项占用(按大小)
| 项 | 大小 | 性质 |
|---|---|---|
E:\0-cargo-target(共享 Rust 构建目录) | 23.81 GB | 可再生(重编) |
C:\$Recycle.Bin | 22.0 GB | 待清空 |
%TEMP% | 7.71 GB | 临时文件 |
Downloads | 5.67 GB | 个人数据(多为安装包) |
.gradle | 4.51 GB | 缓存 + 守护进程 |
| Chrome profile | 4.44 GB | 浏览器缓存 |
F:\0-code 构建产物 | 4.14 GB | 可再生 |
npm-cache | 3.08 GB | 缓存 |
| Edge profile | 2.61 GB | 浏览器缓存 |
VS Code Roaming\Code | 2.41 GB | 缓存 + 扩展 VSIX |
scoop\apps | 2.08 GB | 内容,非垃圾 |
.rustup | 1.47 GB | 内容,非垃圾 |
| JetBrains caches | 1.38 GB | 缓存 |
.cargo | 1.24 GB | registry 缓存(慢网络下建议保留) |
pnpm store | 0.92 GB | 内容寻址存储 |
.pi npm deps | 0.78 GB | pi 扩展依赖,删了会坏 |
pip cache | 0.69 GB | 缓存 |
scoop cache | 0.68 GB | 下载缓存 |
uv cache | 0.45 GB | 缓存 |
.pi sessions | 0.44 GB | 会话历史,删了丢记录 |
Docker docker_data.vhdx | 3.3 GB | 容器数据 |
系统级
| 项 | 大小 | 处理 |
|---|---|---|
C:\pagefile.sys | 26.0 GB | 不动(该机提交量曾达 30 GB,16 GB 物理内存靠它撑) |
C:\hiberfil.sys | 6.3 GB | powercfg /h off |
| Windows Update 下载缓存 | 0.74 GB | 清空 |
| Windows Temp / Logs / Minidump / Prefetch | 0.5 GB | 清空 |
| WinSxS 组件存储 | 需 dism /AnalyzeComponentStore 取值 | StartComponentCleanup(不加 /ResetBase) |
二、本次已回收(每项都有前后实测)
| 项目 | 释放 |
|---|---|
E:\0-cargo-target | 23.83 GB |
| 回收站(四盘) | ≈ 22 GB |
%TEMP% | 7.56 GB |
休眠文件 hiberfil.sys | 6.3 GB |
F:\0-code 构建产物(netscope/pressctl target、GoodNight build、.venv) | 3.54 GB |
npm-cache\_cacache | 2.42 GB |
| JetBrains caches | 1.38 GB |
| VS Code 缓存(Cache/CachedData/GPUCache/logs/扩展 VSIX) | 0.99 GB |
| Windows Update 下载缓存 | 0.74 GB |
pip cache | 0.70 GB |
scoop cache | 0.68 GB |
.gradle(build-cache + daemon,保留依赖缓存) | 0.63 GB |
uv cache | 0.45 GB |
| CrashDumps + Windows Temp/Logs/Minidump/Prefetch | 0.27 GB |
结果:C: 可用 109.0 GB → 154 GB(+45 GB);E: 19.8 → 35 GB(盘内释放,宿主文件待压缩);F: 14.6 → 19 GB。
三、还没做(需要你决定或需要特定时机)
1. VHDX 离线压缩:约 47 GB(最大单项)
动态 VHDX 的宿主文件不会因为盘内删除而自动缩小。清理后重算的松弛量:
| 盘 | 宿主文件 | 盘内已用 | 可压缩 |
|---|---|---|---|
| D: | 362.0 GB | 343.7 GB | 18.3 GB |
| E: | 55.1 GB | 35.6 GB | 19.5 GB |
| F: | 20.8 GB | 11.5 GB | 9.3 GB |
做法(需卸载 D/E/F 几分钟,期间不能有程序占用它们,尤其 E: 上的 Throne 代理):
# 管理员 PowerShell;需要 Hyper-V 模块(或 Windows 的 Optimize-VHD)
Enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName Microsoft-Hyper-V-PowerShell -All # 只装模块
# 逐个处理:先卸载卷 -> 压缩 -> 再挂回
Dismount-VHD -Path C:\D.vhdx ; Optimize-VHD -Path C:\D.vhdx -Mode Full ; Mount-VHD -Path C:\D.vhdx
Dismount-VHD -Path C:\E.vhdx ; Optimize-VHD -Path C:\E.vhdx -Mode Full ; Mount-VHD -Path C:\E.vhdx
Dismount-VHD -Path C:\F.vhdx ; Optimize-VHD -Path C:\F.vhdx -Mode Full ; Mount-VHD -Path C:\F.vhdx注意:在线 ReTrim(
Optimize-Volume -ReTrim)对宿主文件无效,已验证过。
2. Downloads 里的安装包:约 5.5 GB(个人数据,只列未删)
| 文件 | 大小 |
|---|---|
IDEA破解2(...)/idea2025安装包/ideaIU-2025.1.1.1.exe | 1208 MB |
同上 ideaIU-2025.1.2.exe | 1206 MB |
同上 ideaIU-2025.1.exe | 1205 MB |
SQLEXPR_x64_CHS.exe | 719 MB |
WeCom_5.0.11.6018.exe | 618 MB |
sqlsetup/(已解压的 SQL 安装树) | ≈ 660 MB |
UniGetUI.Installer.exe / kaspersky...exe / vs_SSMS.exe | 41 MB |
三个 IDEA 安装包(3.6 GB)是同一版本的重复下载,已装 IDEA 2025.1.2 → 可删。
3. 浏览器缓存(Chrome 4.4 + Edge 2.6 GB)
建议在浏览器内清(能选择保留密码/历史/Cookie),而不是命令行删目录。
4. 系统还原点
需要管理员 vssadmin list shadowstorage / list shadows 看占用后再决定;删旧还原点会失去回滚能力,建议至少保留最近一个。
5. WinSxS 组件清理
dism /Online /Cleanup-Image /StartComponentCleanup(不加 /ResetBase,保留更新可卸载能力);回收量以 AnalyzeComponentStore 报告为准。
四、明确不动的项(附理由)
| 项 | 理由 |
|---|---|
C:\pagefile.sys(26 GB) | 该机 16 GB 内存 + 提交量曾 30 GB,缩小会 OOM/卡死;真要解决是加内存 |
.pi npm deps(0.78 GB) | pi 扩展依赖,删了扩展会坏 |
.pi sessions(0.44 GB) | 会话历史,删了丢记录 |
.cargo(1.24 GB) | registry 缓存;当前代理下重下很慢 |
.gradle\caches\modules-2 | 依赖 jar;同样受慢网络影响 |
scoop\apps / .rustup | 是已安装内容,不是垃圾 |
node_modules(≈0.55 GB) | 体量小、重装要走慢网络,性价比低 |
五、本次踩到的坑(值得记住)
Kill是 PowerShell 内置别名(Stop-Process)——别名优先级高于同名函数,所以自定义函数function Kill会被静默忽略,脚本"跑完但什么都没删"。命名要避开内置别名(本次改用Purge)。du在这个环境下很慢(MSYS 层 + VHDX 后端),全盘Get-ChildItem -Recurse更慢;定点测量 + 并行 + 每项独立超时才实用。- robocopy 的字节合计行是本地化文本(中文系统为
字节: 1.242 g,是人类可读单位),解析时要按单位换算,别当成原始字节。 - 不要用
Get-ChildItem $env:TEMP | Remove-Item清临时目录——占用中的文件会失败(可接受),但目录本身删不掉时不要报错中断整个脚本。 - VHDX 是最大隐藏项:盘内删除不等于宿主文件缩小;清理完内部后,离线
Optimize-VHD才是真正回收宿主机空间的步骤。
六、可复用的测量片段
# 单个目录大小(比 du / Get-ChildItem 稳)
$s = (Get-ChildItem -LiteralPath $p -Recurse -Force -File -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue |
Measure-Object Length -Sum).Sum
'{0:N2} GB' -f ($s/1GB)
# 动态 VHDX 的松弛量(宿主文件 vs 盘内已用)
Get-Disk | Where-Object { $_.BusType -eq 'File Backed Virtual' } | ForEach-Object {
$d = $_; $f = Get-Item -LiteralPath $d.Location -Force
Get-Partition -DiskNumber $d.Number | ForEach-Object { Get-Volume -Partition $_ } |
Where-Object DriveLetter | ForEach-Object {
'{0}: file {1:N1}GB used {2:N1}GB compactable {3:N1}GB' -f `
$_.DriveLetter, ($f.Length/1GB), (($_.Size-$_.SizeRemaining)/1GB), (($f.Length-($_.Size-$_.SizeRemaining))/1GB)
}
}记录:阅读站改 VS Code 式工作台(2026-10)
起因:在线阅读站
index.html原先是「自动生成的单页阅读页」,只看得到卡片列表;用户要像 VS Code 一样的工作台观感,并要分屏随时切换,课程次数不再依赖本机改名脚本。结论:站点外壳整体重写成工作台(活动栏 / 侧栏两棵树 / 每组标签栏 / 两组分屏 / 状态栏),计数改由站点自己记(localStorage + 烘焙种子),旧四套本机计数方案全部退役。以下是前后对照、关键决定与遗留。
一、改了什么
工作台骨架
index.html 现在是 VS Code 式外壳,自顶向下五层:
| 区块 | 规格 | 实现 |
|---|---|---|
| 标题栏 | 深色,含品牌名与主题切换 | site_render.py 骨架 + site_work_css.WORK_CSS |
| 活动栏 | 48px,课程 / 笔记 / 主题 / 菜单 | 同上 |
| 侧栏 | 260px,可折叠;每棵树顶部一个搜索框 | site_parts.py 两棵树 + site_work_split.py 开合 |
| 编辑区 | 每组一条标签栏(35px)+ 组内 iframe.lesson-frame | site_work_js.py / site_work_split.py |
| 状态栏 | 24px,强调蓝 | site_render.py |
外壳固定高度,长侧栏不会把活动栏顶出视口;≤768px 时侧栏收成抽屉(可点控件 ≥44px)。
侧栏两棵树
- 课程树:按工作区(项目)分组,每组下列
lessons/*.html。 - 笔记树:按项目 + 按标签平铺列出
20-知识/笔记与50-资源/记录/记录。 - 两棵树共用一套过滤:侧栏搜索词 + 侧栏 chip + 欢迎页 chip 三处叠加(同组多 chip 取 OR)。
分组与分屏
- 每个组(panel)自带标签栏;最多两组。
Ctrl+\拆分 / 合并:源组空了即消失;拖动标签可换组(落点是提示高亮)。- 布局(组数、各组标签、选中项、分屏状态、侧栏开合、主题)存
localStorage,刷新后还原。 - 快捷键:
Ctrl+P快速打开、Ctrl+Shift+P命令面板、Ctrl+B侧栏、Ctrl+W关标签、Ctrl+\分屏。
快速打开与命令面板
Ctrl+P:按课号 / 标题模糊搜课,回车在当前组开标签。Ctrl+Shift+P:命令面板,含「切换主题」「清空本地计数」等动作。- 工作台侧的所有交互都走
window.__work(open / close / empty / setSplit / setSide),第三段 IIFE 汇总筛选。
计数改站点记录
- 显示值 = 烘焙种子 + 本浏览器增量:
- 烘焙种子在生成站点时并入页面(
50-资源/工具/site-build/counts-seed.json→window.__COUNTS__); - 之后从站点打开课只写
localStorage(note:counts),不回写文件、不上传。 - 页面侧标识是 slug,种子键是仓库相对路径,join 必须走条目清单的
entry["path"](种子键用当前路径,文件改名即静默丢弃那一条烘焙历史)。 - 只统计「从站点打开」的课;换设备 / 清缓存后增量归零,只剩烘焙历史。它记活跃度,不代表学会。
旧四套本机计数方案退役清单(逐项)
| # | 方案 | 位置 | 退役动作 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 文件名 x<次数>- 前缀 | 各 lessons/*.html | 5 个已加前缀的课改名;79 处引用 / 24 文件同步(Task 1) |
| 2 | 本机计数小服务 | 50-资源/工具/lesson-track/ | 删 11 文件 / 2 目录;先停掉 8787 后台服务(它会每 10 秒按 counts.json 把前缀加回来并自动提交)(Task 3) |
| 3 | 课页关闭信标 | 全库 HTML 内联 lesson-close-beacon.js | 61 处已入库 HTML 逐字节删行 + 脚本本体删除(Task 2) |
| 4 | 打开文件夹自动起服务 | .vscode/tasks.json | 随方案 2 一起删除(folderOpen 自动任务,当时还要用户手动授权) |
配套:计数历史一次性烘进 counts-seed.json(6 条 7 次,后按要求删掉一条退役速查卡键,余 5 条)。
二、为什么
- 要 VS Code 观感:卡片列表看不出「有一堆课、有一堆笔记」的层级;活动栏 + 两棵树 + 标签栏 + 状态栏是熟悉的操作隐喻,进来就会用。
- 要分屏随时切换:看课时想对照另一节课或一篇笔记,单页阅读页做不到;两组分屏 + 拖标签换组最直接。
- 次数由站点记:旧方案要在本机常驻服务、改文件名、重写全库引用,还会与 VS Code 自动任务互相拉扯(Task 1 就撞上服务把改名回退);站点自己记,零本机依赖,换台机器打开还是同一个页面。
三、关键决定与代价
| 决定 | 理由 | 代价 |
|---|---|---|
课用 iframe 内嵌,不把课正文拆进工作台 | 课有自己的一整套样式(lesson.css);内联会与工作台 CSS 打架,且 41 节课要逐页改写 | 课不跟随工作台主题;编辑区多一条「内嵌文档」标题条说明它未适配 |
| 两组分屏上限 | 两组是「对照」的最小可用单位,再多标签栏与拖拽逻辑复杂度陡增 | 想要 3/4 宫格对照时做不到(见遗留) |
| 默认浅色(VS Code Light Modern 取向) | 课件纸底本来就是浅色,浅色外壳与内嵌课观感连续;暗色另给一套 | 首次访问不会跟随系统深色偏好,要手动切 |
| 欢迎页改成「空态」,不占标签 | 欢迎页占一个标签会挤掉真实课,关掉又要找回;空态即「该组无标签时」显示的占位 | 逻辑上「没有标签」与「显示欢迎页」绑定,删掉所有标签就回空态 |
anchor 从 <项目>-<条目> 改成纯 slug | 侧栏树项 data-key、卡片 id、window.__COUNTS__ 键必须同一个口径;带项目前缀的三段式对齐成本高、易错 | 与旧阅读站 spec 5.3 的 anchor 口径不同,旧锚点外链会失效(当时未公开,影响面为零) |
四、验证证据(2026-10-02)
- 巡检:
check_vault.py --quiet→ A1~A15 全 0 处 / 结论 PASS。 - 课件互链:
teach-links.py→ 待办 0 条 · 单向联动 0 条。 - 站点自检:
selftest_build.py/selftest_counts.py/selftest_counts_js.py/selftest_md.py/selftest_scan.py/selftest_work.py→ 6/6 PASS;巡检器自检(25 例)与样板守门员同步 PASS。 - 浏览器实测:
node measure_site.mjs <页面>→ 29/29 PASS(骨架尺寸 48/260/35/24 · 两棵树 · 分屏data-split· 拖拽换组守恒 · Ctrl+P 快速打开 · 计数种子→本地增量 · 默认浅色/暗色切换 · 375px 无横滚 · 断网可用 · Tab 焦点环)。 - 体量:公开页
index.html1.21 MB(1,270,505 字节)/ 全库all.html1.94 MB(2,035,042 字节),门槛 1.6 / 2.6 MB。 - 线上:GitHub Pages(
site.yml)构建成功,https://zzz210s.github.io/note/返回 200,页面含activity/data-split/palette等新结构。
五、遗留
- 笔记树「按项目 + 按标签」目前平铺,未做两级折叠;笔记 / 记录一多,侧栏会很长(课程树已有工作区分组)。
lesson.css仍无暗色:工作台切暗色时,内嵌的课仍是浅色纸底(靠「内嵌文档」标题条说明,不算故障,但观感不统一)。- 4 宫格分屏未做:分屏上限固定在两组,想做四宫格要改标签栏 / 拖拽 / 布局记忆三处。
六、来源
- 计划:
docs/superpowers/plans/2026-10-02-站点工作台改造.md;spec:docs/superpowers/specs/2026-10-02-站点工作台改造-design.md(AI 产物,不入库)。 - 生成器:
50-资源/工具/site-build/(build_site.py入口 +site_*模块 + 6 个 selftest +measure_site.mjs),各 ≤200 行。 - 提交:
6361de2(Task 1 去前缀)·b1a8ace(Task 3 删 lesson-track)·a1078f5(Task 2 删信标)·d2db6d8(计数)·558362e(工作台骨架 + 过滤)·c77312c(命令面板)·d223069(计数并入页面)·a534e9c(浏览器实测)。
记录:青简输入法 vs 微软拼音(实测对比)
起因:想从微信输入法换到更轻的输入法,先看青简输入法(Rust 写的开源拼音输入法)与 Windows 内置微软拼音的实际开销差异。结论:青简的内存约为微软拼音的 27–31 倍(它自带本地整句模型),磁盘多 254 MB;空闲 CPU 两者都是 0%。
一、实测数据(2026-10-03)
| 指标 | 青简 qingjian-server | 微软拼音 ChsIME | 倍数 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 进程数 | 1 | 2 | — |
| 工作集 | 215.9 – 257.7 MB | 8.3 MB(1.6 + 6.7) | 约 27–31 倍 |
| 峰值工作集 | 263 – 264.8 MB | 22.8 MB(11.0 + 11.8) | 约 12 倍 |
| 私有内存 | 163 – 175 MB | — | — |
| 线程数 | 27 – 31 | 5(2 + 3) | 约 6 倍 |
| 句柄数 | 123 – 246 | — | — |
| 空闲 CPU | 0% | 0% | 相同 |
| CPU 累计 | 0.2 s | 0.1 s | 相当 |
| 磁盘(程序) | 253.8 MB(E:\Qingjian) | 0 MB(系统内置) | — |
| 磁盘(数据) | 17 KB(%APPDATA%\Qingjian) | 2.66 MB(%APPDATA%\Microsoft\InputMethod\Chs) | — |
| 联网 | 全程离线 | 云端候选(可关) | — |
关掉青简的「本地整句模型」能省多少?
| 配置 | 工作集 | 私有内存 |
|---|---|---|
| 模型 开(默认) | 257.7 MB | 163.3 MB |
| 模型 关 | 219.6 MB | 162.5 MB |
| 差值 | 约 38 MB | 几乎不变 |
结论:关模型只省约 38 MB,而私有内存基本不动 —— 说明那 ~163 MB 的私有内存是词库 + 运行时本身,不是模型。关掉不划算(失去了整句转换),已恢复为开。
二、对比时必须区分的三件事(否则会误读)
| 类别 | 内容 | 是否算"某家输入法的开销" |
|---|---|---|
| 输入法本体 | 微软 ChsIME(8.3 MB)/ 青简 qingjian-server(216–258 MB) | 算 —— 这才是真正的差异 |
| TSF 公共组件 | ctfmon(48.5 MB)+ TextInputHost(50.3 MB) | 不算 —— 任何 TSF 输入法(含青简)都要用 |
| 数据/词库 | 微软 2.66 MB / 青简 17 KB | 算,但量级很小 |
三、青简的取舍(为什么它重)
| 特性 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 自带本地整句模型 | 「含章·通变」(拼音解码/纠错)+「含章·知微」(上下文重排),这是内存高的主因 |
| 全程离线 | 拼音、词库、整句模型、学习、释义都不联网 —— 隐私好,代价是模型要常驻内存 |
| 逐键耗时 | 官方目标 10 ms 内,实测多数按键 1–3 ms(打字本身不卡) |
| 技术栈 | Rust,开源(qingjian-team/qingjian);Windows 版是内测版 v0.1.4 |
四、安装位置的坑(本机已踩)
官方文档明确:必须装在默认的 C:\Program Files\Qingjian,不要改到其他目录或别的盘 ——
候选窗口要盖过开始菜单、任务栏搜索这类系统界面,靠的是 Windows 的 uiAccess 机制,系统只对装在
%ProgramFiles%里的程序启用它,装到别处会静默失效。
本机装在了 E:\Qingjian(按 E 盘的应用目录习惯),因此候选窗口的 uiAccess 会静默失效 —— 功能能用,但候选窗口可能盖不住开始菜单/任务栏这类界面。要完整功能需重装到 C:\Program Files\Qingjian。
五、安装过程的两个坑
- 不支持静默安装 —— 试了
/S、/S /allusers、/S /currentuser,都会卡住(留下卡死的安装器进程,需手动清理);只能交互式点击安装。 - 测试版无代码签名 —— SmartScreen 会拦,需点「更多信息 → 仍要运行」。
- 安装后需要注销重新登录,输入法才会出现在语言列表里。
- 下载校验:GitHub 官方资产带 sha256 digest,可与本地
sha256sum直接核对(本次一致)。
六、怎么选
| 你的偏好 | 选 |
|---|---|
| 内存最省(16 GB 机器,内存长期紧张) | 微软拼音(8 MB,系统内置,零安装) |
| 隐私 / 离线 / 开源 / 不联网 | 青简(代价是 216–258 MB 常驻) |
| 要整句转换质量且不介意内存 | 青简(它的本地模型就是为此存在) |
| 只是不想用微信输入法 | 微软拼音足够(词库可导入,本机实测) |
本机情况:16 GB 内存长期 85–97% 已用 —— 若在意内存,微软拼音更合适;青简的 258 MB 相当于又开一个浏览器标签页进程。但若你在意"输入法不联网",青简是少数全程离线的选择。
七、来源
- 青简官网与文档(安装要求、uiAccess 说明、离线特性、本地模型):<https://qingjian.app/> ; <https://qingjian.app/docs/getting-started/install> ; <https://qingjian.app/docs/input/local-model>
- 青简开源仓库:
qingjian-team/qingjian(v0.1.4) - 微软拼音数据目录与词库导入:本机实测
记录:0-Note 项目引导重构(2026-09-25)
由「0-Note 项目引导重构」会话投递(Subagent-Driven:11 个任务 / 61 步,基线
4296952,收官e35ebc1;收尾轮 F1~F6 另有一个提交)。本机 = ELEVEN237038 / 用户 23652。计划与规格只留本机:docs/superpowers/plans|specs/2026-09-25-项目引导重构*.md(不入库)。
结论
库从「按学科分区挂笔记」改成「项目自足」:知识写进所属项目或容器的 20-知识/,由项目自己的 00-索引.md 收录;根 00-索引/00-索引.md 只做项目总览与全局学习路线。20-领域/ 与 5 张分类 MOC 撤销,巡检从 A1~A11 扩到 A1~A14。
判据只有一句话:打开任意一个 10-项目/<项目>/,它的 00-索引.md 就是这个小项目的全部入口 —— 计划、原料、知识、出口都在里面。
一、前后对照(结构与数字)
| 维度 | 重构前(4296952) | 重构后(e35ebc1) |
|---|---|---|
| 顶层 | 00-索引/ 10-项目/ 20-领域/ 40-归档/ 50-资源/ 90-模板/ docs/ | 00-索引/(里面装着根索引 00-索引.md;2026-09-25 Task 12 前它就在顶层)README.md README.zh-CN.md LICENSE 10-项目/ 40-归档/ 50-资源/ 90-模板/(docs/ 仅本机) |
| 知识区 | 20-领域/ 55 篇,按 10 个学科分类 | 目录撤销;知识全部进 10-项目/<项目或容器>/20-知识/ |
10-项目/ | 111 篇(脚手架 + 散落笔记) | 188 篇(脚手架 + 全部知识) |
40-归档/ | 1 篇 | 0 篇(那 1 篇实为误放的知识,Task 9 归位) |
| 索引 | 5 张分类 MOC:00-索引/ 下 AI-agent.md、外语.md、算法.md、系统.md、编程语言.md | 根 00-索引/00-索引.md + 10-项目/ 下 21 张索引页(19 项目/容器由 Task 8 建 + 2 容器页由 Task 6 建) |
| 知识笔记总数 | 55 | 56(55 + 归档归位 1) |
| 受版本控制的 md | — | 214(10-项目 188 / 90-模板 14 / 50-资源 9 / 根 3;多出的一篇就是本记录) |
| 巡检口径 | A1~A11 | A1~A14 |
| 自研 py | — | vault-check 25 个(其中 14 个 selftest_*.py)+ 50-资源/工具 迁移工具 10 个,全部 ≤200 行 |
50-资源/的原料(图片、西语素材、外语附件)仍只留本机(.gitignore白名单只放工具、记录、Zephyr 讲解),这一点本轮没变。40-归档/目前无内容;收尾轮补了40-归档/.gitkeep,所以新克隆也能看到这一层(此前空目录不进 git,新机器上这层会消失)。
二、56 篇知识的去向
| 批次 | 提交 | 篇数 | 落点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Task 6 | 3513b3e | 22 | !名词解释 6 + !系统与工具 16(22 条全为 git mv,保历史) |
| Task 7 | ac22ec7 | 33 | 西语 18、代理服务器 4、Markdown 3、六级 3、算法 2、Git 1、SQLite 1、Zephyr 1(共 8 个项目) |
| Task 9 | 2ff5745 | 1 | 40-归档/CSDN文章/开机软件0延后启动设置.md → !系统与工具/20-知识/ |
现分布:容器 23(!名词解释 6 + !系统与工具 17)+ 项目 33 = 56。
三、旧 5 张 MOC 的 113 条去向
Task 8(c250956)在删 MOC 前逐条对账,113 条零丢失:
- 61 条 → 改写进 19 个项目索引页
- 29 条 → 改写进 2 个容器索引页
- 18 条 → 成为根
00-索引/00-索引.md的「计划与进度」全局路线 - 5 条 → 旧 MOC 之间的互链,随 MOC 退役
四、引用改写量
| 批次 | 量 | 内容 |
|---|---|---|
| Task 6 | 31 处 | 指向被搬笔记的相对链接 |
| Task 7 | 82 处 | apply 实测比 dry-run 预测的 75 多 7 处(相对层级重锚) |
| Task 8 | 61 条规则 / 40 文件 | 旧 00-索引/<专题>.md 引用(含 9 处活链接)与 19 个项目里失效的 related: "[[系统]]" |
合计 174 处。另有 Task 7b(ff0f411)把全库 183 处 / 65 文件的旧 20-领域 提及清到 1 处(仅留「巡检器」笔记里的历史案例行),17 个 !项目说明.md 的「沉淀的知识」节统一,README 双语 36 行改写。
五、巡检口径的最终清单(A1~A14)
| 编号 | 查什么 | 判据一句话 |
|---|---|---|
| A1 | 断链 | 相对路径 markdown 链接的目标必须存在(先抹代码围栏与行内代码;模板占位走白名单) |
| A2 | 双链失效 | [[名]] 按文件名命中、[[目录/名]] 按路径后缀命中(库里有 18 个同名 !项目说明.md) |
| A3 | 孤篇 | 全库无入链的笔记;裸双链只在全库该名唯一时才计入 |
| A4 | 项目索引覆盖 | 10-项目/<项目>/20-知识/ 每篇的主干必须出现在该项目 00-索引.md;有 20-知识 却缺索引 → 报「项目索引缺失」 |
| A5/A6 | 元数据 | 缺 frontmatter、type 非 8 种、status 非 4 种、字段数 > 8 |
| A7 | 路线一致性 | 根 00-索引/00-索引.md + 各项目 00-索引.md 与 10-项目 双向一致;项目 status 与产出相符 |
| A8 | 标签规范 | 同一标签的大小写冲突,只报"同小写形式在别处出现过"的大写写法 |
| A9 | 索引页统计 | 项目页统计行 > 本项目知识 N 篇 · 状态 <status> · 覆盖 N/N(100%) 与根汇总行 > 全库知识 N 篇 · 项目 M 个 必须与实物一致(统计行须在前 8 行) |
| A10 | 知识归属 | 五个知识类 type 的正文路径必须形如 10-项目/<项目或容器>/20-知识/…(裸 10-项目/20-知识/ 没有归属,照报) |
| A11 | 教学工作区 | 有 !项目说明.md 的项目必须有非空壳的 MISSION.md + RESOURCES.md |
| A12 | 归档判据 | 已在 40-归档/ 的项目必须在根索引留一行登记(反向);「可归档」另走提示通道 |
| A13 | 双向链接 | 项目 20-知识/ 每篇须写明来源项目(related 指向本项目说明,或正文首段前 3 行行首「来源:本项目」);两个容器与无说明的目录豁免 |
| A14 | 索引页一致性 | ① 根索引须逐行列全 10-项目/ 的每个子目录(含容器与 !问题追踪)② 项目索引里指向本项目 20-知识/ 现存 .md 的链接数必须等于实物数 |
本轮新引入的三处口径调整:
- A4 换口径:从「旧 MOC 是否覆盖
20-领域+50-资源」改为「项目索引是否覆盖本项目20-知识/」;旧50-资源口径随 5 张 MOC 删除一并退役(否则 8 篇原料会全报未覆盖)。 - A7 换取数源:路线来源页改为根
00-索引/00-索引.md+ 各项目00-索引.md(过渡期曾兼容旧00-索引/系统.md,收尾轮已删去这一项);00-索引.md不再计为项目「产出」(否则 19 个项目全被迫learning)。 - A10 反转:从「知识不许散放项目根」改为「知识必须住
20-知识/」,并额外校验项目归属(裸10-项目/20-知识/也报)。
同因单报是这轮的硬约束:A4/A7/A9/A14 四道互相 continue,同一缺陷只由一道报。check_vault.py 的 groups 列表就是这 14 道的单一清单。
六、归档四条判据与提示通道
archive_ready(项目) 四条全满足才算「可归档」:
!项目说明.md的status是done- 「出口 / 验收」小节内没有未勾选任务项(
- [ ]) - 正文含「复盘」小节(标题或整行粗体标签)
- 「任务清单」小节内没有未勾选任务项
缺节按"不满足"处理(宁可不出提示,也不给假提示)。四条命中者由 archive_hints() 汇成 可归档:<项目名> 行,打印在独立小节,不计入 FAIL 计数、不影响退出码 —— 未归档不是库的毛病,只是该有人收尾。反向检查(已在 40-归档/ 的项目必须在根索引有登记)才是真错误,占 A12 的 FAIL 位。A14 的「根索引未创建」也走同一条提示通道。
七、踩过的坑(每条都是真踩过的)
- dry-run 只信计数:Task 7 dry-run 报 75 处改写,apply 实际 82 处 —— 相对链接的重锚量预测不出来,只能 apply 后跑 A1 复核。
- 相对层级必须 rebase:笔记搬家后,指向未搬走目标的相对链接每一处都要重算层级;Task 7 首遍漏了这个,一次性冒出 7 条 A1 断链。
- 同名撞车要改名:规格表第 41 行的西语
不规则动词.md与通用版同名,落地为不规则动词(A1).md(另一对「不规则阴阳性词」同处理),两处 frontmatter 互指。 - 统计行只有 8 行窗口:A9 要求项目索引统计行出现在文件前 8 行;索引页 frontmatter 只留
type+status两个字段才压进第 8 行,余量为 0。 - 白名单会掩盖误判:Task 7b 发现那 5 处模板死链其实在代码围栏内,早被
strip_code()抹掉,LINK_WHITELIST从未兜住它们;撤掉 2 条后 A1 仍是真 0。"加了白名单才绿"必须查清是白名单在起作用,还是问题本来就不存在。 - markdownlint 会静默漏扫含括号的文件:
markdownlint-cli2把参数当 glob,不规则动词(A1).md被当成 extglob 展开,匹配不到就不报错、只是不扫 —— 输出Linting: 211 files而git ls-files '*.md' | wc -l是 213。给每个路径加:前缀强制字面量后才对齐(213 files / 0 issues)。验收时必须打印被扫文件数并与git ls-files对数,只看 "0 issues" 会被静默漏扫骗过。 - Windows 编码与行尾:巡检器不带
PYTHONIOENCODING=utf-8会被 GBK 顶崩;用 Python 的Path.write_text批量改文本会写出 CRLF,与.gitattributes的eol=lf冲突,必须检查并转回。
八、遗留与后续
50-资源原料缺「登记归属」检查(建议新增 A15):旧 A4 口径(原料须出现在某张 MOC 里)随 5 张 MOC 删除退役后,50-资源/白名单内的原料只剩 A3(有无入链)兜底 —— 没有任何检查保证它被某张索引页登记过。建议新增 A15:50-资源/白名单内的每篇 .md 必须出现在某个索引页的「原料」块(容器!系统与工具的索引现在手工维护着这么一块)。本轮不实现:存量 8 篇原料眼下都在索引里,判据要先跟新项目模板对齐(「原料」块的位置与写法还没写进90-模板/),否则新项目一建就报。- 收尾轮(F1~F6)已清掉的三笔:① 旧 MOC 统计一族死代码整块删除 ——
vault_lib.moc_stats()、checks_extra.MOC_DIRS/coverage()/moc_entry_count()/check_moc_stats()/coverage_lines()、CLI 开关--moc-stats/--coverage,以及消费它们的migrate_engine.refresh_mocs()/_parts();② 过渡期残留 ——check_vault.ORPHAN_EXEMPT与vault_lib.FM_EXEMPT_PREFIXES里的旧00-索引/条目、route_sources()的过渡项00-索引/系统.md;③40-归档/.gitkeep。A4 的显示名同时从「A4 MOC 未覆盖」改成「A4 项目索引覆盖」,函数check_moc_coverage→check_index_coverage。 new_project.py --type 通用|常驻出同形结果:两者只差!前缀约定,暂时无差别;将来若容器要专属骨架需再分。- 学习型项目的 Why 仍需访谈用户:
new_project.py生成的MISSION.md只有骨架,「为什么学」必须真人回答后补(知识库规则:Why 没写清就先访谈再开课)。
九、本地与远程
- 本轮从基线
4296952到e35ebc1共 25 个提交(11 个任务各自一个 commit + 各审查修复轮 + 2 个文档同步提交);收尾轮(F1~F6)再追加一个。不要把「23 个提交 / 213 篇」当终态 —— 那是漏算2d96a48(本记录)与e35ebc1(巡检器笔记同步)时的数字。 - 没有重写历史:
4296952是e35ebc1的线性祖先,git rev-list HEAD..origin/master为 0。所以其它机器普通git pull即可,不需要git fetch && git reset --hard(上次 2026-09 的目录改名轮才需要)。 - 一处提交信息被污染,但不重写历史:
67f142a的提交信息是并发会话的 AI 输出([pi] ## 评审报告(Task 9)),内容其实是new_project_lib.py/new_project_register.py(Task 10 的建项目脚本)。非本任务引入,也不回写历史,只在此点名 —— 在历史里看到它时按内容读,不要按信息读。 - 后续提交信息的命名约束:一行中文 conventional commit(动词开头、≤50 字、无句号);正文只在理由不明显时写 1-2 行,不列文件清单、不复述 diff、无 emoji。同一条工作树上可能有多个 AI 会话并行,所以只显式
git add <路径>,不用-A/.(否则会把别的会话正在写的新文件扫进本次提交)。 - 本轮收官时一次性 push(当时 25 个提交都在本地);收尾轮的提交同样 push 后核对
git status -sb与origin/master同步。
十、后续改动:根索引搬进 00-索引/ 目录(Task 12,2026-09-25)
为什么:在 Windows 资源管理器里打开 F:\0-Note,根索引文件 00-索引.md 永远排在 10-项目/ 40-归档/ 50-资源/ 90-模板/ 这些文件夹之后,而它是全库入口,应该在最上面。查证结论:资源管理器把「文件夹排在文件之前」写死在 shell 里,没有 GUI 或注册表开关(WinSetView 作者原话:Explorer has no option to show folders and files mixed together)。所以只要入口是一个文件,不管叫什么名字都排不到文件夹前面。
解法:把根索引放进以 00- 开头的目录 —— 它是文件夹,按名称排序排在全部其他顶层文件夹之前,于是在任何机器、任何默认视图下都显示在最上。文件名不变,仍是 00-索引/00-索引.md(与各项目页 <项目>/00-索引.md 命名一致;用 git mv 保留历史)。不要「优化」回顶层单文件,那会立刻把入口沉到列表最下面。
改了哪些:
- 巡检器:
vault_lib.ROOT_INDEX = "00-索引/00-索引.md"成为根索引的唯一取数点,checks_archive(A12 反向登记)、checks_index(A14①)、checks_project(A7 锚点与 A9 根汇总行)、check_vault.ORPHAN_EXEMPT、vault_lib.FM_EXEMPT_FILES/route_sources()全改走它;PROJECT_INDEX = "00-索引.md"保持不动 —— 它服务各项目页,与根索引语义分开(全库有 22 个同名00-索引.md,不分开就必然误改)。 - 写库脚本:
new_project_register.ROOT_INDEX/ 新增ROOT_PREFIX、new_project.py的清单行与路线行、gen_indexes*.py的根索引落点与渲染。 - 根索引自身的链接:它住进子目录后,内部相对链接一律以
../起头(39 处);同时 23 处指向它的外部链接要跟着改(20 个项目索引页 + 2 个项目说明 + 1 篇知识笔记),否则 A1 立刻报 23 处断链(!问题追踪那一页没有根索引链接,所以不是 21)。 - 文档:README 双语(结构树 + 一节「为什么它必须是目录」)、
90-模板/00-索引模板.md(与渲染器逐字锁的那段)、90-模板/10-项目立项模板.md、巡检器.md、本记录。
双链歧义:全库现在有 22 个同名 00-索引.md,指向根索引的双链必须写带路径的形式(如 [[00-索引/00-索引|根索引]],不带 .md:A2 按路径后缀解析);已 grep 确认不带路径的裸双链一个都不剩。
证据:A1~A14 全 0 / rc=0;14 个 selftest_*.py 全 PASS(107 用例);markdownlint 214 篇 0 issues;PowerShell Shell API 报 00-索引 DIR(目录而非文件)。
十一、本轮验收证据
$ cd "F:/0-Note/50-资源/工具/vault-check" && PYTHONIOENCODING=utf-8 python -B check_vault.py --quiet
[A1 断链] 0 处 [A8 标签规范] 0 处
[A2 双链失效] 0 处 [A9 索引页统计] 0 处
[A3 孤篇] 0 处 [A10 项目层知识笔记] 0 处
[A4 项目索引覆盖] 0 处 [A11 教学工作区] 0 处
[A5/A6 元数据] 0 处 [A12 归档判据] 0 处
[A7 路线一致性] 0 处 [A13 双向链接] 0 处
[A14 索引页一致性] 0 处
结论:PASS (rc=0)- 自检:
vault-check下 14 个selftest_*.py全 PASS(107 用例),50-资源/工具/下 2 个迁移自检也全 PASS(14 用例),合计 121。 - markdownlint:
git ls-files '*.md'共 214 篇,加:前缀后Linting: 214 files / Summary: 0 issues in 0 files(收尾轮复跑,被扫篇数与git ls-files '*.md' | wc -l对齐)。 - 结构复核:顶层只剩
README.mdREADME.zh-CN.md00-索引/(根索引在它里面)10-项目40-归档50-资源90-模板(docs/为本机 AI 产物);find 10-项目 -maxdepth 2 -name "00-索引.md" | wc -l= 21;20-领域已不存在;所有自研 py ≤200 行(收尾轮清掉旧 MOC 口径后,最大checks_project.py199)。